Grapefruit

The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its
Grapefruit
relatively large sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. Grapefruit is a citrus
hybrid originating in Barbados as an accidental cross between two introduced
species – sweet orange (C. sinensis), and pomelo (or shaddock) (C. maxima) –
both of which were introduced from Asia in the seventeenth century.[1] When
found, it was nicknamed the "forbidden fruit".[2] Frequently, it is
misidentified as the very similar parent species, pomelo.[3]

The grape part of the name alludes to clusters of fruit on the tree that often Pink grapefruit
appear similar to grape clusters.[4] The interior flesh is segmented and varies
Scientific classification
in color from white to yellow to red to pink.
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Contents Clade: Eudicots
Description Clade: Rosids
History
Order: Sapindales
Ruby Red
Star Ruby Family: Rutaceae
Varieties Genus: Citrus
Production
Species: C. × paradisi
Colors and flavors
Drug interactions Binomial name
Nutritional properties Citrus × paradisi
Grapefruit sweets Macfad.
Other uses
Grapefruit relatives
See also
References
External links

Description
The evergreen grapefruit trees usually grow to around 5–6 meters (16–20 ft) tall, although they may reach 13–15 m (43–49 ft).
The leaves are glossy, dark green, long (up to 15 centimeters (5.9 in)), and thin. It produces 5 cm (2 in) white four-petaled
flowers. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and generally, an oblate spheroid in shape; it ranges in diameter from 10–15 cm (3.9–
5.9 in). The flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pink, and red pulps
of varying sweetness (generally, the redder varieties are the sweetest). The 1929 U.S. Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has the
first grapefruit patent.[5]

History
The name "grapefruit" seems to originate with the way that, unlike normal citrus, the fruits
of this tree grow in "clusters", vaguely reminiscent of bunches of grapes.[6]

The genetic origin of the grapefruit is a hybrid mix.[7] One ancestor of the grapefruit was
the Jamaican sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the
other was the Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima). One story of the fruit's origin is that a
certain "Captain Shaddock"[8] brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit,[9]
however, it probably originated as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants Grapefruit growing in the
grape-like clusters from
some time after they had been introduced there.[1]
which their name derives
The hybrid fruit, then called "the forbidden fruit", was first documented in 1750 by a
Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described
specimens from Barbados in The Natural History of Forbidden-Fruit-Tree
Barbados.[10][11] Currently, the grapefruit is said to The Trunk, Leaves, and Flowers of this Tree, very much resemble
be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados".[12] those of the Orange-tree.
The Fruit, when ripe, is something longer and larger than the largest
The grapefruit was brought to Florida by Count Odet
Orange; and exceeds, in the Delicacy of its Taste, the Fruit of every
Philippe in 1823 in what is now known as Safety
Tree in this or any of our neighbouring Islands.
Harbor. Further crosses have produced the tangelo
It hath somewhat of the Taste of a Shaddock; but far exceeds that, as
(1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the
well as the best Orange, in its delicious Taste and Flavour.
oroblanco (1984).
—Description from Hughes' 1750 Natural History of Barbados
The grapefruit was known as the shaddock or
shattuck until the nineteenth century.[8] Its current
name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree,
which often appear similar to that of grapes.[4] Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the 1830s, when it was
given the name Citrus paradisi. Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to
Citrus × paradisi, the "×" identifying its hybrid origin.[13][14]

An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball Atwood, a wealthy
entrepreneur who founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late nineteenth century.
The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in the world, with a yearly output
of 80,000 boxes of fruit.[15] It was there that pink grapefruit was first discovered in
1906.[16]

Ruby Red
The 1929 Ruby Red patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after
the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety. Using radiation to trigger
mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones which typically faded to
pink.[17] The Rio Red variety is the current (2007) Texas grapefruit with registered
trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as "Reddest" and "Texas Kimball Atwood
Choice". The Rio Red is a mutation bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud
sticks with thermal neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice
color, deeper red, and wide adaptation.[18]

Star Ruby
The Star Ruby is the darkest of the red varieties. Developed from an irradiated Hudson grapefruit,[19] it has found limited
commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.[20][21]

Varieties
The varieties of Texas and Florida grapefruit include: Oro Blanco, Ruby Red,
Pink, Rio Star, Thompson, White Marsh, Flame, Star Ruby, Duncan, and
Pummelo HB.[22]

Production
China is the top producer of grapefruit and pomelo. It is followed by The United
States and Mexico.
Citrus paradisi

Top eleven grapefruit (inc. pomelos) producers — 2012

Production
Country Footnote
(metric tons)

People's Republic
3,800,000 F
of China
United States 1,046,890

Mexico 415,471

Thailand 328,000 F

South Africa 304,559

Israel 246,618

Turkey 243,267

Argentina 200,000 F

India 200,000 F

Sudan 196,000

Ghana 192,000

World 8,040,038 A
No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-
official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official
or estimates);

Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations:

Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20130114151638/http://faostat.fao.o
rg/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor)

Colors and flavors

Grapefruit comes in many varieties. One way to differentiate between varieties is by the flesh color of fruit they produce.[23] The
most popular varieties currently cultivated are red, white, and pink hues, referring to the internal pulp color of the fruit. The
family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour, to sweet and tart.[23] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing
terpene, is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit,
compared with other citrus fruits.[24]

Drug interactions
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs and in many cases, to
result in adverse direct and/or side effects (if dosage is not carefully adjusted.)[25]

This happens in two very different ways. In the first, the effect is from bergamottin, a natural Grapefruit
furanocoumarin in both grapefruit flesh and peel that inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, (among others from mercaptan
the P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs). The action of the CYP3A4
enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications.[26][27] If the drug's breakdown for removal is
lessened, then the level of the drug in the blood may become too high or stay too long, leading to adverse effects.[27] On the other
hand, some drugs must be broken down to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced drug effects.

The other effect is that grapefruit can block the absorption of drugs in the intestine.[27] If the drug is not absorbed, then not
enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect.[27] Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.

One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 mL (6.8 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity.[28] Typically,
drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are so labeled on the container or package insert.[27] People taking drugs should ask
their health care provider or pharmacist questions about grapefruit and drug interactions.[27]

Nutritional properties
Grapefruit is a rich source of vitamin C (>20% of the Daily
Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas
Value, DV in a 100 gram serving),[23][29] contains the fiber
pectin,[30] and the pink and red hues contain the beneficial Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
antioxidant lycopene.[23][31] Studies have shown grapefruit Energy 138 kJ (33 kcal)
helps lower cholesterol,[23][32] and there is evidence that
Carbohydrates 8.41 g
the seeds have antioxidant properties.[33] Grapefruit forms Sugars 7.31 g
a core part of the "grapefruit diet", the theory being that the Dietary fiber 1.1 g
fruit's low glycemic index is able to help the body's
Fat 0.10 g
metabolism burn fat.[34]
Protein .8 g
Although grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is promoted as a Vitamins Quantity %DV†
plant-based preservative by some natural personal care Thiamine (B1) 0.037 mg 3%
manufacturers, studies have shown that the apparent Riboflavin (B2) 0.020 mg 2%
antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is Niacin (B3) 0.269 mg 2%
merely due to contamination with synthetic preservatives Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.283 mg 6%
such as parabens.[35][36][37][38][39] Vitamin B6 0.043 mg 3%
Folate (B9) 10 μg 3%
Citrus fruits show high amounts of putrescine, they contain
Choline 7.7 mg 2%
very little spermidine.[40]
Vitamin C 33.3 mg 40%
Grapefruit juice contains about half the citric acid of lime Vitamin E 0.13 mg 1%
or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/l), and about two- Minerals Quantity %DV†
and-a-half times the amount of citric acid found in orange Calcium 12 mg 1%
juice.[41] Iron 0.06 mg 0%
Magnesium 9 mg 3%
Manganese 0.013 mg 1%
 Phosphorus 8 mg 1%
Grapefruit sweets Potassium 148 mg 3%
In Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often Zinc 0.07 mg 1%
cooked to remove their sourness, rendering them as sweets; Other constituents Quantity
they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a Water 90.48 g
dessert called toronja rellena (stuffed grapefruit).[42] In
Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Link to USDA Database entry (http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/nd
b/search/list?qlookup=09116&format=Full)
Chadèque), but also is used to make jam (confiture de
Chadèque).[43][44] Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Other uses †Percentages are roughly approximated using
Grapefruit has also been investigated in cancer medicine US recommendations for adults.
pharmacodynamics. Its inhibiting effect on the metabolism Source: USDA Nutrient Database (https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/index.html)

of some drugs may allow smaller doses to be used, which

can help to reduce costs.[45]

Lifestyle magazines and websites sometimes recommend grapefruit as a stain remover for porcelain and enamel.[46][47]

Grapefruit relatives
Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross, a hybrid of pomelo × sweet orange, with sweet orange itself being a pomelo × mandarin hybrid.

The grapefruit is a parent to many hybrids:

A Tangelo is any hybrid of a tangerine and either a pomelo or a grapefruit

'Minneola': Duncan grapefruit × Dancy tangerine[48]

'Orlando' (formerly 'Take'): Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine(pollen parent)[48]

Fairchild is a Clementine × Orlando hybrid

'Seminole': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine[48]
'Thornton': tangerine × grapefruit, unspecified[48]
'Ugli': mandarin × grapefruit, probable (wild seedling)[48]
'Nova' is a second-generation hybrid: Clementine × Orlando tangelo cross[48]
The Oroblanco and Melogold grapefruits are hybrids between pummelo (Citrus maxima) and the grapefruit
The grapefruit's cousins include:

Common sweet orange: pummelo × mandarin hybrid

Bitter orange: a different pummelo × mandarin hybrid
Mandelos: pummelo × mandarine (Citrus maxima)
Hyuganatsu may also be a pummelo hybrid

See also
Grapefruit knife
Grapefruit spoon
Grapefruit–drug interactions
Naringenin

References
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External links
 Data related to Citrus paradisi at Wikispecies
Grapefruit from "Fruits of warm climates" by Julia F. Morton. (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefr
uit.html)
https://web.archive.org/web/20150525230639/http://www.properhealthyliving.com/14-amazing-health-benefits-of-
grapefruit-juice/

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