Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Jose Felipe Riaño Cuervo

Group 33

1073246828

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

In the following work we will study the concepts of transmission lines, as well as some types
and the parameters used to calculate the different properties of each of them. additionally we
will know its importance in the field of telecommunications, thus expanding the knowledge of
students preparing to be engineers and to put what they learned into practice in each of their
jobs.
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

Answer:
A transmission line can be any conductor, semiconductor or a mixture of both,
generally used to efficiently transport radio frequency energy from one point to
another.
Are all those means, so we can guide electromagnetic waves efficiently,
depending on the quality of its parameters.

Some types of transmission lines are listed below

Bifilar
Aerial: the wires that hang on the sidewalks, for example, the wires that carry
energy located on roads or hills.
Twisted Pair: they are twisted wires as the name implies and is intertwined to
prevent a consequence of capacitance. It is a connection transmission line used
in telecommunications in which two incommunicated electrical conductors are
interwoven to cancel interference from external sources and crosstalk of adjacent
cables.
Tape: is the line used in household electrical installations. In addition, it is used
in the connection of the open television antenna to the recipient thereof.

Coaxial cable
Flexible: Used for home video signals.
Rigid: it is handled in the distribution of video cable signals in society to preserve
radiation and prevent the signal from being stolen, therefore separately the wire
is covered with aluminum.
Micro tape: An example of this transmission line is that of the VHS.
Multifilar Cable: It is the cable that has numerous wires such as telephone or
internet wires, where the line consists of large twisted or untwisted pairs.
Fiber Optic: known as a great conductor, since it does not transfer electricity only
light and signals, does not handle space and uses a significant bandwidth
compared to the copper cable can be used over wide distances because there is
 no signal loss. Their weight and compressed size makes them excellent in various
contexts where the copper wire would be impracticable.

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

Answer:
The limited transmission lines are those that are limited by the dielectric
breakdown voltage that basically depends on the characteristics of the dielectric
itself and the separation between the conductors. When calculating the maximum
peak voltage on a transmission line, it is necessary to take into account the type
of modulation used. In FM the average power and the peak power are equal, while
in AM it completes the peak power is up to four times the carrier power without
modulation and, in digital television transmission, the peak power can be up to
ten times or more That effective power.

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
Answer:
it is the equivalent impedance "seen" by a power source connected to such
a network. If the source delivers a known value of voltage or current, such
impedance can be calculated using Ohm's law. The input impedance is the
Thévenin equivalent circuit of an electrical network, modeled by a
combination of RL (resistance-inductance) or RC (resistance-capacitance),
with equivalent values that result in the same response as that of the
network.

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The Stationary Wave Ratio or ROE refers to the geometric ratio between
the maximum value and the minimum voltage amplitude value observed in
an electric standing wave condition as it would be along a transmission line.
This phenomenon is explained by the concepts of direct wave and reflected
wave. The standing wave relationship is a positive number without
dimensions and always greater than or equal to one. If the reflected wave
is zero, there will be no maximum or minimum, or in other words the
amplitude is constant, and therefore the value ROE = 1.
 c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.
The electrical length is a unit of measurement used in the study of
transmission lines of electrical energy. Normally this magnitude is
designated with the letter θ.

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?
Answer:
The Smith chart is a polar diagram that contains circles of constant resistance,
circles of constant reactance, circles of constant standing wave relationship and
radial curves that represent the geometric places of offset in a constant value
line; It is used in troubleshooting waveguides and transmission lines.
 Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (33 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 107 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐𝜇0

replace the values

1
𝛿𝑝 = = 2.020 µ𝑚
√𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 103 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 107 ∗ 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7

350 𝑢𝑚 > 2.020 𝑢𝑚 > 33 𝑢𝑚

Since the penetration depth value 𝛿𝑝 = 0.000233𝑚𝑚 = 233𝜇𝑚 is greater than the value of a = 0.35 mm,
we say it is low frequency, then we use the low frequency formula.
1 1 1
𝑅 = 𝜋𝜎 (𝑎2 + 2𝑏𝑡)
𝑐
Now we replace the values

1 1 1 1
𝑅= ( ∗ + )
𝜋 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 10 (0.35 ∗ 10 ) 0.601 2 ∗ 30 ∗ 10 ∗ 33 ∗ 10−6
7 −3 2 −3

The value of the Resistance is 𝑅 = 77 𝑚Ω/𝑚

 Now we will calculate Conductance G.

2𝜋𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
Ln (𝑎) We replace the values

2𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 ( )
𝑎

2𝞹 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−16
𝐺=
30 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑛 ( )
0.35 𝑚𝑚

𝐺 = 1.4 ∗ 10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚

𝐺 = 1.411628 ∗ 10−16𝑆𝑚/𝑚

we will calculate the inductance L.

µ0 𝑏
𝐿= [1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛 ( )
4𝜋 𝑎

µ0 30
𝐿= [1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛 ( )
4𝜋 0.35

the value of Inductance 𝐿 = 990 𝑛𝐻/𝑚

Calculate the value of Capacitance C,
2𝞹 ∗ 𝜖𝑟 ∗ Ɛ
𝐶=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 ( )
𝑎

2𝞹 ∗ 2.25 ∗ Ɛ0
𝐶=
30
𝐿𝑛 ( )
0,35

Value of Capacitance 𝐶 = 28.11𝑝𝐹/𝑚

b. Using the
distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

𝛾 𝑗𝛽

𝛾 = √1.96 ∗ 10−5 𝑖 ∗ (0.076 + 0.690 𝑖 )

𝛾 = 0.0002022 + 0.003683 𝑖 = 36.9 ∗ 10−4 (86.9°)

𝛼 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝛾) = 0.20 𝑁𝑝/𝐾𝑚

𝛽 = 𝑅𝑒(𝛾) = 3.68 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝐾𝑚

We say that from the result of the propagation constant we obtain the values of the Attenuation Constant
𝛼 = 0.00005 and the Phase Constant 𝛽 = 0.00006
 0.077 + 𝑗2𝜋(107000)(990 𝑥 10−6 )
𝑍=√
1.4116 𝑥 10−16 + 𝑗2𝜋(107000)(28.11 𝑥 10−9 )

𝑍 = 3.2424 𝑥 10−6 Ω

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

2𝞹
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝞹
𝜆=
3.68 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑘𝑚
𝜆 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑲𝒎
Attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
𝑁𝑝
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 = −8.68 ∗ 𝛼 ( ) = −1.736 𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚
𝑘𝑚

Value of the attenuation is −1.736 𝑑𝑏/k𝑚

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 13 𝑚 long and the wavelength is 800
𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR

Solution

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

33𝑚
𝑙= = 308.41𝑚
0.107 𝑚

(45 − 75𝑗) + 𝑗50𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 308.41)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50 ∗
50 + 𝑗(45 − 75𝑗)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 308.41)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 44.85 + 113.74 𝑖
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 122.26 (68.48°)

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜
𝛤=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜
(45 − 𝑗75) − 50
𝛤=
(45 − 𝑗75) + 50

𝛤 = 0.352 − 0.512 𝑖
𝛤 = 0.621 (−55.5°)
c. VSWR.
1 + 0.621
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = 4.277
1 − 0.621
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4.277
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the transmission lines, use the
"Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning environment to check the results obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:
A new knowledge about the transmission lines is acquired, according to what has been
studied with the support materials provided by the tutor, where the concepts of
transmission lines, their operation and their importance are reaffirmed.

Conclusion 2:

The concepts learned in the first part of the work are put into practice, allowing the
students to understand in a better way the importance of the configuration of the
parameters of the transmission lines to have an efficient operation.
 Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Academic Press. (págs. 525-537). Recuperado de
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&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_525

Joines, W., Bernhard, J. y Palmer, W. (2012). Circuitos de línea de transmisión de microondas. Boston: Artech House,
(págs. 23-45). Recuperado de
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Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Los fundamentos de Smith Chart [Video]. Recuperado de http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141

Boglione, L. y Webster, R. (2011). Interpretación unificadora del coeficiente de reflexión y las definiciones del gráfico
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https://www.ecured.cu/L%C3%ADnea_de_transmisi%C3%B3n