COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH WASTE GLASS POWDER

AND MUSSEL SHELL ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT

A Thesis Proposal

Presented to

The Civil Engineering Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology

NORTHWEST SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

Calbayog city

In Partial fulfilment of the requirements in

RESEARCH 1

by:

Jumaday, Jholly Mae

Ayohan, Dioscoro III
Ortiz, Rupiecel
Cagomoc, Athena Mae
Abelgas, Patricia Ann
Tan, Angelica L.

BSCE 5- Researchers

ENGR. DINAH FE OLITAN

Thesis Adviser/Supervisor

DECEMBER 2019
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CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Background

A civil engineer’s primary concern is the construction of buildings, highways and

bridges. It is complicated, challenging and confounding when it comes to construction.

From a layout of a building to the finishing works, it is all well calculated and planned. In

order to have a solid structure for a building the most important aspect is the materials.

Throughout the year researchers have been developing more ways to improve the quality

of materials used in the construction site.

Cement is the most widely used material in existence and is only behind water as the

planet's most-consumed resource. However, the cement industry is one of the primary

producers of carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Concrete causes damage to the

most fertile layer of the earth, the topsoil. Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which

contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding.

Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means

of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like. Light-

colored concrete can reduce the urban heat island effect, due to its higher albedo. [Chen,

P.W.; Chung, D.D.L; (1996)]

In other words, the production of cement causes a lot of health and environmental

problems. To solve this problem, there should be an alternative materials to be used as

options for replacement of cement especially nowadays that the world is facing a problem
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of dangerous air pollution, health and environmental problems as the demand for it

continually increases.

Seashell is a waste with chemical composition nearly same as that of limestone.

Use of seashell waste instead of natural lime to replace cement in concrete can have

benefits like minimizing use of cement, conserving natural lime and utilizing waste material.

Powdered Seashell, based on its chemical and mechanical properties can be utilized as

an alternative material for Portland cement in the production of concretes and

mortar(Binag, 2015).

A mussel is a type of bivalve mollusk that can be found in fresh water lakes, streams,

and creeks, along with the salty inter-tidal zone where oceans meet the shore(Chiu, 2016).

During the span of almost four decades, the technology input in mussel farming facilitated

the transformation of wants into needs, and elevated desires into necessities among fisher

folks in Samar(River, 2008). The people in Samar realized that mussel farming production

technology had generated high revenues and intruded the domestic markets. Many fisher

folks have conditioned themselves with the use of mussel farming production technology

that expanded mussel farming to other municipalities in the province such as Catbalogan,

Pinabacdao, San Sebatian, Calbiga, Villareal, Daram, Zumarraga, and Tarangnan

(Gomba&Cebu, 2018). The researchers will use the green mussel (Perna viridis) shell

which is abundant in Jiabong and is 1hr and 30mins away from Calbayog city and it will be

gathered in local fish markets.

Another waste material is waste glass, it has gradually increased over the recent

years due to urbanization and industrialization where most of the waste glass end up in a
 3

landfill. Since glass is not biodegradable, landfill is not an environmentally friendly solution.

Finely ground glass as opposed to course waste glass does not contribute to alkali silica

reaction. Besides improving the properties of concrete by pozzolanic reaction by partial

replacing the cement will contribute to a greener environment for the production of one ton

of Portland cement produces about one ton of carbon dioxide leading to global warming

issues. (Tamanna N., Sutan N.M., Yakub, I, July 2013).

Waste Glass is a recycled glass from waste bottles, broken windows and other

recyclable materials made from glass. Powdered waste glass has the same chemical

composition of clear and colored glass powders that are very similar and the materials

could be declared as pozzolanic material as per ASTM standard. (G.M. Sadiqul Islam a,⇑

, M.H. Rahman b , NayemKazi A.)

Soda-lime glass is the most common form of glass produced. It is composed of

about 70 percent silica (silicon dioxide), 15 percent soda (sodium oxide), and 9 percent

lime (calcium oxide), with much smaller amounts of various other compounds (Amy

Tikkanen 2008). It is usually used for windowpanes and glass containers such as bottles

and jars for beverages, food, and some commodity items (westlabblogcanada ,2017). One

of the most common waste glass is the glass bottles which are an economical hazard

because we cannot dispose of it if not recycled and according to The New Hampshire

Department of Environmental Services they estimated that it takes 1 million years for a

glass bottle to decompose in the environment, with conditions in a landfill even more

protected. The researchers will be using used bottles of a local liquor brand named

Emperador light manufactured by the Alliance Global Group that is abundant in Calbayog,

which is made of soda-lime glass. The variation of glass is important because of there are
 4

different kinds of glass with different properties that have different effects in concrete so it

is relevant to choose only one specific variety of glass.

This research addresses the suitability of the combination of Powdered Waste glass

and Powdered mussel shells in concrete used as partial cement replacement because the

studies show shells have Calcium carbonate of 95.6% but has 0.73% of SiO2 which has

been determined by the research of Mohammad and Othman, (2017). Waste glass on the

other hand has 72.61% SiO2 but only has 11.42% of Calcium Carbonate according to

Ashutosh Sharma’s and Ashutosh Sangamnerkar’s study (2015).

Objectives

The purpose of this research work is to determine the properties of concrete with

Powdered Waste Glass (Soda-lime glass) and Powdered Mussel shell (Green mussel) as

partial replacement for cement. These are the specific objectives:

1. Determine the effect of the varying amounts of Powdered Waste Glass and Mussel

Shells Ash on the compressive strength of concrete.

2. Investigate the effects of Powdered Waste Glass and Mussel Shell Ash on the

workability of the concrete.

3. Determine the optimum amount of replacement of Powdered Waste Glass and

Mussel Shell Ash that produces the highest strength in value in terms of

compression and workability.

4. Determine the effects of curing period

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Theoretical Framework

According to research at Rice University and the Indian institute of science showed

that shells send stress to parts of the shell where inhabitants are least likely to be. They

are made of nacre, also known as mother-of-pearl, a strong and resilient matrix of organic

and inorganic materials recently studied by other Rice engineers of the institution as a

model of strength, stiffness and toughness. The team led by Chandra SekharTiwary, a

graduate student at the Indian Institute of science and a visiting student at Rice and his

colleagues took their research in a different direction to discover how seashells remain

stable and redirect stress to minimize damage when failure is imminent. Their calculations

showed their Distinctive shapes make the shells nearly twice as good at bearing loads than

nacre alone. (Chandra SekharTiwary).

Mussel shells are almost always wedge shaped or asymmetrical in shape. As

observed, the shells are usually much longer and wider. They come in two halves that

close and inside contain the mussel meat (Binag, 2016). As for its properties It has Calcium

carbonate of 95.6% and 0.73% of SiO2 which has been determined by the research of

Mohammad and Othman, (2017).

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is contained in mussel shells and it is the principal raw

material used in making Portland cement. Silica (SiO2) contributes to the strength of

cement. Both are present in Powdered Waste glass and Powdered Mussel shell.

As a result of the chemical testing conducted by the researcher at the DPWH-BRS,

Chemical Laboratory, it was found out that the different materials have mostly common in

composition as presented in the table below.( Dr. Binag,2016)

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Chemical Composition/Properties of Materials

Portland Chemical Powdered Powdered
cement Name Mussel Oysters
shells Shells
CaO Calcium CaO CaO
Oxides
SiO2 Silicon SiO2 SiO2
Oxides
Al2O3 Aluminium Al2O3 Al2O3
Oxides
Fe2O3 Iron Fe2O3 Fe2O3
Oxides
Other Other Other
Minerals Minerals Minerals
The table shows that mussel shells and oyster shells have similar properties with
Portland cement.

Another non-biodegradable material is a kind of glass called “soda-lime glass” or

soda-lime-silicate glass which is the most popular kind of glass. It is used for window panes
and glass containers like jars and bottles.
In addition, according to a previous research glass powder tends to improve the

compressive strength more if it was more finely ground (Rungrawee, and Boonchai, 2015).

Being amorphous and having relatively high silicon and calcium contents, glass is

pozzolanic or even cementitious especially when the fineness of glass powder is much

greater than that of Portland cement (Kara, et al., 2016). When waste glass (soda-lime

glass and borosilicate glass) is milled down to micro size particles, it is expected to undergo

pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary calcium silicate hydrate (C–

S–H) (Sadiqul, et al., 2016).

This research addresses the suitability of the combination of Powdered Waste glass

and Mussel Shell Ash in concrete used as partial cement replacement. Since Mussel shells

have calcium carbonate of 95.6% but has 0.73% of SiO2 and glass bottles have 70.21% of

SiO2 and 11.13% of Calcium carbonate the combination of both is present in ordinary
 7

Portland cement. Instead of leaving these agro-wastes in to trash, we should find ways to

integrate them to more economical means of utilization.

Significance of the study

The researcher believes that the findings of this study will benefit the following:

Researchers and Students. This study will serve as basis or reference for future related

studies, search for knowledge or in general any systematic investigation to establish facts

and will open a new idea or discovery for research of better design.

Environment. Help to impart in reducing the production of cement that cause damage to

our bodies of water and imbalance our natural resources consequently and as an

environmental concern it also gives a big help in our sustainable development.

Scope and Limitation of the study

The scope of this research is to produce the design mix for concrete using the Powdered

Waste Glass (soda-lime glass) and Mussel Shell Ash (Perna viridis) as partial replacement

of cement. In order to ensure the quality of concrete, the concrete will be tested based on

its compressive strength and workability. This study will not cover other factors such as the

durability of concrete when prone to chemical actions and abrasion resistance.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the term used in this study, their conceptual and

operational definitions are provided.

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 Waste glass is a recycled glass from waste bottles, broken windows and other

recyclable materials made from glass.

 Mussel shell (Perna viridis) is a large mussel, 80-100 mm in length, occasionally

reaching 165 mm (NIMPIS, 2002). P. viridis has an elongate shell, roughly trigonal-

ovate in outline with swollen and pointed anterior and compressed posterior

ends( Carpenter and Niem,1998)

 Aggregates is any of several hard inert materials used for mixing with a cementing

material to form concrete, mortar, or plaster.

 Compressive Strength is the capacity of material or structure to withstand loads

tending to reduced size, as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads

tending to elongate.

 Compression Test is a very common testing method that is used to establish the

compressive force or crush resistance of a material and the ability of the material

to recover after a specified compressive force is applied and even held over a

defined period of time.

 Concrete is a material made by mixing together cement (powdered substance),

sand, small stones, and water.

 Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and

can bind other materials together.

 Slump Test is a means of assessing the consistency of fresh concrete. It used,

indirectly, as a means of checking that the correct amount of water has been added

to the mix.
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 Sieve Analysis is a practice or procedure used to assess the particle size

distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material.

 Bulk Density is property of, powders, granules, and other “divided” solids,

especially used in reference in minerals components, chemical substances,

ingredients, food stuffs, or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter.

 Moisture Content. Is the ratio of the mass of water in a sample to the mass of

solids in the sample, express as percentage.

 Conventional Concrete. Is a dense aggregate mix that requires mechanical

vibration and / or. Poking to remove air pockets that become trapped during the

pouring and mixing process.

 Pozzolonic Properties is a material that has the same properties as pozzolana

which contain siliceous and aluminous mineral substance, they help in reducing

the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.

 Calcium Carbonate is found in plant ashes, bones and shells and used especially

in making Portland Cement and as a Gastric Antacid.

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CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

General

This chapter presents some of the related articles and researches which have

significant bearing to the study. In addition, this chapter also emphasizes the recent studies

of Powdered Waste Glass and Powdered Mussel shell as partial replacement of cement,

and the properties of the materials needed for the experiment.

Related Studies

2.1 Powdered Waste Glass in Concrete as Fine aggregates

According to S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal Civil Engg. Dept.,

SHIATS (formerly AAI-DU), Allahabad-211007, UP, India, while using waste glass as fine

aggregate partial replacement, 28 d strength is found to marginally increase up to 20%

replacement level. Marginal decrease in strength is observed at 30 to 40% replacement

level of waste glass with fine aggregate. Waste glass can effectively be used as fine

aggregate replacement. The optimum replacement level of waste glass as fine aggregate

is 10%.

2.2 Partial Replacement of Cement using Powdered Waste Glass

The study of G.M. Sadiqul Islam a,⇑ , M.H. Rahman b , NayemKazi a,(2016) about

“Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice”

concludes that the chemical composition of clear and colored glass powders are very
 11

similar and the materials could be declared as pozzolanic material as per ASTM standard.

Being cleaner in nature, the flow of glass replaced mortar was found to be increased slightly

with glass powder content. The optimum glass content is 20% considering mortar and

concrete compressive strength at 90 days. In this age the compressive strength was found

slightly higher (2%) than the control concrete specimen. In general, considering the similar

performance with replaced material, glass addition can reduce cost of cement production

up to 14%.

The study of Dr.G.Vijayakumar , Ms H. Vishaliny , Dr. D. Govindarajulu on “Studies on

glass powder as Partial Replacement of cement in concrete production” concludes that .

Replacement of glass powder in cement by 20%, 30% and 40% increases the compressive

strength by 19.6%, 25.3% and 33.7% respectively, Replacement of glass powder in

cement by 40% increases the split tensile strength by 4.4% respectively ,Replacement of

glass powder in cement by 20%, 30% and 40% increases the flexural strength by 83.07%,

99.07% and 100% respectively, Glass powder concrete increases the compressive, tensile

and flexural strength effectively, when compared with conventional concrete, Very finely

ground glass has been shown to be excellent filler and may have sufficient pozzolonic

properties to serve as partial cement replacement, the effect of ASR appear to be reduced

with finer glass particles, with replacement level.

Kara, et al., (2016) conducted research on the performance of soda-lime silicate

glass as partial replacement of cement and concluded that 20% replacement level gave

higher strength than the control at later curing age.

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According to Dhanaraj Mohan Patil and Dr. Keshav K. Sangle (2013) on

“Experimental investigation of waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement in

Concrete”, on addition of WGP initial the rate of gain of strength is low but at 28th day it

meets required design strength, Addition of WGP increases the strength of concrete, At

the level of 20% replacement of cement by glass powder meets maximum strength as

compare to that of normal concrete and other percentage of replacement of cement.

In this study, the researchers will use 20% and will use a specific variety of glass

(soda-lime glass). The study of L. Senthil Nathan(2018) called “Increasing the compressive

in concrete with partial replacement in cement by Oyster powder concludes that, the 20%

achieves the maximum flexural strength for partial replacement of cement with Oyster shell

powder is found to be greater than the conventional concrete, It reached maximum

compressive strength when there is the partial replacement of cement with sea shell

powder (20%) thus, the maximum percentage of replacement of sea shell powder is 20%.

The researchers will only use 20% and will use a different material and will only determine

the compressive strength.

2.3 Partial Replacement of Cement using Seashell Ash

The study of M. Olivia et al (2015). Blood clam or cockle ( Andara Granosa) shell is

type of marine by product that can be used to replace aggregate or cement partially in

concrete. In this research, the ground cockle seashell was used as partial cement
 13

replacement. The ground seashell were prepared by burning, crushing, grinding and

filtering the cockle using #200 sieve. The mechanical properties studied were compressive

strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of seashell

concrete. This properties were compared with those of a control Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC) concrete. Base on the trial mixes using the ground seashell with proportion of 2, 4,

6, and 8 percent by weight of cement, the optimum compressive strength was achieved for

the mixed that replaced cement by 4%. The seashell concrete yielded less compressive

strength and modulus elasticity compared to the OPC concrete. It is noted that the tensile

strength and flexural strength are higher than those of the OPC concrete, which is

advantageous to increase concrete tension properties.

Conclusion A review on seashells ash as partial cement replacement by Wan

Ahmad Soffian Bin Wan Mohammad, Nor Hazurina Othman, Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim,

Masazurah A Rahim, Shahiron Shahidan and Raha Abd Rahman, the development of sea

shell ash as partial cement replacement could be produce as a cement-like material where

the particle size will be the same or finer than cement. Concrete with seashells as cement

replacement will produce better concrete in term of chemical composition, specific gravity,

compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength. It could be investigated by

using difference types of sea shells to reduce environmental issues. Implicitly, this effort

will create better benefit in future economic value to the local community and industries

and also, provide better solution in concrete technology. Good values on developing the

future of concrete industry should be expend through quality research among industry

players and higher learning institutions to involve all parties into sustainable situation.

Besides that, collaboration with local authorities through regulations and laws will create
 14

better opportunity to stake holders to come up with programs on waste minimization and

utilization. Therefore, utilizing of waste materials such as sea shell in developing green

concrete should be explored, expended and supported through focus researches.

Development of green concrete should be proved through performance on hardened state

and fresh state to understand the behaviour of each material either in long or short term

effect.

N.H Ohman et al. (2013), investigated the potential of cockle shell ash as a

material for partial replacement of cement or a filler material. The study determined the

chemical composition of cockle shell ash and were determined using Fluorescence x-ray

analysis. The next space involved in determining the concrete properties such as

compressive strength, tensile, modulus of elasticity, water permeability and porosity made

from mixture of cockle shell ash of 5%, 10%,15%, 25%, 50% and compared to normal

concrete cured in ordinary water at the 7,28,90 days and up to 120 days for water

permeability test. As a result, with the inclusion of 5% and 10% of cockle shell ash,

morphology structure seems compacted that effective strength, modulus of elasticity,

permeability and porosity of the concrete.

A review on seashells ash as partial cement replacement by Mohammad and

Othman, 2017 .This review paper emphasis on various sea shells ash such as cockle,

clam, oyster, mollusc, periwinkle, snail, and green mussel shell ash as partial cement

replacement. And according to their review they separately determined a compressive

strength of 38.33 MPa at 28 days of curing on mussel shells and concluded 5%

replacement of cement.
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2.4 Partial Replacement of Cement using Mussel Shell Ash

According to Noel Hugo D. Binag, Mandaluyong City, Philippines, in utilization of

Shell Wastes for Locally-Based Cement Mortar, that the mussel and oyster shell ash

cement, based on its chemical and mechanical properties can be utilized as an alternative

material for Portland cement in the production of locally-based masonry cement mortar

and bricks production for the community at a mix ratio of 5%, 10% and 15% of either mussel

or oyster shell ash cement and 95%, 90% and 85% Portland cement, respectively.

Another study called “Powdered Shell Wastes as Partial Substitute for Masonry

Cement Mortar in Binder, Tiles and Bricks Production” by N. Binag (2016) used 3 kinds of

seashells (oyster, mussel, mollusk) in replacing cement and concluded that using 15

percent mussel shell powder as partial substitute for Portland cement in masonry cement

mortar at 28 days curing period rank number 1 according to the results and that the aquatic

animal shells when transformed to powder can be used as partial substitute to Portland

cement either per single type of shell or a mixture of different types of shell powder. This

was further concluded by the study conducted by Arroyo et al. (2005)

2.3 Powdered Waste Glass and Powdered Eggshell in Concrete

The study of Vijayvenkatesh.C on “Partial replacement of cement with Powdered Waste

Glass and Powdered egg shell in concrete”: Experimental conducted on concrete prepared

by partial replacement of cement by waste glass powder was replaced by 10% , 20% ,30%,

and 40% of the binder and the mix design was prepared. Chemical admixture is not used
 16

here. It will cured under normal condition as per IS recommendation and where tested at

28 days and 60 days for determined the compressive strength. It is found that the

compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of concrete increase initially as the

replacement percentage of cement by glass powder increases and become maximum at

about 20% and later decrease. Studied the replacement of cement by waste glass powder

in steps of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively by volume of cement and its effects on

compressive strength, split tensile strength workability and flexural strength are

determined. Rakesh Sakale et. al.

And becomes maximum at a proportion respectively around M40, M40. From the test

results, strength was achieved very less on 7th and 14th days but it increases on the 21st

day. High strength values were found at 40% replacement level in strength parameters.

Investigated about the compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of

M40 grade of concrete mixes with 20% constant replacement of waste glass powder in

cement and partial replacement of waste foundry sand in fine aggregate. Raghavendra K.

and Virendra Kumara K.

In this study, the researchers will use the same process and percent in an m40

grade concrete so that their idea of economical and eco-friendly building will be adopted

by the researchers since it’s one of the major factor that the researchers are looking

forward to

.
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2.5 Seashell as partial replacement of Coarse aggregates in Concrete

According to P.S Kumar et al. (2016), studied that the suitability of the Cockle shell

as partial replacement in concrete. In this project cement is partial replacement with lime

powder of about 10 %, 20%, 30%. The coarse aggregate is partial replacement with 10%,

20%, 30% by Cockle shell. The water cement ratio is maintained for this mix design is 0.5.

Results show the replacement of appropriate cockle shell content able to produce workable

concrete with satisfactory strength. Integration of 20% cockle shell enhanced the strength

of concrete making it to be the highest as compared to any other replacement level.

According to K. Muthusamy and N. A. Sabri that on the workability and compressive

strength of concrete containing various percentage of cockle shell content as partial coarse

aggregate replacement. Concrete mixes containing 0 %, 5%, 10%, 15%,20%,25% and

30% cockle shell replacement level where cast before subjected to water curing for 28

days. Workability test and compressive strength test were conducted in accordance to

BSEN 12350 and BSEN 12390 respectively. Results show that replacement of appropriate

cockle shell content able to produce workable concrete with satisfactory strength.

Integration of 20 % cockle shell enhanced the strength of concrete making it to be the

highest as compared to any other replacement level.

In this study the researchers will use 20 percent of mixture but different material.

The researchers will use powdered mussel shell.

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2.6 Properties of Powdered Waste Glass

Nafasa Tamanna (2016) showed that the formation of Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2

is decreased while the formation of Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate is increased simultaneously

at 90 days for 75-38 µm and <38 µm. The use of waste glass as partial replacement of

cement improves the cement strength through the formation of Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate

due to pozzolanic reaction with Ca(OH)2 improving the strength of mortar.

Gautam Sigh (2014) also found that waste glass contains about 72.5%, Sio2, when

it is ground to the fineness of around 600µm, Sio2 in it reacts with alkalis in cement to form

cementitious products. Such products help contribute to strength and durability concrete.

Kara, et al., (2016) conducted research on the performance of soda-lime silicate glass as

partial replacement of cement and concluded that 20% replacement level gave higher

strength than the control at later curing age.

2.7 Performance of mussel shell as aggregate in plain concrete

In this work the performance of mussel shell as aggregate in plain concrete has

been studied. The mussel shell used came from the cannery industry, which produces

more than 1 million tonnes of shell by-product a year worldwide. The mussel shell has been

heat-treated at 135. C for 30 min. and then crushed and sieved into sand and gravel. The

new aggregates have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA and SEM

microscopy.Then two different conventional concretes were designed, a non-structural

concrete (NSC) and a plain structural concrete (SC). In both of them the natural aggregates

(sand, gravel, and both sand and gravel) were replaced with mussel shell aggregates at

different percentages. All concretes were characterized in fresh and hardened states
 19

(microstructure, workable life progression, workability, compressive and splitting strength,

longitudinal modulus of elasticity, weight loss and water permeability).The results lead to

establishing that with this treatment, mussel shell replacement should be limited to 25% of

fine or coarse aggregates, or 12.5% of both fine and coarse aggregates. With these

percentages the NSC and the SC will display a correct behaviour. (Article in Construction

and Building Materials)

2.8 Calcination Process of seashells

The study of Nadia Razali, Raja Nur Farhana Raja Aris and others on “Revalorization of

aquaculture waste: The performance of calcined mussel shells as partial cement

replacement”. In this study, Asian green mussel (Perna viridis) and procured from local

seafood vendor in Pantai Remis, Kuala Selangor. The preparation of calcined mussel

shells powder (MSP) was adopted from Adewuyi et al. [35] and Islam et.al [36]. The shells

were washed with tap water to remove dirt and boiled for 2 hours to remove the odour and

remaining traces of organic substance. After the washing process was done, the mussel

shells were air dried for 12 hours. The shells then calcined at the temperature of 550°C for

2 hours [37]. The calcined mussel shells then crushed and sieve in according to BS EN

933-1:2012.
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CHAPTER III

Methodology

1. Materials

1.1 Powdered Waste Glass – is a recycled glass from waste bottles made from soda-

lime glass bottles of emperador brandy bottles which will be gathered in local

junk shops in calbayog.

1.2. Mussel shell Ash – are burned mussel shells. Almost always wedge shaped or

asymmetrical in shape. As shown, the shells are usually much longer and wider.

They come in two halves that close and inside contain the mussel meat.
 21

1.3. Cement – 53 Grade Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS: 12269 will be

used. The specific gravity of the cement is 3.15

1.4. Fine Aggregate – it consists of natural sand. For ASTM C33 this aggregate shall

be passed the 3/8 inch sieve and are retained on a # 200 U.S sieve.
 22

1.5. Coarse Aggregates – shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel, crushed stone, air-

cooled blast furnace slag, or crushed hydraulic-cement concrete, or a

combination thereof. Gravel not more than 5mm.

1.6. ASTM Test Sieves – these sieves meet ASTM E11 and AASHTO M 92

requirements for Compliance Test Sieves.

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1.7. Sledgehammer – a tool with a large, flat metal head attached into a long handle.

1.8. Mortar and Pestle – made of heavy porcelain. Mortar is 5 in. (127mm) diameter

and has 320 ml capacity. The mortar is glazed except for the sample contact

area and comes with a small porcelain pestle.

1.9. Torch gun – a torch with an ignition trigger that has a long nozzle made of
stainless aluminium steel that is attached to a can of butane gas and can heat
up to 1300℃.
 24

1.10. Water - tap water from a pipe supply.

1.11. PVC pipe -- is used in moulding the concrete.

1.12. Weighing Scale -- digital type of weighing scale shall be used for high resolution,

accuracy and easy to read.

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3.2. Methods and Procedures

3.2.1. Preparation of waste glass

Before crushing the waste glass, the glass will be carefully washed and selected

to remove undesired materials that could affect the mixture and then dried. The

researchers will subject the waste glass into manual crushing using

sledgehammer in order to produce aggregates with particle size range of <4.5

mm (Neville, 2011). The crushed waste glass will sieve separately afterwards

until the desired size of less than #200 sieve size will be achieved.

3.2.1. Preparation of Shells

The ground seashell were prepared by washing then air drying and calcined at the

temperature of 1300°C for 30 minutes. The researchers manually crushed the

remaining solid shell using hammer and sledgehammer. The calcined mussel shells

were sieved using #200 sieve.

Calcination of mussel shells

 26

3.2.2. Preparing and casting of specimen

100-mm diameter PVC pipes will be cut into 200-mm high molds, the size is in

accordance with ASTM C470. Mixing of powdered waste glass and Mussel Shell

Ash will be done manually. Each mixture will produce 3 quantities. After

preliminary hardening, each specimen will go through 7, 14 and 21 days of

curing.
 27

3.2.3. Mix Design Proportions by percentage

A concrete mix of 1:2:4 and water/cement ratio will be used, both applied to

control and propose design specimen. For the proposed specimens, partial

replacement of ordinary Portland cement. The water cement ratio is 0.5

Table 3.2.4 MIX PROPORTION

Mix CEMENT Sand Gravel Water

Designation (%) (%) (%)
Ordinary Powdered Powdered
Portland Waste Mussel
Cement (%) glass shell
(%) (%)
M1 100 0 0 100 100 100
M2 90 5 5 100 100 100
M3 80 10 10 100 100 100
M4 70 15 15 100 100 100
M5 75 10 15 100 100 100
M6 75 15 10 100 100 100
M7 60 20 20 100 100 100
 28

3.2.4. Slump Test

Slump test will be applied to the said mix proportions. The sand and powdered

waste glass and seashell will be thoroughly mixed first. The materials will be

manually mixed for a few minutes in dry conditions. When the materials are well-

mixed, water shall be added and it shall be mixed again. The resulting mix will

be used to fill the slump test. The slump of proposed mixes will be investigated

in accordance with ASTM C143-78 standard test method for slump of Portland

cement concrete.

3.2.5. Compressive strength Test

All concrete specimens of 100-mm and 200-mm diameter will be subjected to

compressive load in a Universal Testing Machine with a load capacity of 200 kN.

Compression test will be performed on the specimens of each design mix at the

ages of 7, 14 and 21-day curing periods.

 29

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

During the testing phase of this project, seven concrete property assessment were

performed and these included compressive testing. The data collected through these

methods is outlined below in this section. Table 4.1 below shows the labelling system used

throughout the data collection.

SPECIMEN LABELS DESCRIPTION

Mix 1 Concrete with Ordinary Portland Cement

Mix 2 Replaced 5% of cement by MSA

Replaced 5% of cement by PWG
Mix 3 Replaced 10% of cement by MSA
Replaced 10% of cement by PWG
Mix 4 Replaced 15% of cement by MSA
Replaced 10% of cement by PWG
Mix 5 Replaced 10% of cement by MSA
Replaced 15% of cement by PWG
Mix 6 Replaced 15% of cement by MSA
Replaced 15% of cement by PWG
Mix 7 Replaced 20% of cement by MSA
Replaced 20% of cement by PWG

Table 4.1 Labelling System

 30

4.1 Effects of Powdered Waste Glass and Mussel Shell Ash on Compressive Strength

Average Compressive Strength (MPa)

SPECIMENS 7 Days Cured 14 Days Cured 28 Days Cured

MIX-1 14.71 14.36 15.55

MIX-2 14.25 16.79 15.17

MIX-3 9.23 10.65 10.16

MIX-4 8.23 7.74 9.88

MIX-5 8.75 9.65 9.23

MIX-6 5.62 6.40 9.84

MIX-7 4.91 5.96 9.98

Table 4.2 Compressive Strength Results

Table 4.2 shows the results of compressive test on specimens. For the specimens 21 days

cured, increasing the percentage replacement of cement by powdered mussel shells and

powdered waste glass tended to reduce the compressive strength of the concrete upon

replacing the cement by 5% to 20%, but maintained its strength upon replacing the cement

by 10% and relatively increased the strength on 5% replacement. While for the specimens

21 days cured, concrete with no cement replacement increased its compressive strength

and upon increasing the cement replacement specimen samples are given on Appendix

B.
 31

4.2 Effects of Powdered Waste Glass and Mussel Shell Ash on the workability of the

concrete.

4.3 Optimum amount of partial replacement of Powdered Waste Glass and Mussel Shell

Ash.

As shown in the figure, the highest compressive strength attained was the design mixture

with 5% partial replacement of Powdered waste glass and 5% partial replacement of

Mussel Shell Ash. It is observed that the percentage of partial replacement greatly affects

the compressive strength of concrete. It is also observed that most of the results obtained

higher compressive strength as the partial replacement of both materials decreases.

4.4 Effect of Curing Period

The effect of curing periods of the specimens is presented in the figure. For concrete with

cement replaced by Mussel Shell Ash, it shows that the compressive strengths obtained

by curing the specimens for 21 days are much higher than those cured for 7 and 14 days.

Specimen with no cement replacement got higher compressive strength when cured for 21

days than 7 and 14 days. While those specimens for specimens cured for 7 and 14 days,

compressive strength is still on its development state as it maintain upon cement

replacement of 5 % to10%, then started to decreased on 15 and 20% cement replacement.

 32

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusions and Recommendations

Based on the results obtained in this study, the following conclusions were obtained:

 Concrete with replaced with mussel shell ash by 5% to 10% maintained its

compressive strength if cured for 21 days.

 Replacing cement with mussel shell ash and powdered waste glass resulted to a

lower compressive compared to OPC concrete and as curing days increases.

 For long term strength development, replacement of cement by mussel shell ash

and powdered waste glass are not recommended, specially to concrete structural

members.

The following recommendations may be made up based on the conclusions from this

study:

 Further studies with mussel shells to be calcined with different heating

temperatures.

 The calcination process can be done using industrial oven or furnace to monitor

exactly the temperatures.

 Further studies with different variations of glass

 33

APPENDIX A

Mean Diameter Cross-sectional Area Peak Load Compressive Strength

Specimen (mm) (mm2) (kN) (Mpa)

7 Days Cured

M1-A 98 7542.96 106.5 14.12

M1-B 100 7853.98 108 13.75

M1-C 98 7542.96 122.7 16.27

M2-A 100 7853.98 105.5 13.43

M2-B 97 7389.81 106.9 14.47

M2-C 99 7697.69 114.3 14.85

M3-A 99 7697.69 66.2 8.60

M3-B 100 7853.98 72 9.17

M3-C 97 7389.81 73.2 9.91

M4-A 100 7853.98 60.4 7.69

M4-B 99 7697.69 68.1 8.85

M4-C 99 7697.69 62.6 8.13

M5-A 99 7697.69 67.2 8.73

M5-B 100 7853.98 69.9 8.90

M5-C 98 7542.96 65 8.62

M6-A 97 7389.81 40.2 5.44

M6-B 99 7697.69 45.2 5.87

M6-C 100 7853.98 43.7 5.56

M7-A 98 7542.96 37.3 4.95

M7-B 99 7697.69 36.8 4.78

M7-C 100 7853.98 39.2 4.99

 34

14 Days Cured

M1-A 100 7853.98 116.1 14.78

M1-B 99 7697.69 116.3 15.11

M1-C 98 7542.96 54.3 7.20

M2-A 100 7853.98 121.3 15.44

M2-B 97 7389.81 118.8 16.08

M2-C 99 7697.69 145 18.84

M3-A 98 7542.96 93.6 12.41

M3-B 99.3 7744.41 83.9 10.83

M3-C 97 7389.81 64.4 8.71

M4-A 101 8011.85 67.9 8.47

M4-B 98.6 7635.61 56 7.33

M4-C 99.5 7775.64 57.7 7.42

M5-A 99 7697.69 70.5 9.16

M5-B 100 7853.98 75.7 9.64

M5-C 98.6 7635.61 77.6 10.16

M6-A 97 7389.81 44.7 6.05

M6-B 96 7238.23 47.5 6.56

M6-C 97.3 7435.59 49.1 6.60

M7-A 99 7697.69 43.7 5.68

M7-B 98 7542.96 46.8 6.20

M7-C 101.2 8043.61 48.2 5.99

 35

21 Days Cured

M1-A 102 8171.28 65.2 7.98

M1-B 100 7853.98 127.6 16.25

M1-C 99 7697.69 57.2 7.43

M2-A 101 8011.85 122.5 15.29

M2-B 98 7542.96 114.9 15.23

M2-C 100 7853.98 117.8 15.00

M3-A 99.5 7775.64 79 10.16

M3-B 100.3 7901.18 82.2 10.40

M3-C 98.2 7573.78 75.2 9.93

M4-A 102.1 8187.31 77 9.40

M4-B 99 7697.69 72.8 9.46

M4-C 100 7853.98 84.7 10.78

M5-A 100 7853.98 74.9 9.54

M5-B 101 8011.85 65.9 8.23

M5-C 99.2 7728.82 76.7 9.92

M6-A 98 7542.96 86.8 11.51

M6-B 97 7389.81 57 7.71

M6-C 98.2 7573.78 78 10.30

M7-A 100 7853.98 80.7 10.28

M7-B 99.4 7760.02 90.5 11.66

M7-C 102.3 8219.42 65.7 7.99

 36

APPINDEX B
7 Days Curing

140
150
120
100
80 100
60
40 50
20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20

M1 M2
80
80
60
60
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30

M3 M4

80 50
40
60
30
40
20
20 10
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 10 20 30

M5 M6

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15

M7
 37

14 Days Curing

150
30
25
100
20
15
50 10
5
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40

M1 M2

100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40

M3 M4

100 60
80 50
60 40
30
40
20
20
10
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 20

M5 M6

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

M7
 38

21 Days Curing
100
25
20 80

15 60

10 40
5 20
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 20 25

M1 M2

100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

M3 M4

80 60
50
60
40
40 30
20
20
10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20

M5 M6

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30

M7