U34c 2019 LisaChem Exam+SOLUTIONS

VCE CHEMISTRY 2019
YEAR 12 TRIAL EXAM

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Units 3/4
Reading time: 15 minutes
Writing time: 2 hours 30 minutes
Section Number of questions Number of questions Number of marks
to be answered
A 30 30 30
B 7 7 95
Total 125
To download the Chemistry Data Book please visit the VCAA website:
http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Documents/exams/chemistry/chemdata-w.pdf
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VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4
Student Answer Sheet

Instructions for completing exam. Use only a 2B pencil. If you make a mistake, erase it and
enter the correct answer. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers.
Write your answers to the Short Answer Section in the space provided directly below the
question. There are 30 Multiple Choice questions to be answered by circling the correct letter
in the table below.
Question 1 A B C D Question 2 A B C D
Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4
SECTION A – Multiple Choice Questions
(30 marks)
Section A consists of 30 multiple-choice questions.
Choose the response that is correct or best answers the question.
A correct answer scores 1, an incorrect answer scores 0.
No mark is awarded if more than one answer is supplied for a question.
Indicate your choice on the answer sheet provided.
Question 1
The conversion of a carbonyl group to a carboxyl group would usually not be expected to be
part of an organic reaction pathway for the production, from a hydrocarbon, of an
A. acid.
B. amine.
C. amide.
D. ester.
The information supplied below and in Figure 1 relates to four carboxylic acids and applies
to both Questions 2 and 3.
Ethanoic acid is the main ingredient in vinegars, whilst the carboxylic acids tartaric acid,
citric acid and malic acid, all occur naturally in grapes, citrus fruits and apples, respectively.
The molecular structures of three of these acids are represented in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Question 2
Which of these acids might be expected to show the same number of peaks on its 1H NMR
spectrum as the amino acid aspartic acid?
A. Tartaric acid.
B. Citric acid.
C. Malic acid.
D. Ethanoic acid.
Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4 1
Question 3
In terms of IR spectra, in which of these absorption frequency bands would a peak be
expected to appear on the spectra of only three of the acids?
A. 1680-1740 cm–1
B. 1720-1840 cm–1
C. 2500-3500 cm–1
D. 3200-3600 cm–1
Question 4
The electrolysis of an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate produces a metal at one electrode
and the colour of the solution remains constant.
With respect to these observations, which of the following comments relating to the
electrolysis cell used is most significant with respect to the operation of the cell?
A. The positive electrode is made of copper.
B. The positive electrode is made of iron.
C. The negative electrode is made of iron.
D. The negative electrode is made of copper.
Question 5
There is often a clear distinction between small scale laboratory synthesis and large scale
industrial synthesis of a compound. In laboratory synthesis the costs of reagents may not be a
significant factor, but in the chemical industry not only must the compound be prepared on a
large scale, but also at a low cost.
Because it is abundant, green and inexpensive, oxygen, O2, is the oxidant of choice in the
chemical industry. However, a challenge arises when specific reactants can provide different
products. For example, ethylene and air are the reactants for the industrial production of both
ethanal and ethylene oxide. Figure 2 represents the structure of ethylene oxide.
Figure 2
Which of the following is likely to be the most significant determinant in which product is
obtained?
A. Temperature.
B. Pressure.
C. Relative amounts of reactants used.
D. Catalyst used.
2 Learning Materials by Lisachem VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4
Question 6
The oxidation of organic substrates by iron(II) and hydrogen peroxide is called the “Fenton
chemistry”. The Fenton reagent, defined as a mixture of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, and
iron(II) ions, is currently accepted as one of the most effective methods for the oxidation of
organic pollutants in wastewater by hydroxyl radicals, very powerful oxidants, which are
produced in the Fenton reaction.
In the Fenton reaction, each hydrogen peroxide molecule is reduced by Fe2+ to a hydroxyl
radical and one other species. This gives a total of three product species in the overall
equation.
The three product species should be
A. Fe3+, O2, 2H+
B. Fe2+, OH–, OH–
C. Fe3+, •OH, OH–
D. Fe3+, •OH, •OH
Question 7
Table 1 shows part of the nutrition information for a 22.0 g serving of a brand of peanut
butter.
Average Quantity per serving % Daily intake per serving
Energy 569 kJ 7%
Protein 5.2 g 10 %
Fat, total 11.3 g 16 %
– saturated 2.3 g 10 %
Carbohydrate, total 3.0 g 1%
– sugars 1.9 g 2%
Table 1
The minimum amount of energy, in kJ, in a 500 g jar of peanut butter, that must be supplied
by other nutrients in the peanut butter would be
A. 14.5 kJ
B. 101 kJ
C. 330 kJ
D. 555 kJ
Question 8
Tung oil or China wood oil is a drying oil obtained by pressing the seed from the nut of
the Tung tree (Vernicia fordii). Tung oil can be used to polish wooden floors since it hardens
upon exposure to air, and the resulting coating is transparent and has a deep, almost wet look.
Tung oil is a triglyceride which contains a mixture of α-eleostearic, stearic and linoleic acids,
all of which have the same number of carbon atoms in each molecule.
Fatty acids are attributed an iodine number which indicates the mass of I2 required to react
with 100 g of the fatty acid. The iodine number of α-eleostearic acid is 273.9.
The total number of double bonds in a molecule of α-eleostearic acid is
A. one.
B. two.
C. three.
D. four.
Question 9
A motor-vehicle air bag contains a mixture of sodium azide NaN3, KNO3, and SiO2. When the
car undergoes a head-on collision, a series of chemical reactions inside the gas generator
produce gas (N2) to fill the airbag and convert NaN3, which is highly toxic, to harmless gas.
During a collision the signal from the deceleration sensor ignites the gas-generator mixture by
an electrical impulse, creating the high-temperature condition necessary for NaN3 to
decompose. The nitrogen gas that is generated then fills the airbag. The purpose of the KNO3
and SiO2 is to convert the highly reactive and potentially explosive sodium metal, formed
when sodium azide decomposes, to a harmless material.
The reactions occurring when the airbag deploys are represented by the equations:
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2
10Na + 2KNO3 → K2O + 5Na2O + N2
Na2O + SiO2 → Na2SiO3
K2O + Na2O + SiO2 → K2Na2SiO4
How many of these reactions are redox reactions?
A. One.
B. Two.
C. Three.
D. Four.
Question 10
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and needs to be part of our diet. Phenylalanine is the
source of a non-essential amino acid in the body. Liver cells contain the enzyme
phenylalanine hydroxylase which promotes the addition of a hydroxyl group. Which of the
amino acids below would be produced from phenylalanine?
A. Cysteine.
B. Serine.
C. Threonine.
D. Tyrosine.
Question 11
Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an amino sulfonic acid found naturally in meat, fish,
dairy products and human milk. In the body, taurine contributes to cell electrolyte balance,
formation of bile salts, central nervous system function and regulation of immune health.
Some studies suggest that using taurine as a supplement might enhance athletic performance.
Other studies suggest that taurine combined with caffeine might improve mental performance.
This combination is present in many ‘energy’ drinks. Some energy drinks also contain
guarana which is, on average, 4.65 % caffeine (m/m).
The structure of taurine is shown in Figure 3.
Mr(caffeine) = 194.2 g mol–1)
H O
H
H
C S H
N C O
H H O
H
Figure 3
An energy drink in which the taurine to caffeine content is in the ratio 12.5 to 1 by mass
contains 6.39 ×10–3 mol of taurine. What mass of guarana would be needed to source the
caffeine in the drink?
A. 1.37 g
B. 64 mg
C. 0.640 g
D. 137 mg
Question 12
Many factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Collision theory allows us to consider
the impact of individual factors based on the assumption that for a reaction to occur, effective
collisions between reactant particles must occur. The particles must collide with enough
energy, known as the activation energy, to break bonds and initiate reaction.
Which of the following statements related to collision theory is incorrect?
A. All collisions with energy greater than the activation energy lead to effective
collisions.
B. Higher reactant concentrations increase the frequency of successful collisions but not
the proportion of collisions that are successful.
C. Higher reactant temperature increases both the frequency of successful collisions and
the proportion of collisions that are successful.
D. Decreasing the surface area of reactants has a similar effect on reaction rate as
increasing reactant concentrations.
Question 13
Lithium-ion cells have solid electrodes which allow for the intercalation of lithium ions, i.e.
lithium ions can become part of the electrodes without significantly affecting the structure.
During operation some lithium ion batteries have lithium intercalated graphite as one
electrode material, and a lithium intercalated transition metal oxide, such as MnO2, as the
other. The electrolyte is a lithium salt.
The overall discharge equation for these lithium-ion cells may be represented as
LixC6(s) + Li1–xMnO2(s) → C6(s) + LiMnO2(s)
In this representation, xLi+ is part of both the oxidation and reduction half-equations.
Part of one cell of the battery during discharging is represented below in Figure 4.
Figure 4
The half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode during recharging would be
A. LixC6(s) → xLi+(aq) + C6(s) + xe–
B. xLi+(aq) + C6(s) + xe– → LixC6(s)
C. Li1–xMnO2(s) + xLi+(aq) + xe– → LiMnO2(s)
D. LiMnO2(s) → Li1–xMnO2(s) + xLi+(aq) + xe–
Question 14
Folic acid, the synthetic form of Vitamin B9, is added to bread to reduce the likelihood of
birth defects that may result from folate deficiency in pregnant women.
The structure of folic acid is represented below in Figure 5.
Figure 5
Folic acid
A. has fewer functional groups than vitamin C.
B. is less soluble in water that vitamin D3.
C. has the same number of oxygen atoms in each molecule as a dipeptide formed from
threonine and glutamic acid.
D. will have a peak at 3560 cm-1 on its IR spectrum.
Question 15
Atrazine is a systematic herbicide used to slow growth of new plant tissue by preventing
photosynthesis or the generation of energy by plants. In Australia, atrazine is mainly used to
control weeds in summer crops like sorghum, maize and sugarcane, as well as canola, in
pastures and on golf courses.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has set a safe level of atrazine in drinking water at
0.002 mg L–1.
High performance chromatography was used to analyse atrazine levels in a dam which
receives pasture runoff water after rain. A set of atrazine standards is prepared and analysed
via the chromatograph to establish the calibration curve given in Figure 6.
Figure 6
A sample of water from the dam was collected after rain and a 10 mL aliquot was diluted to
500 mL.
The dilute sample was analysed using the calibrated chromatograph and produced a peak area
of 47.5 at the retention of atrazine.
The molecular formula of atrazine is C8H14NCl5.
The factor by which the dam water exceeded the WHO safe level of atrazine in drinking water
is closest to
A. 36
B. 50
C. 95
D. 180
Question 16
A key factor in the economic production of a useful product depends on a good yield of
intermediate X formed as part of the production pathway.
Table 2 shows approximate values for the percentage yield of intermediate X at various
temperatures and pressures.
Temperature (°C) Pressure (kPa) % of X at equilibrium
400 2.00×105 36.3
400 3.00×105 49.2
400 4.00×105 56.5
300 2.00×105 62.8
500 2.00×105 17.6
Table 2
Based on these data, the balanced thermochemical equation for the production of X shows
A. ∆H < 0 and more particles on the reactant side.
B. ∆H > 0 and more particles on the reactant side.
C. ∆H < 0 and fewer particles on the reactant side.
D. ∆H > 0 and fewer particles on the reactant side.
Question 17
Figure 7 shows a representation of a galvanic cell operating under standard conditions.
Figure 7
The cell generates an operating voltage of 0.91 V and K+(aq) ions move into the half-cell
containing Y.
The elements X and Y are most likely to be
A. X - iron, Y - tin.
B. X - iron, Y - gold.
C. X - carbon, Y - tin.
D. X - carbon, Y - gold.
Question 18
0.182 g of a pure carboxylic acid was added to water to make up 25.0 mL of solution. This
solution was titrated with 0.120 M NaOH(aq) to the phenolphthalein endpoint. A titre of
17.2 mL was required.
The carboxylic acid was
A. methanoic acid.
B. ethanoic acid.
C. propanoic acid.
D. methylpropanoic acid.
Question 19
Glycoproteins are involved in most processes occurring in body cells with roles in our
immune systems, protection of our bodies, communication between cells, and our
reproductive systems.
A simplified structure of a glycoprotein is represented in Figure 8.
CH2OH
OH
H O H
H O C O
OH H
HO O NH C CH2 CH
H NH
NH2
C O
CH3
Figure 8
According to this structure, the glycoprotein might be expected to be produced in a reaction

pathway involving
A. glucose, ammonia, ethanoic acid, asparagine.
B. glucose, ethyl amine, water, glutamine.
C. glucose, ethyl amide, glutamine.
D. glucose, ammonia, methanoic acid, asparagine.
Question 20
Cetane, also known as hexadecane, is a liquid that ignites easily under compression. The
cetane rating, or cetane number, is a measurement of the quality of performance of diesel fuel
compared to cetane itself which is assigned a cetane number of 100. In effect, the cetane
number measures how quickly a fuel starts to burn under diesel engine conditions. Cetane
numbers of biodiesels range from around 45 to 60 with animal-fat based sources having
higher cetane numbers than vegetable sources.
Cetane numbers improvers are added to many diesel and biodiesel fuels. One such improver is
known as 2-ehn and has the molecular structure shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9
2-ehn molecules decompose to release free radicals which enhance oxidation.

Which of the following statements based on this information is least accurate?
A. Vegetable oil sourced biodiesels burn less easily than animal fat sourced biodiesels
which have the same number of carbon atoms.
B. Vegetable oil sourced biodiesels have lower cetane numbers because of the stronger
intermolecular attraction compared to animal sourced biofuels with the same number
of carbon atoms in their molecules.
C. The molecular formula of 2-ehn is C8H17NO3.
D. Vegetable oil sourced biodiesels have lower cetane numbers because their molecules
contain C=C double bonds.
Question 21
Whilst modern electric cars depend on a bank of lithium ion batteries as their power source,
most also have a 12 V lead acid battery to power up the controller, lights, windscreen wipers
and ABS (Anti-lock Braking System). The overall equation for an operating lead-acid battery
is
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l).
As a result of a lead-acid battery being recharged,
A. the pH increases, and chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.
B. there is an oxidation number increase in the half-cell containing the (+) electrode.
C. the masses of all electrodes increase.
D. both electrodes become coated with lead(II) sulfate.
Question 22
The heat of combustion of ethanol was investigated by several students, each using the same
calibrated bomb calorimeter setup and following the same method, with the mass of ethanol
as the independent variable. The energy released by each ethanol sample was determined
from the calibration factor and the measured temperature change.
The following set of information was produced.
Mass of ethanol Energy released

0.447 g 10.6 kJ
1.034 g 24.5 kJ
0.795 g 18.8 kJ
Table 3
Based on the information in Table 3, the calculated value for the heat of combustion of
ethanol was
A. accurate and reliable.
B. accurate but not reliable.
C. reliable but not accurate.
D. neither accurate nor reliable.
Question 23
Most electric vehicles cover between 8 and 10 km per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity used
in charging the lithium-ion batteries. 1 kWh is equivalent to 3.60 MJ of energy.
If an electric car with average electricity usage of 8.9 km kWh–1 and a petrol driven car with
25 per cent efficiency were both driven 400 km, what volume of petrol would be consumed in
the journey?
Assume both cars use the same amount of energy, petrol is octane and its density is 703 g L–1.
A. 13.5 L
B. 19.2 L
C. 27.1 L
D. 38.4 L
Question 24
The graph in Figure 10 relates to the production of ethanol by fermentation.
Figure 10
Which of the following statements is not a valid interpretation of this graph?

A. The rate of reaction at 50°C is approximately the same as the rate of reaction at 20°C.
B. Colliding particles have approximately the same energy at 20°C and 50°C.
C. The decrease in reaction rate after 40°C is due to a major enzyme structural change.
D. The increase in rate up to 40°C is not due solely to the structure of the enzyme.
Question 25
In an experiment to determine the value of Faraday’s constant, a current of 1.62 A is passed
through a one molar solution of copper (II) chloride for 581 seconds. At the end of that time,
the negative electrode was weighed. Its mass was found to have increased by 0.306 g.
Comparing the value of Faraday’s constant determined from these data with the value
provided in Table 4 of the VCE Chemistry Data Book, which of the following experimental
errors could explain the difference?
A. Negative electrode was not dried before being weighed after the electrolysis.
B. Ammeter used to register the current was reading too low by 0.03 A.
C. Stopwatch used to register time was turned off a few seconds after the electrolysis was
stopped.
D. Mole ratio of n(e–):n(Cu) was assumed to be 1:1.
Question 26
Known amounts of compounds X, Y and Z are added to the same container and allowed to
reach equilibrium as indicated in Figure 11.
Figure 11
According to the information implied by and shown on the concentration-time graphs, the
value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction described by the concentration changes is
A. 0.021 M2
B. 0.13 M–1
C. 6.0 M
D. 48 M2
Question 27
Levulinic acid is a platform chemical and is often an intermediate in the production reagents.
The structure of a levulinic acid molecule is shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12
Recently it has been linked to a ‘pink drink’, the description given to a compound which may
be used by surgeons to get cancerous cells in some tumours to show up under a blue light and
allow better targeted treatment.
The compound in the ‘pink drink’ which enables this effect is known as 5-ALA, or 5-amino
levulinic acid.
The semi-structural formula of 5-ALA is
A. O O
CH3 C CH2CH2 C NH2
B. O O
H2N C CH2CH2 C OH
C. O O
H2NCH2 C (CH2)2 C OH
D. O O
HO C CH2CH2 C NH CH3
Question 28
Two different changes were imposed on different samples of the same equilibrium mixture
containing NO2 and N2O4 described by the equation
2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g).
The concentration-time graphs showing the impact of these changes are given in Figure 13.
Figure 13
According to these graphs,

A. after both imposed changes, when the system has returned to equilibrium the m(NO2)
present has increased relative to the amount present prior to the imposed change.
B. the imposed changes were doubling the volume in one case and adding N2O4 in the
other.
C. the imposed changes were halving the volume in one case and adding NO2 in the
other.
D. after both imposed changes, as the system returns to equilibrium the rate of the
forward reaction is less than the rate of the reverse reaction.
Question 29
The bond breaking and bond making associated with the combustion of hydrogen is
represented in Figure 14.
Figure 14
The value of ‘x’ is

A. 684
B. 728
C. 922
D. 956
Question 30
Agricultural production of red meat is a significant biogenic source of greenhouse gases and it
has been suggested that in the long-term interest of the environment, red meat consumption
should be significantly reduced, if not eliminated. However, research has shown that mixing
some forms of marine algae from seaweed with cattle feed reduces the total amount of a
greenhouse gases emitted by cows. Bromoform, a compound in seaweed, disrupts the activity
of enzymes used by microbes to produce one of the greenhouse gases released by cows. It is
estimated that over an extended period, 1 kg of the greenhouse gas has 28 times as much
global warming effect as 1 kg of carbon dioxide.
The chemical formula of this greenhouse gas produced by cows is
A. CH4
B. H2O
C. O3
D. N2O
End of Section A
SECTION B – Short Answer Questions
(95 marks)
Section B consists of 7 short answer questions.
You should answer all of these questions in the spaces provided.
The allotted marks are shown at the end of each part of each question.
Question 1 (15 marks)

Figures 15-18 shown below are representations of four different types of biomolecules.
H
H
N CH3
C C
O H
C
O N H O
H
C N C
H C C N
H O CH2 H
COOH
Figure 15
O
CH2 O C (CH2)16CH3
O
CH O C (CH2)7CHCHCH2CHCH(CH2)4CH3
O
CH2 O C (CH2)7CHCHCH2CHCHCH2CHCHCH2CH3
Figure 16
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

H O O O
H H H H H
H H H
OH H OH H OH H
O O
H OH H OH H OH
Figure 17
H CH2OH
H H H
OH
O
CH2OH CH2 CH2OH

H O O O
H H H H H
H H H
OH H OH H OH H
O O
H OH H OH H OH
Figure 18
a. Identify one chiral carbon on each of the four structures shown. Circle the appropriate
spot on Figures 15-18. 2 marks
b. Using one of the structures as a reference point, describe the relationship between
chiral carbons and biological catalytic action. 3 marks
c. Hydrolysis of one of these structures produced four different compounds.
i. Give the names of the four compounds. 2 marks
ii. Three of these compounds have the same functional group and are part of the
same chemical family. Name the chemical family. 1 mark
iii Describe the differences in the molecular structures of the three compounds
with the same functional group. 3 marks
iv. Explain how differences in molecular structure affect the melting points of the
three compounds which have the same functional group. 2 marks
d. Describe the links between two of the structures shown and glycemic index. 2 marks
Aspartame (represented in Table 10 of the VCE Chemistry Data Book) is a white, odourless,
crystalline powder which is about 200 times sweeter than sugar and very soluble. Taken to
two significant figures, aspartame has the same energy content per gram as proteins.
Aspartame can enhance the effect of other sweeteners so reducing the amount that needs to be
added to food. Therefore, aspartame is used to reduce calorie intake and enhance natural fruit
flavours.
a. Hydrolysis of aspartame produces three products, two of which are amino acids. Give
the name of the third product. 1 mark
Shown below are the IR Spectrum of one of the products of the hydrolysis of aspartame and
the IR Spectrum of a compound that can be produced from that product.
SDBSWeb: http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science

and Technology, June 2019).
Figure 19: Spectrum 1 – product of hydrolysis

Figure 20: Spectrum 2
b. i. Give the chemical formula of the compound associated with each spectrum. 2 marks
Spectrum 1: __________________________________
Spectrum 2. __________________________________
ii. Reaction of the product of hydrolysis of aspartame with acidified dichromate

may produce a different organic product to the one associated with Spectrum 2.
Write balanced half-equations describing the production of this different
product. 2 marks
iii. How many peaks would you expect to see on the 13C NMR spectrum of the
compound associated with Spectrum 2? Explain. 1 mark
c. Shown below is the mass spectrum of the compound produced when one of the two
compounds identified in Question 2bi. reacts with ammonia.

m/z
Figure 21
Give semi-structural formulae for the species causing the peaks at m/z = 3 marks
45 – ___________________________________________
43 – ___________________________________________
29 – ___________________________________________
Lactic acid, C3H6O3, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is formed from the anaerobic
respiration of glucose. When the oxygen level is low, carbohydrate breaks down for energy
and makes lactic acid. Lactic acid levels get higher when strenuous exercise or other
conditions, such as heart failure, a severe infection (sepsis), or shock, lower the flow
of blood and oxygen throughout the body.
Higher-than-normal lactic acid levels can lead to a condition called lactic acidosis which
may, if severe enough, upset the body's pH balance.
Whilst lactic acid has the same empirical formula as the monosaccharides, glucose and
galactose, it is technically not a carbohydrate.
The heat of combustion, at SLC, of lactic acid is 15.0 kJ g–1.
a. Draw the structure, showing all bonds, of lactic acid molecules and indicate any sites
where optical isomerism may occur. 2 marks
b. Write a balanced equation for the production of lactic acid from glucose by anaerobic
respiration. 1 mark
c. Describe, using an appropriate equation, how lactic acidosis affects blood pH. 1 mark
d. Blood pH balance is controlled by way of the interrelated equilibria
CO2(g) ⇌ CO2(aq) 1.
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3(aq) 2.
+ –
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O (aq) + HCO3 (aq) 3.
Describe how these equilibria respond to lactic acidosis. 2 marks
e. In the series of chemical reactions by which glucose is converted to CO2 in the body,
pyruvic acid (Figure 22) is produced. Acetyl-CoenzymeA (acetyl-CoA) is synthesised
from pyruvic acid. The structure of acetylCoA is represented in Figure 23.
H O H O
C C
H C C C
H OH H
O H SCoA
Figure 22 Figure 23
i. Lactic acid has been described as a reduction product of pyruvic acid. Explain
why this is a valid description. 2 marks
ii. Acetyl-coenzymeA (acetylCoA) is a thiol ester formed when ethanoic acid
reacts with the thiol group on coenzymeA. Show the structure of the zwitterion
of an amino acid which contains the thiol, –SH, functional group. 1 mark
iii. One role of coenzymes is to act as carriers of electrons, atoms or functional

groups. AcetylCoA carries acetyl groups for conversion to CO2 during energy
production. Give the formula of an acetyl radical. 1 mark
f. When carbohydrate intake is low or when untreated diabetes mellitus means insulin
levels are insufficient to convert glucose to glycogen for storage, the body will start to
break down fats for energy release in the process of ketosis. During excessive
breakdown of fatty acids by the liver, ‘ketone bodies’ are formed in the process of
ketogenesis. The three ketone bodies formed have the structures shown below. The
common names of two of these ketone bodies are shown.
H O H O O
H H
C H C C H
H C C H C C O
H H H
H
Acetone Acetoacetic acid
H
H O H O
H C C H
C C O
H H H
Figure 24
All these ketone bodies can be linked back to acetyl coenzymeA.
i. Give the systematic name of acetone. 1 mark
ii. Give the systematic name of the third ketone body in Figure 24. 1 mark
g. The heats of combustion, at SLC, of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and glucose are 1165 kJ
mol–1, 1362 kJ mol–1, and 2802 kJ mol–1 respectively.
i. Relate these data to the chemical change that occurs to glucose when it is
converted to lactic acid or pyruvic acid. 1 mark
ii. Use the data given to discuss the relative extent of that change in the
production of lactic acid and pyruvic acid and relate this to the molecular
structures of both compounds. 2 marks
In a typical combustion engine, an ignition source, e.g. a spark, is needed to initiate the
combustion reaction. Rocket propellants, used to generate thrust, generally consist of a fuel
and oxidant, but this may be a hypergolic fuel system in which the combination of the fuel
and the oxidant self-ignites at room temperature.
One such hypergolic fuel system uses hydrazine, N2H4, (boiling point 114°C) and dinitrogen
tetroxide, N2O4, (boiling point 21.7°C). When mixed at 20°C, these compounds react to
produce nitrogen gas and water vapour releasing 5.85 kJ per gram of N2O4 reacting.
a. Write a balanced thermochemical equation for the reaction between hydrazine and
dinitrogen tetroxide. 2 marks
b. Explain how the reaction between hydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide contributes to
thrust generation in a rocket. 2 marks
c. Why does hydrazine have a much higher boiling temperature than dinitrogen
tetroxide? 1 mark
d. Why is it easier to store the hydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide, at 20°C, than it is to
store hydrogen? 1 mark
Hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide may, if the compounds come in contact, also be a
hypergolic fuel system. However, the discovery that nanoporous gold leaf shows
electrocatalytic properties toward both hydrazine (N2H4) oxidation and hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) reduction, allowed for the implementation of a direct hydrazine-hydrogen peroxide
fuel cell (DHHPFC) as a unique power source for air-independent applications under
extreme conditions such as outer space and underwater environments. The DHHPFC is
represented in Figure 25.
Figure 25
e. Indicate which electrode acts as the anode in the DHHPFC. Explain your choice. 1 mark
f. Give the sign of the left hand electrode in the DHHPFC. 1 mark
g. Complete and balance the half-equation for the reaction at the left hand electrode in
the DHHPFC. 1 mark
___N2H4(l) + ___OH–(aq) →
h. Write a balanced half-equation for the reaction at the right-hand electrode in the
DHHPFC. 1 mark
i. Describe what happens in the cation exchange membrane as the cell is delivering
energy. 1 mark
j. Identify a change that would be noticeable in the fuel cell if NaOH and H2SO4 come
into contact. 1 mark
k. Hydrazine, N2H4, may react with oxygen to form nitrogen gas and water.
N2H4(g)+ O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
If 6.47 g of N2H4 reacts and produces 4.50 L of N2, at 28°C and 110 kPa, what is the
percent yield of nitrogen? 2 marks
On the international space station water use efficiency is maximised by extracting water from
urine, sweat and breathing condensate and purifying it.
Oxygen is generated by electrolysis of water in a proton exchange membrane (PEM)
electrolysis cell, which only allows water and positive ions to cross between compartments.
The PEM system essentially consists of water, an anode and a cathode, a central polymer
membrane between the two electrodes. The membrane also serves as the electrolyte in the
cell, eliminating the need for hazardous liquid electrolytes such as concentrated potassium
hydroxide.
a. Identify the most likely energy source for the electrolysis of water on the international
space station. 1 mark
b. The PEM electrolysis cell is represented in Figure 26.
On Figure 26, indicate the: 2 marks

i. positive electrode.
ii. cathode.
iii. side of the cell to which water is supplied.
iv. site where O2 exits the cell.
Figure 26
c. Give a balanced half-equation for the reaction at the electrodes in the electrolysis of
water in the PEM cell and explain the link between these reactions and the proton
exchange membrane. 3 marks
d. Write the half-equation for the production of O2 in an earlier generation electrolytic

cell using KOH(aq) as an electrolyte. 1 mark
Prior to the uptake of the Sabatier system, hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced on the
space station were discarded into space and large quantities of water had to be regularly
transported to the space station for oxygen generation and human consumption and use.
The Sabatier system uses a hydrogenation catalyst to enable the production of water from the
previously discarded carbon dioxide and hydrogen as indicated in the equilibrium reaction
CO2(g) + 4H2(g) ⇌ CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = −182 kJ mol–1 at 400°C
e. The optimum temperature for the Sabatier equilibrium reaction is 400°C. Suggest
reasons why this temperature is used. 2 marks
f. Discuss the relation between pressure and the Sabatier equilibrium. 2 marks
g. It is currently estimated that to carry 1 kg of fuel to Mars, 225 kg of fuel would need
to be burnt in transit. There are clear benefits to be gained from the onsite production
of fuel.
It’s believed that there are significant water deposits below the Martian surface and its
atmosphere is 96 % CO2.
Long term storage of hydrogen could prove too risky for the environment. Explain
how Martian resources could be used to generate an alternative fuel and oxygen.
Assume all necessary equipment has been transported from Earth to the surface of
Mars. 3 marks

The thermal efficiency of an engine or device shows the percentage of the available thermal
energy that is converted to useful work. Some approximate thermal efficiencies are
petrol engine – 25 %, coal-fired power station – 35 %, diesel engine – 40 %.
Fuel cells, such as a methanol-oxygen, generally have significantly higher thermal
efficiencies.
a. Write a balanced thermochemical equation for the complete combustion of methanol. 2 marks
b. Write balanced half-equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode in a

methanol-oxygen fuel cell with acid electrolyte. 2 marks
c. The thermal efficiency per mol of fuel for a fuel cell can be calculated from the
relationship.
Efficiency = -n(e) x F x Ecell / ∆H
Calculate the thermal efficiency of a methanol-oxygen fuel cell operating at 0.657 V. 2 marks
d. Explain why the thermal efficiency of the methanol-oxygen fuel cell is higher than
that of a coal-fired power station. 1 mark
e. A resource gives the electrode potential for a CO2(g),H+(aq)/CH3OH(l),H2O(l)
half-cell as -0.38 V.
Show that this is not consistent with the fuel cell voltage used in Question 6d. and
suggest one possible reason. 2 marks
f. Determine the mass of methanol which has the same energy content as a 50.0 L tank
of octane. [d(C8H18) = 0.703 g mL-1]. 2 marks
The Oxford dictionary defines vinegar as ‘sour-tasting liquid containing acetic [ethanoic]
acid, obtained by fermenting dilute alcoholic liquids, typically wine, cider, or beer, and used
as a condiment or for pickling’. Acetic acid bacteria promote the oxidative fermentation
which produces ethanoic acid.
To be classified as a vinegar, a liquid must contain at least 4 % (m/V) ethanoic acid.
Laboratory investigation of whether commercial vinegars satisfy this minimum requirement
requires each student to titrate aliquots of a vinegar randomly selected from several
commercially available vinegars with the same standardised 0.982 M NaOH(aq) solution to
the phenolphthalein endpoint following the appropriate experimental procedure.
The data recorded by three students during the investigation are given in Tables 4, 5 and 6.
Student A
Volume of vinegar aliquot Initial burette reading Endpoint burette reading
10.0 mL 1.55 mL 9.51 mL
10.0 mL 9.51 mL 17.38 mL
10.0 mL 17.38 mL 25.40 mL
Table 4
Student B
20.0 mL 2.50 mL 26.80 mL
20.0 mL 26.80 mL 46.73 mL
20.0 mL 0.65 mL 20.61 mL
20.0 mL 20.61 mL 40.64 mL
Table 5
Student C
10.0 mL 6.64 mL 16.61 mL
10.0 mL 16.61 mL 26.59 mL
10.0 mL 26.59 mL 36.61 mL
Table 6
a. Write a balanced chemical equation for the titration reaction. 1 mark
b. Suggest a reason why Student B included on extra set of data compared to Students A
and C. 1 mark
c. Determine the average V(NaOH) used by Student B to reach the endpoint. 1 mark
d. Discuss the possibility that two students analysed the same vinegar. 2 marks
e. Determine the concentration of ethanoic acid, as % (m/V), in the vinegar used by
Student B. 2 marks
f. Based on the data supplied, discuss whether or not vinegar A meets the requirements
to be classified as a vinegar solution? 2 marks
g. Identify one of each of the types of variable associated with this analysis. 3 marks
Independent variable: ________________________________
Dependent variable: ________________________________
Controlled variable: ________________________________
h. Explain if it is possible to classify the recorded data as (i) accurate and (ii) reliable. 2 marks
i. Shown in Figure 27 is a titration curve for the titration of a 20.0 mL vinegar aliquot
with the same NaOH(aq) solution. The data for the curve were obtained using an
electronic pH meter during the titration.
Figure 27
i. Explain how this titration curve supports the use of phenolphthalein as the
indicator in this analysis using a 20 mL aliquot of a vinegar. 1 mark
ii. Explain how you can use the curve to decide whether the concentration of
ethanoic acid in the vinegar used to obtain this curve was higher or lower than
the concentration of the vinegar used by Student B. 1 mark
iii. If bromothymol blue had been used as the indicator rather than
phenolphthalein, identify which measurement recorded during the exercise
would have been affected. 1 mark
End of Section B
End of Trial Examination
Suggested Answers
SECTION A – Multiple Choice Answers
(30 marks)
Q1. B The carbonyl group, -C=O, is present in aldehydes RCHO and ketones RC=O.
A. alkane → RCl → ROH → RCHO → RCOOH
B. alkane → RCl → RNH2
C. alkane → RCl → ROH → RCHO → RCOOH + NH3 → RCOONH2
D. alkane → RCl → ROH → RCHO → RCOOH + R’OH → RCOOR’
N.B. Ketones cannot be oxidised to carboxylic acids.
Q2. C The number of peaks on the spectra reflects the number of different hydrogen
environments in the molecules. The symmetry of tartaric acid and citric acid
impacts on the number of ‘different’ hydrogen environments.
Aspartic acid – five different hydrogen environments, hence 5 peaks.
# #
# # #
Tartaric acid – 3 peaks Citric acid – 4 peaks
* *
* *
* *
*
HOOCCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH HOOCCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH
Ethanoic acid – 2 peaks

Malic acid – 5 peaks
* # *# #*
* * * *
#
* *
*
HOOCCH2CH(OH)COOH CH3COOH
Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4 1
Q3. D Using IR absorption data from Table 14 of the VCE Chemistry Data Book:
1680-1740 cm–1 : C=O acids; present in all four acids.
1720-1840 cm–1 : C=O esters; not present in any of the alcohols (other than as part
of carboxyl group).
2500-3500 cm–1 : O-H acids; presents in all four acids.
3200-3600 cm–1 : O-H alcohols; present in three acids but not in ethanoic acid.
Q4. A During electrolysis, electrons are transferred from the positive electrode to the
negative electrode by the power supply.
The colour of aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is due to the presence of
Cu2+(aq) ions.
The metal produced during the electrolysis of CuSO4(aq) is Cu(s) due to reduction
at the cathode.
(-) Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
Since the solution colour remains constant, Cu2+(aq) ions must be produced at
the anode.
(+) Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
Since Cu must be oxidised, the anode – (+) electrode - MUST be made of
copper.
However, since the cathode, the (-) electrode, is the site of reduction, it could be
either copper or iron, or even other conductors such as carbon (graphite), since the
supply of electrons through the circuit prevents any oxidation.
Q5. D Since ethanal, CH3CHO, and ethylene oxide, CH2.O.CH2, are structural isomers,
the reaction for both processes may be represented by the overall equation
2C2H4(g) + O2(g) → 2C2H4O(g).
The molecular structures of the two products are shown below:
H H O
H H
H C C
C C H H
H O
The mole ratio of reactants suggests that relative amounts of reactants is not a key
factor and temperature and pressure conditions are always significant in industrial
processes.
However, the decisive factor in determining which compound produced is
most probably the catalyst used, since interactions between the reactants and
the catalyst surface control the bond breaking and bond making, which
determine the structure of the product.
The catalysts used in the industrial productions are Ag for ethylene oxide and
PdCl2, palladium(II) chloride, for ethanal.
2 Learning Materials Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4
Q6. C Since Fe2+ is the reductant, it should be oxidised to Fe3+
Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e–
H2O2 is reduced, so the H2O2 molecules must accept the electron released by each
Fe2+ ion in the process of producing a hydroxyl radical, •OH, and one other
product, according to
H2O2(aq) + e– → •OH + X
N.B. the radical •OH has the same number of protons and electrons but has one
unpaired valence electron.
The product X must have O, H and a negative charge, i.e. OH–(aq).
Overall equation Fe2+(aq) + H2O2(aq)→ Fe3+(aq) + •OH + OH–(aq).
Q7. C Using data from Table 13 of the VCE Chemistry Databook:

Total energy in a 22 g serving which is available from proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
= 5.2 g × 17 kJ g–1 + 11.3 g × 37 kJ g–1 + 3.0 g × 16 kJ g–1
= 88.4 + 418.1 + 48.0 kJ
= 554.5 kJ
Therefore energy required from other nutrients = 569 – 554.5 kJ
= 14.5 kJ in 22 g sample
Energy from other nutrients in 500 g jar = (14.5 / 22) × 500
= 330 kJ in 500 g container
Q8. D α-eleostearic, stearic and linoleic acid molecules each contain 18 C atoms.
Iodine, I2, adds across C=C double bonds in the α-α-eleostearic acid molecules.
The ratio of n(I2) / n(α-α-eleostearic acid) → number of C=C double bonds in
each molecule.
n(I2) = 273.9 / 253.8 = 1.08 mol
n(α-α-eleostearic acid) = 1.08 / n(C=C)
If 1 C=C, n(α-eleostearic acid) = 1.08 mol; M(α-eleostearic acid) = 100 / 1.08 = 92.6 g mol–1
If 2 C=C, n(α-eleostearic acid) = 0.54 mol; M(α-eleostearic acid) = 100 / 0.54 = 181 g mol–1
If 3 C=C, n(α-eleostearic acid) = 0.36 mol; M(α-eleostearic acid) = 100 / 0.36 = 278 g mol–1
Since α-eleostearic acid molecules contain 18 C atoms, 2 O atoms and a ‘maximum’ of 36 H
atoms
M((α-eleostearic acid) must be 278 g mol–1 .
Mr(α-eleostearic acid) = 278 and the molecular formula may be represented by C18HxO2
where ‘x’ is the number of H atoms in each molecule.
Hence 18 x 12.0 + ‘x’ x 1 + 2 × 16 = 278
‘x’ = 278 – 248 = 30, molecular formula is C18H30O2.
α-eleostearic molecules contain 3 C=C double bonds but a total of 4 double bonds
(including C=O).
Q9. B 2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2
Redox. Na+ is reduced since oxidation number of Na decreases from +1 to 0; N
must be oxidised.
10Na + 2KNO3 → K2O + 5Na2O + N2
Redox. Na is oxidised since oxidation number increases from +1 to 0; N is
reduced +5 to 0.
Na2O + SiO2 → Na2SiO3
No change in oxidation numbers.
K2O + Na2O + SiO2 → K2Na2SiO4
No change in oxidation numbers.
Q10. D Table 17 of the VCE Chemistry Data Book indicates that the side groups for the
structures for cysteine, serine and threonine show no clear link with the side group
on phenylalanine.
Tyrosine’s structure reflects the gain of a hydroxyl group by phenylalanine
molecules:
phenylalanine hydroxylase
phenylalanine tyrosine
Q11. A Taurine – C2H7NSO3 – molar mass 125.1 g mol–1

m(taurine) = 6.39 × 10–3 mol × 125.1 g mol–1
= 0.799 g
m(caffeine) in drink = 0.799 / 12.5
= 0.0640 g
m(caffeine) = (4.65 / 100) × m(guarana)
= 0.0465 × m(guarana)
m(guarana) = m(caffeine) / 0.0465
= 0.0640 / 0.0465)
= 1.37 g
Q12. A Consider the alternatives.
A. Energy greater than the activation energy is not, in isolation, a guarantee
that reaction will occur. The orientations with which particles collide must
be those that facilitate bond breaking.
B. Higher concentration means there are more particles present in a fixed volume.
This increases the frequency of collisions and the frequency of successful
collisions leading to increased rate of reaction. However, the ‘energy’ of the
reactant particles is not affected, so the proportion of successful collisions does
not change.
C. Higher temperature means the kinetic energy of the reactant particles increases
so the frequency of collisions and frequency of successful collisions increase.
Also, because the energy of the particles is higher, a greater proportion of the
collisions are successful.
D. Larger surface area of the reactants increases the number of particles available
to collide. This increases the frequency of collisions and successful collisions
leading to increased rate of reaction. However, the ‘energy’ of the reactant
particles is not affected, so the proportion of successful collisions does not
change. So the mechanism of the impacts of higher surface area and higher
concentrations on reaction rate are very similar.
Q13. B In all cells, cations move towards the cathode. When the cell is discharging,
electrons move from the anode (-) to the cathode (+). On the discharge cell
representation, the left-hand electrode is the cathode and positive.
Since the discharge reaction is LixC6(s) + Li1–xMnO2(s) → C6(s) + LiMnO2(s), the

discharging half-equations involve the conversion of LiC6 to C6 and the
conversion of Li1–xMnO2 to LiMnO2. This suggests that Li+ is released at one
electrode and Li+ is gained at the other electrode, which is consistent with the
discharging half-equations.
(-) electrode LixC6(s) → xLi+(aq) + C6(s) + xe–
(+) electrode Li1–xMnO2(s) + xLi+(aq) + xe– → LiMnO2(s)
Hence during recharging, when electrons are forced to move from the (+)
electrode to the (-) electrode, the half-equations would be
(-) xLi+(aq) + C6(s) + xe– → LixC6(s)
(+) LiMnO2(s) → Li1–xMnO2(s) + xLi+(aq) + xe–
Q14. C A. (Refer to Table 10: VCE Chemistry Data Book) Vitamin C – 2 functional
groups, ester and hydroxyl.
Folic acid – 3 functional groups, amine, amide and carboxyl.
B. Vitamin D3 (refer to Table 10: VCE Chemistry Data Book) molecules have a
lone -OH group but it is mainly a non-polar hydrocarbon with minimal
attraction to water. Folic acid molecules have multiple polar functional groups
which can form hydrogen bonds with water and so are soluble.
C. (Refer to Table 17 VCE Chemistry Data Book).
The dipeptide and folic acid both have six carbon atoms in their molecules.
D. The absorption band (refer to Table 14 VCE Chemistry Data Book)
3200-3600 cm–1 is for -OH alcohol which is not present in folic acid
molecules.
Q15. D
c(atrazine) in diluted sample of dam water = 7.2 μg L–1

= 0.0072 mg L–1
Dam water was diluted by a factor of 50 for the analysis
c(atrazine) in dam water = 50 × 0.0072 mg L–1
= 0.36 mg L–
Ratio c(atrazine) in dam water / WHO drinking water limit = 0.36 mg L–1 / 0.002 mg L–1
= 180
Hence the c(atrazine) in dam water exceeds the WHO limit by a factor of 180.
Q16. A The data show that

a) At constant temperature of 400°C, the yield of X increases as the pressure
increases, as increasing the pressure on an equilibrium system forces the system to
compensate and strive to decrease the pressure by favouring the side with fewer
particles.
This indicates there are more particles on the reactant side than the product side.
b) At constant pressure of 2.00x105 kPa, the yield of X decreases as the temperature
increases. This indicates the reverse reaction is favoured at higher temperatures
and is endothermic.
Hence the production of X is exothermic, i.e. ∆H < 0.
Q17. D The relevant half-equations from the electrochemical series (Table 2 VCE Chemistry
Data Book).
Au+(aq) + e–  Au(s) 1.68 V
Fe3+(aq) +e–  Fe2+(aq) 0.77 V
Sn2+(aq) + 2e–  Sn(s) -0.14 V
indicate that there are two cells that generate 0.91 V under standard conditions and
involve Fe3+(aq)/Fe2+(aq).
The fact that K+(aq) move towards Y indicate that Y is the cathode, the site of
reduction.
In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from the (-) electrode to the (+) electrode, and the
stronger oxidant is reduced at the (+) electrode, hence the half-cell Yn+/Y must be
Au+/Au.
The half-equations for the reactions at the two electrodes are
(-) Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e–
(+) Au+(aq) + e– → Au(s)
The electrode in the Fe3+(aq)/Fe2+(aq) half-cell must be inert, i.e. C, It cannot be
Fe(s) because Fe(s) is a stronger reductant then Fe2+(aq) and also would react with
Fe3+(aq) in the half-cell.
The electrode in the Au+(aq)/Au(s) half-cell could be Au or C, it is an electron
collector and does not react in this cell.
Q18. D RCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → RCOONa(aq) + H2O(l)

n(NaOH) = 0.120 mol L–1 × 17.2 × 10–3 L
= 2.06 × 10–3 mol
n(RCOOH) = 2.06 × 10–3 mol
Since n = m / M then M = m / n
M(RCOOH) = 0.182 g / 2.06 × 10–3 mol
= 88.2 g mol–1
M(C3H7COOH) = 88.0 g mol–1
Carboxylic acid has molecules with 4 C atoms
Either butanoic acid CH3CH2CH2COOH or methylpropanoic acid
(CH3)2CHCOOH.
Q19. A
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH
H O H O H
H O H H
H NH3 H CH3COOH H
OH H OH H
OH H OH
HO OH HO
HO OH
H NH2 H NH
H OH
C O
CH3
Asparagine (Table 17 VCE Chemistry Data Book)
CH2OH
H O H
H O COOH
OH H
HO O NH C CH2 CH
H NH
NH2
C O
CH3
Q20. B Consider the alternatives

A. Accurate: because since the cetane number measures how quickly a fuel starts to
burn under diesel engine conditions, it reflects how easily the fuel burns and
vegetable sourced biodiesels have lower cetane numbers.
B. Inaccurate: the intermolecular bonds are weaker in the vegetable oil because the
molecules are generally unsaturated, and the kinks caused by the presence of
C=C bonds impact in intermolecular attraction.
C. Accurate: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH(CH2CH3)CH2NO3 → C8H17NO3
D. Accurate: the C=C double bonds in the biodiesel molecules are harder to break
than the C-C bonds and vegetable oil sourced biodiesels are more unsaturated
than animal fat sourced biodiesels.
Q21. B The overall equation for the recharging of a cell in the lead-acid battery is
2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) → Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq)
Since recharging is electrolytic, electrons are transferred from the (+) electrode to the
(-) electrode as electrical energy is converted to chemical energy.
(+) electrode, oxidation of PbSO4 to PbO2, oxidation number of Pb increases from
+2 to +4.
(-) electrode, reduction of PbSO4 to Pb, oxidation number of Pb decreases from
+2 to 0.
So, the masses of both electrodes decrease.
Since H+(aq) ions (in H2SO4(aq)) are produced, the pH of the cell decreases.
Q22. C Calculating the heat of combustion from the information supplied
Mass of ethanol Energy released Heat of combustion
0.447 g 10.6 kJ 23.7 kJ g–1
1.034 g 24.5 kJ 23.7 kJ g–1
0.795 g 18.8 kJ 23.6 kJ g–1
Since essentially the same heat of combustion was obtained each time the
experimental method was used, it was reliable.
According to Table 11 in the VCE Chemistry Data Book, the heat of combustion of
ethanol is 29.6 kJ g–1. Hence the experimentally determined value was not
accurate.
Q23. B Energy used by electrical vehicle = 400 km / 8.9 km kWh–1

= 44.9 kWh
= 44.9 × 3.60 MJ
= 44.9 × 3.60 × 1000 kJ
= 1.62 × 105 kJ
Since the petrol car is only 25 per cent efficient, 1.62 × 104 kJ is 25 per cent of
energy content of petrol used.
Energy content of petrol used = 1.62 ×104 / 0.25
= 6.47 ×107 kJ
m(octane) required = 6.47 ×105 kJ / 47.9 kJ g–1
= 1.35 × 104 g
V(petrol) = m / d = 1.35 × 104 g / 703 g L–1
= 19.2 L
Q24. B Consider the alternatives.
A. Valid: the diagram shows that the rate of reaction at 50°C is approximately the
same as the rate of reaction at 20°C.
B. Invalid: colliding particles have less energy at 20°C than at 50°C because kinetic
energy is proportional to temperature.
C. Valid: the decrease in reaction rate after 40°C is due to a major enzyme structural
change: the enzyme tertiary structure changes as it is denatured, and the active
site is no longer available.
D. Valid: the increase in rate up to 40°C is due to the increase in kinetic energy and
so the reactant particles get to the active site faster as the temperature increases.
Q25. C Faraday’s constant – the charge on 1 mol of electrons would be determined by

Q = It = 1.62 × 581
= 941 C
n(Cu) = m / M = 0.306 / 63.5
= 4.81 × 10–3 mol
Reaction at (-) electrode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
n(e–) = 2 × n(Cu)
= 2 × 4.81 × 10–3
= 9.62 × 10–3
Charge on 1 mol e– = 941 C / 9.62 × 10–3 mol
= 97800 C mol–1
This is higher than the true value of 96500 C mol–1 (Table 4: VCE Chemistry Data
Book).
A. Mass of Cu higher than the true value leads to higher n(e–) and smaller Faraday’s
constant value.
B. Lower than true current value gives a smaller value of Q and a smaller Faraday’s
constant.
C. Higher than true time value gives a larger value of Q and a larger Faraday’s
constant.
D. If n(e–) is assumed to be the same as n(Cu), the Faraday’s constant value would
be doubled.
Q26. D The equilibrium equation can be deduced from the information on the concentration-
time graph.
According to the changes in concentration in getting to equilibrium, the equation for

the reaction described by the concentration changes is
2Z ⇌ 3X + Y
Equilibrium concentrations are: [X] = 4.0 M, [Y] = 3.0 M, [Z] = 2.0 M
K = [X]3[Y] / [Z]2
= 4.03 × 3.0 / 2.02
= 192 / 4.0
= 48 M+2
Q27. C Use the skeletal structure of levulinic acid
to deduce the semistructural formula and number the C atoms

O O
H3C C CH2CH2 C OH
5 4 3 2 1
Hence the semi-structural formula for 5-aminolevulinic acid is
O O
H2NCH2 C (CH2)2 C OH
Q28. C For both imposed changes, the adjustment back to equilibrium after the imposed
change shows the concentration of the species associated with the top graph
changing twice as much as the concentration species associated with the bottom
graph.
In both cases this is consistent with the top graph representing NO2.
As a result of both imposed changes, the forward reaction was favoured so the rate of
the forward reaction had to be greater than the rate of the reverse reaction as the
systems returned to equilibrium.
Q29. C According to Table 11 in the Data Book, the heat of combustion of H2 at SLC is 282
kJ mol–1.
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l); ∆H = -282 kJ mol–1.
For H2O(g) → H2O(l); ∆H = -44 kJ mol–1
So, for H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(g); ∆H = -238 kJ mol–1.
The total energy released during the formation of bonds in 1 mol H2O molecules is
248 +436 + 238 = 922 kJ
Q30. A Grass, a major component of a cow’s diet is difficult to digest. Ruminant animals
such as cows have a rumen, or first (of four) stomachs which contains microbes
called methanogens which produce methane in a fermentation of the carbohydrates in
the diet.
SECTION B – Short Answer (Answers)
(95 marks)

a.
H
H
N CH3
C C
O
O H
C CH2 O C (CH2)16CH3
O N H O O
H
C N C CH O C (CH2)7CHCHCH2CHCH(CH2)4CH3
H C C N
H
O
O CH2 H CH2 O C (CH2)7CHCHCH2CHCHCH2CHCHCH2CH3
COOH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

O O O As long as the carbon is
H H H H H H
H H H bonded to four different
OH H OH H OH H atoms / groups of atoms it
O O is classified as chiral!
H OH H OH H OH
H CH2OH
4 × ½ = 
H H H
OH
O
CH2OH CH2 CH2OH

H O O O
H H H H H
H H H
OH H OH H OH H
O O
H OH H OH H OH
The peptide has two chiral carbons; the triglyceride has one chiral carbon; the polysaccharides
have multiple chiral carbons.
b. Structure 1 represents a section of a protein formed from amino acids; enzymes which
act as biological catalysts are proteins.  All amino acids, except glycine, have chiral
carbons.
Compounds with chiral centres (chiral carbons) have optical isomers which are
molecules with same atoms and bonds but different spatial arrangements of the atoms.
Hence, they have non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers. 
One enantiomer of an enzyme that acts as a catalyst allows contact between the active
site and the substrate, sometimes with the support of a coenzyme, but the other
enantiomer will not show catalytic action due to the different spatial arrangement of
its atoms. 
c. i. Figure 16 shows a fat which will produce four different compounds which may be
identified using Tables 9 and 10 in the VCE Chemistry Data Book.
Glycerol – CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
Stearic acid – CH3(CH2)16COOH
Linoleic acid – CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Linolenic acid – CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2(CH2)7COOH 4 × ½ = 
ii. All three contain the carboxyl -COOH functional group and are fatty acids. 
iii. Stearic acid, CH3(CH2)16COOH, is a saturated fatty acid because all C-C bonds are
single bonds. 
Fatty acids with one or more C=C double bonds are unsaturated fatty acids.
Linoleic acid, CH3(CH2)4 CHCHCH2CHCH(CH2)7COOH, is a polyunsaturated fatty
acid with two C=C double bonds. 
Linolenic acid, CH3CH2CHCHCH2CHCHCH2CHCHCH2(CH2)6COOH, is a

polyunsaturated fatty acid with three C=C double bonds 
(Unsaturated fatty acids are also classified according to on which C atom C=C starts
with respect to the hydrocarbon end of the molecule. Linoleic acid is omega-6,
linolenic acid is omega-3.)
iv. The kinks, caused by C=C double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains on linoleic and
linolenic acid molecules reduce intermolecular attraction, compared to stearic acid
molecules, since they prevent the molecules packing together as effectively as
stearic acid molecules. 
Hence linoleic acid (-5°C) and linolenic acid (-11°C) have significantly lower
melting temperatures than stearic acid (69.6°C). The extra C=C double bond in
linolenic acid causes it to have a lower melting temperature than linoleic acid. 
d. The glycemic index ranks carbohydrates on a scale from 0 to 100 based on how quickly
and how much they raise blood sugar levels after eating. Hence GI depends on the rate
at which blood sugar / glucose is released into the blood. 
Figures 16 and 17 represent, respectively, amylose and amylopectin (Table 10 VCE
Chemistry Data Book), two glucose sources in starch. Because amylopectin has the more
branched structure it is hydrolysed to glucose faster than amylose.  Hence the
higher the proportion of amylopectin present, relative to amylose, the faster glucose is
released into the blood and the higher the GI.
a. Methanol 
Aspartame → Aspartic acid + Phenylalanine + Methanol
(Refer Tables 10 and 17 in the VCE Chemistry Data Book).
H H
H H
O O
C O O
H C C H C H C
C H C C
N N C N
N
C C O H OH C OH
H H H C
H H H H H H H H H H
C
OH C
O OH
O
Aspartame Aspartic acid Phenylalanine
C
H O H
H
Methanol
b. i. Spectrum 1:
CH3OH  - clear -OH (alcohol)l peak (3200-3600 cm–1) and C-H peak (2850-3090 cm–1)
Spectrum 2:
HCOOH  - clear O-H (acid) peak (2500-3500 cm–1) . C=O peak (1680-1740 cm–1)
ii. Methanal (HCHO) may also be produced by the oxidation of methanol (CH3OH)
with acidified dichromate (Cr2O72–/H+)
Oxidation: CH3OH(l) → HCHO(l) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– 
Reduction: Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) 
iii. One peak since HCOOH molecules have one carbon environment. 
c. Methanoic acid, HCOOH, reacts with ammonia, NH3, to produce methanamide,
HCOONH2. The molecule ion peak at m/z = 45 is consistent with M(HCOONH2) = 45.0
The semi-structural formula of species producing the peaks are
45 – [HCOONH2]+ 
43 – [HCOON]+ 
29 – [HCO]+ 
a. H O The presence of a chiral carbon,
H
 indicated by (*), means that
C *C C  lactic acid does have optical
H
H O H isomers (enantiomers).
O
H
b. C6H12O6(aq) → 2C3H6O3(aq) 
c. In aqueous solutions lactic acid molecules, CH3CH(OH)COOH, ionise to produce
lactate ions, and hydronium ions according to
CH3CH(OH)COOH(aq) + H2O(l) → CH3CH(OH)COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Increase in concentration of H3O+(aq) causes blood pH to fall. 
d. Applying Le Chatelier’s principle,
an increase in c(H3O+) would shift the position of equilibrium 3. to the left.
This increases c(H2CO3) which impacts equilibrium 2. and shifts it to the left. 
This increases c[CO2(aq)] which impacts equilibrium 1. and shifts it to the left,
causing more CO2(g) to be exhaled  by faster breathing.
e. i. The main structural difference between lactic acid and pyruvic acid molecules
occurs at the middle C atom which is a secondary carbon atom. Lactic acid has a
hydroxyl, -OH, group at its middle C, whilst the middle carbon in pyruvic acid
is part of a ketone -C=O, group.  This is consistent with pyruvic acid being an
oxidation product of lactic acid (secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones).
Hence, lactic acid may justifiably be described as a reduction product of
pyruvic acid. 
ii. The thiol group is -SH, so when a carboxyl group, -COOH, reacts with a thiol
group. -SH, the thioester group, -COS- is produced. The only amino acid
containing the -SH group is cysteine (Table 17 Data Book), for which the
zwitterion structure is
SH
CH2
O 
H + C
N C
H H O-
iii. CH3CO• H
H O

C C•
H
f. i. Propanone.  H
ii. 3-hydroxybutanoic acid. 
g. i. Heats of combustion are related to the oxidation of the fuel. Since glucose releases
2802 kJ mol–1 when completely oxidised in combustion, it is partially oxidised
when converted to lactic acid or pyruvic acid. 
ii. When converted to lactic or pyruvic acids, glucose is incompletely oxidised, but
according to the heats of combustion - pyruvic acid (1165 kJ mol–1), lactic acid
(1362 kJ mol–1) - glucose is more extensively oxidised when converted to
pyruvic acid. 
This is consistent with the presence of the ketone (carbonyl) group in pyruvic
acid compared to the secondary hydroxyl group in lactic acid. 
a. Chemical equation 2N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) → 3N2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Energy released per mol of N2O4 = 5.85 kJ g–1 × 92.0 g mol–1
= 538 kJ mol–1
Thermochemical equation:
2N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) → 3N2(g) + 4H2O(g),  ∆H = 2 × -538 kJ mol–1
= -1.08 × 103 kJ mol–1 
b. The reaction generates thrust because
1. The reaction produces 7 mol of gaseous products from 3 mol of liquid reactants

2. The reaction is exothermic
The combination of the production of large amounts of gas and greatly increased
temperature increases the pressure, and as the gas mixture seeks to expand, it
pushes the rocket away. 
c. Even though N2O4 (Mr = 92.0) molecules are heavier than N2H4 (Mr = 32.0) molecules,
the intermolecular bonding in hydrazine involves hydrogen bonding  in addition
to dipole-dipole bonding and dispersion forces. This is stronger than the intermolecular
bonding between dinitrogen tetroxide molecules.
d. At 20°C, or room temperature, both hydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide are liquids.
Hydrogen, however, is a gas and must be stored under high pressure.  However,
both compounds are flammable so their storage must be carefully monitored.
H
N H
H N
H
e. Electrode X. The anode is the site of oxidation and the fuel, N2H4, is oxidised. 
f. Negative (-). Electrons flow spontaneously from the site of oxidation of the fuel to
the site of reduction. 
g. N2H4(l) + 2OH–(aq) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 2e– 
h. H2O2(l) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– → 2H2O(l) 
i. Na+ ions move toward the cathode. 
j. Heat energy would be released via the neutralisation reaction 
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
k. n(N2) produced = pV / RT
= 110 x 4.50 / [8.31 x (28 + 273)]
= 0.195 mol 
n(N2) available from N2H4 = n(N2H4)
= 6.47 / 32.0
= 0.202 mol
% yield = (n(N2) produced / n(N) available
= (0.195 / 0.202) x 100
= 96.6 % 
a. Solar energy / photovoltaic cells 
b.
c. Oxygen is produced by the oxidation of water at the anode, the positive electrode in
an electrolytic cell
Half-equation 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e–.  C
The H+(aq) ions transfer from the anode through the PEM to the cathode , the
negative electrode in an electrolytic cell, where they are reduced.
Half-equation 2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) 
d. 4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 
e. For the equilibrium CO2(g) + 4H2(g) ⇌ CH4(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H = −182 kJ mol–1 the
∆H value indicates that the forward reaction is exothermic, which means the yield of
products is favoured by low temperatures. However, at lower temperatures, the
rate of production decreases.  The temperature selected, 400°C, is a compromise
position which provides good yield at a good rate of reaction. 
f. In the Sabatier equilibrium 5 mol of reactants produce 3 mol of products which
means the pressure decreases as the reaction proceeds. 
Higher pressure will, according to Le Chatelier’s principle, favour the forward
reaction, increasing the extent of reaction and product yield as the system partially
compensates for the pressure increase. 
g. Collect water and CO2 from the planet. 
Use a PEM electrolysis cell to produce H2(g) and O2(g) by electrolysis of water. 
React the H2 produced in electrolysis with CO2 in a Sabatier system to produce
methane and water. 
a. 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l),  ∆H = 2 × -726 kJ mol–1
= -1452 kJ mol–1 
CH3OH(l) + 1.5O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l), ∆H = -726 kJ mol–1
Molar heats of combustion are provided in Table 11 of the VCE Chemistry Data Book.
b. Oxidation: CH3OH(l) + H2O(l) → CO2(g) + 6H+(aq) + 6e– 
Reduction: O2(g) + 4H+(l) + 4e–→ 2H2O(l) 
c. n(e–) = 6 mol,
F = 96500 C mol–1,
Ecell = 0.657 V,
N.B. Electrical Energy = QV = n(e) × F × Ecell
Electrical energy = 6 × 96500 × 0.657
= 3.80 × 105 J
= 380 kJ 
∆H = -726 kJ mol–1
Therefore for each mole of methanol the thermal energy available will be
Efficiency = -380 / -726
= 0.523
= 52.3 % 
d. Both coal-fired power stations and fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical
energy. However, where that is a direct conversion in a fuel cell, it is a multistage
conversion (chemical → thermal → mechanical → electrical) in a coal-fired power
station. Fuel cells are more efficient because less thermal energy is ‘lost’ in the
conversion to electrical energy. 
e. According to Table 2 in the VCE Chemistry Data Book,
E0(O2(g),H+(aq)/H2O(l)) = 1.23 V
Theoretical Ecell = E0(oxidant) – E0(reductant)
= E0(O2(g),H+(aq)/H2O(l)) – E0(CO2(g),H+(aq)/CH3OH(l),H2O(l))
= 1.23 – (-0.38) V
= 1.61 V 
The actual cell voltage (0.657 V) was significantly lower than the value predicted under
standard conditions. Possible reasons could be
- the cell was not operating at standard conditions (25°, 101.3 kPa, 1 M). 
- the cell had been working for an extended period of time and electrodes were starting
to degrade.
- catalyst quality.
- internal electrical resistance.
f. Octane energy – 47.9 kJ g–1 (VCE Chemistry Data Book),
Methanol energy – 22.7 kJ g-1 (VCE Chemistry Data Book)
m(C8H18) in 50.0 L = d × V = 703 g L–1 × 50.0 L
= 3.52 × 104 g
Energy in 50.0 L C8H18 = 3.52 × 104 g × 47.9 kJ g–1
= 1.68 × 106 kJ 
m(CH3OH) required = 1.68 × 106 kJ / 22.7 kJ g–1
= 7.42 × 104 g 
a. CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) 
b. Students A and C each showed only three sets of titration data that contain concordant
titre volumes, whereas Student B’s first set of titration data is significantly higher
than the other three sets of data which are concordant. 
c.
Student B
Volume of vinegar Initial burette Endpoint Average titre
aliquot reading burette reading
20.0 mL 2.50 mL 26.80 mL 24.30 mL
20.0 mL 26.80 mL 46.73 mL 19.93 mL
20.0 mL 0.65 mL 20.61 mL 19.96 mL
20.0 mL 20.61 mL 40.64 mL 20.03 mL
19.97 mL 
d. Students B and C may have used the same vinegar. Concordant titres for Student B
are double those for Student C. This is consistent with Student B using 20 mL
aliquots but Student C using 10 mL aliquots.  Since the average titres are in the
same ratio as the aliquot sizes, both vinegars should have the same c(CH3COOH).

e. V(NaOH) used = 19.97 mL
n(NaOH) = 0.982 mol L–1 × 19.97 × 10–3 L
= 1.96 × 10–2 mol
n(CH3COOH) in 20.00 mL aliquot = 1.96 × 10–2 mol 
m(CH3COOH) in 20 mL vinegar = 1.96 × 10–2 mol × 60.0 g mol–1
= 1.18 g in 20 mL
m(CH3COOH) in 100 mL vinegar = (1.18 / 20) × 100
= 5.88 g in 100 mL
c(CH3COOH) in vinegar = 5.88 % (m/V) 
Alternatively for second mark:

n(CH3COOH) in 100 mL vinegar = 5 × 1.96 × 10–2 mol
= 9.81 × 10–2 mol
m(CH3COOH) in 100 mL vinegar = 9.81 × 10–2 mol × 60.0 g mol–1
= 5.88 g in 100 mL
c(CH3COOH) in vinegar = 5.88 % (m/V) 
f. The vinegars used by Students B and C both have c(CH3COOH) of 5.88 % (m/V). Since
Students A and C both use 10.0 ml aliquots of vinegar, the c(CH3COOH) in these
vinegars will be in the same ratio as their average titre volumes.
c(CH3COOH) for A / c(CH3COOH) for C = V(NaOH) for A / V(NaOH) for C
c(CH3COOH) for A / 5.88 = 7.95 / 9.88
c(CH3COOH) for A = (7.95 / 9.88) × 5.88
= 4.73 % (m/V) 
Vinegar A does meet the requirement of c(CH3COOH) > 4 % (m/V) 
g. Independent variable – brand of vinegar used 
Dependent variable – titre volume 
Controlled variable – c(NaOH), aliquot volume, temperature, amount of indicator

h. The (i) accuracy of the data cannot be determined because the actual concentration
of the vinegar use was not known. The fact that each analysis obtained three
concordant titres suggests that the exercise was accurately executed but true
accuracy can only be assessed by comparing the c(CH3COOH) calculated from this
data with the true or stated c(CH3COOH). 
The fact that concordant titres were obtained by each student shows that data collected
were reproducible and hence reliable (ii). This is evident in the data collected by
Students B and C, where the relative titres volume are in the same ratio as the
relative aliquot sizes. 
i. i. The endpoint colour change – large increase in pH for minimal addition of NaOH
occurs across the colour change range of phenolphthalein (8.3-10). 
ii. The volume of NaOH at which the sharp pH change occurs (ca 21 mL), the
endpoint volume, is larger according to the titration curve than the endpoint titre
volume for Student B’s vinegar. So, the concentration of ethanoic acid would be
higher. 
iii. If bromothymol blue had been used as the indicator, the colour change would
occur in the pH range 6.0-7.6, i.e. when less NaOH(aq) had been added. Hence
the recorded titre volume and calculated c(CH3COOH) would be lower. 
Also, the colour changes with bromothymol blue would not be as sharp, so getting
concordant titres would be more difficult with bromothymol blue indicator.
End of Suggested Answers

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VCE CHEMISTRY 2019

YEAR 12 TRIAL EXAM

Learning Materials by Lisachem

Email: orders@learningmaterials.com.au or orders@lisachem.com.au

• Biology • Chemistry • Physics • Psychology

VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4

Student Answer Sheet

SECTION A – Multiple Choice Questions

According to this structure, the glycoprotein might be expected to be produced in a reaction

2-ehn molecules decompose to release free radicals which enhance oxidation.

Mass of ethanol Energy released

Which of the following statements is not a valid interpretation of this graph?

According to these graphs,

The value of ‘x’ is

SECTION B – Short Answer Questions

Question 1 (15 marks)

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

CH2OH CH2 CH2OH

SDBSWeb: http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science

Figure 19: Spectrum 1 – product of hydrolysis

SDBSWeb: http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science

Figure 20: Spectrum 2

ii. Reaction of the product of hydrolysis of aspartame with acidified dichromate

SDBSWeb: http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science

iii. One role of coenzymes is to act as carriers of electrons, atoms or functional

All these ketone bodies can be linked back to acetyl coenzymeA.

i. Give the systematic name of acetone. 1 mark

b. The PEM electrolysis cell is represented in Figure 26.

On Figure 26, indicate the: 2 marks

d. Write the half-equation for the production of O2 in an earlier generation electrolytic

Question 6 (11 marks)

b. Write balanced half-equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode in a

Efficiency = -n(e) x F x Ecell / ∆H

a. Write a balanced chemical equation for the titration reaction. 1 mark

End of Trial Examination

VCE Chemistry 2019 Year 12 Trial Exam Units 3/4

SECTION A – Multiple Choice Answers

Ethanoic acid – 2 peaks

Q7. C Using data from Table 13 of the VCE Chemistry Databook:

Q11. A Taurine – C2H7NSO3 – molar mass 125.1 g mol–1

Since the discharge reaction is LixC6(s) + Li1–xMnO2(s) → C6(s) + LiMnO2(s), the

c(atrazine) in diluted sample of dam water = 7.2 μg L–1

Q16. A The data show that

Q18. D RCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → RCOONa(aq) + H2O(l)

Asparagine (Table 17 VCE Chemistry Data Book)

Q20. B Consider the alternatives

Q23. B Energy used by electrical vehicle = 400 km / 8.9 km kWh–1

Q25. C Faraday’s constant – the charge on 1 mol of electrons would be determined by

According to the changes in concentration in getting to equilibrium, the equation for

Q27. C Use the skeletal structure of levulinic acid

to deduce the semistructural formula and number the C atoms

Question 1 (15 marks)

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

CH2OH CH2 CH2OH

Linolenic acid, CH3CH2CHCHCH2CHCHCH2CHCHCH2(CH2)6COOH, is a

Aspartame Aspartic acid Phenylalanine

Alternatively for second mark:

End of Suggested Answers

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