Experiment Number: 1

Lab code/ Lab : ST5211 / Advanced Structural Engineering Lab

Course/Branch : M.E / Structural Engineering
Title of the experiment : FLEXURAL TEST ON RC BEAM

OBJECTIVE:

APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED:

THEORY:
The behaviour of the given RC beam at various stages of loading is to be studied from
the initial un-cracked phase to the final ultimate phase at collapse. The beam subjected
to two-point loading as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Load setup for the beam

A R.C. member in flexure exhibits distinctly different sectional properties and stress
distribution along the span. To understand this, let us consider a simply supported beam
carrying a uniformly distributed load. The effect of cracking at various cross-sections
along the span of the beam is as shown in Figure 2.

1
 Figure 2. Stiffness variation along the span and the deflection response of RC
member to flexure
Region of flexural cracks: This region normally occurs adjacent to mid-span where BM is
large and shear force is either zero or very small. The principal planes are perpendicular to the
beam axis. When the principal tensile stress reaches the tensile strength of concrete, tensile
cracks develop vertically. These cracks are known as flexural cracks resulting primarily due to
flexure.

PROCEDURE:

2
3
FORMULA USED:
Un cracked Phase:

The applied Moment (M) is less than the cracking moment. The entire is effective in
resisting the moment.

Mcr = fcr (I/y) = fcr . Ze = fcr (bd2/6)

Where,

Mcr - Cracking Moment

fcr - Modulus of Rupture = 0.7 √fck
y - Distance Between N.A. and extreme fibre = d/2

BEAM DESIGN:
BASIC DATA:
Grade of Concrete : M25
Grade of steel : Fe 415
Length of Beam :
Effective span Length :
Breadth of Beam :
Depth of Beam :
Loading Method : Two point Load (Equal Distance (L/3))
End condition : Simply Supported Beam

fck = 25 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/ mm2
Design the beam for flexure.
INFERENCE AND ANALYSIS:
Observation:
Width of the beam = mm
Depth of the beam = mm
Span of the beam = mm

4
TABULATION:
S.No Pressure Deflection at (mm)
(Mpa)
L/3 L/2 2L/3

Division Deflection Division Deflection Division Deflection

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

5
21

22

23

24

25

GRAPH:
Draw the graph between load and deflection.

6
RESULT:
Load at first crack =
Yield load of the beam =
Ultimate flexural load capacity of the beam =
Initial stiffness of the beam =
Stiffness of the beam at ultimate load =
Stiffness from graph =

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Experiment Number: 2
Lab code/ Lab : ST5211 / Advanced Structural Engineering Lab
Course/Branch : M.E / Structural Engineering
Title of the experiment : TEST ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED STEEL BEAM
FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR

OBJECTIVE

APPARATUS / MATERIALS REQUIRED

THEORY:
If a beam laterally restrained and loaded progressively, it deflects and it’s bending
curvature varies along the length of the beam. The behaviour is linear elastic during the initial
stages of loading. The variation of strain along the depth of the member can be obtained.
In the linear elastic stage, the stress f for which strain is obtained from the idealized curve.
f= I/C
Where ,
f = Extreme fibre stress
I = Moment of Inertia
C = Extreme fibre distance from NA

8
PROCEDURE

FORMULA USED:

Maximum Deflection = δ = 63WL3/ 248EI

Where,
W - Load on specimen
L - Span
E - Young’s Modulus
I - Moment of Inertia

9
OBSERVATIONS:

Type of Section =
Area of the section =
Moment of inertia of the section =
Section modulus =
Span length =

TABULATION :

S.No Load Deflection at (mm)

(kN)
L/3 L/2 2L/3

Division Deflection Division Deflection Division Deflection

10
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

GRAPH:
Draw the graph between load and deflection.

11
RESULT:
Initial stiffness of the beam =
Theoretical deflection of the beam =
Actual deflection of the beam =
Young’s Modulus of elasticity of the beam =

12
Experiment Number: 3

Lab code/Lab : ST5211 / Advanced Structural Engineering Lab

Course / Branch : M.E / Structural Engineering

Title of Exercise /experiment : TESTING OF RC COLUMN

OBJECTIVE:

APPARATUS / MATERIALS REQUIRED:

THEORY

A compressive member may be considered as short when the slenderness ratio

Lex /d and Ley / b are less than 12

Where,

Lex,and Ley = effective length in respect of the major axis and minor axis respectively

D = Depth in respect of the major axis

B = Width of the member.

If the above slenderness ratios are greater than 12, then it shall be considered as
slender compression member or a long column.

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 Columns form the most important part of a structure. The failure of any other part (beam
or slab) of a structure may not cause serious damages as that caused by the failure of a column.
It can endanger even the whole structure. All vertical members may not be term as columns.
Only those members whose effective length is less than 3 times the least lateral dimensions
called columns and also called pedestals. Though column is a member in compressive yet the
possibility of tension is some part it cannot be ruled out. This tension may occur due to two
main reasons.

(i) Accidental eccentricity of loading

(ii) Bending in columns.

Unlike service load conditions, the behaviour of the axially compressed short column
is fully predictable under ultimate load conditions. As axial loading is increased, axial
shortening of the column increases linearly up to about 80% of the ultimate load. This
behaviour is found to be independent of the type of transverse reinforcement .However
beyond the ultimate load the behaviour depends on the type and amount of transverse
reinforcement.

PROCEDURE :

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FORMULA USED:
P = 𝜎cc Ac + 𝜎sc Asc
Where,
𝜎cc - Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression
Ac - C/S area of concrete
𝜎sc - Permissible compressive stress for column bars
Asc - C/S area of the longitudinal steel
OBSERVATIONS:

Concrete grade used =

Dimension of rectangular column =

Slenderness ratio of column =

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TABULATION :

Axially Loaded Eccentrically loaded

S.NO Load Lateral Deflection (mm) Lateral Deflection (mm)
(KN)

Division Deflection Division Deflection

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

16
GRAPH:

The axial load – deformation behaviour and Axial Stress Vs Strain behaviour of the
column.

RESULT:

(i) The axial load - deformation behaviour of the RC column has been studied.

(ii) First Crack Load =

(iii) Ultimate load carrying capacity of column =

(iv) The structural behaviour of the RC Column has been studied.

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Experiment Number: 4
Lab code/Lab : ST 5211- Advanced Structural Engineering Lab
Course / Branch : M.E/Structural Engineering
Title of Exercise /experiment : NDT TEST – REBOUND HAMMER
TEST

OBJECTIVE

APPARATUS / MATERIALS REQUIRED:

THEORY
Stability of rebound hammer test
The Compressive strength of the concrete cube specimens can be tested in a
compression testing machine under a fixed load and then the compressive strength determined
as per IS 516 : 1959 from the rebound number from Rebound hammer test can be compared.
Principle of test
When the plug of rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the
spring – controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such rebound depends upon the surface of
the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound are taken to be related to the
compressive strength of concrete. The rebound is read off along a graduated scale and is
designed as the rebound number or rebound index.
The rebound hammer
It consists of a spring controlled mass that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing
Fig 1. The impact energy required for rebound hammers for different applications is given in
table 1.

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 Fig 1 : Rebound hammer apparatus
Table 1 Impact Energy for Rebound Hammers for Different Applications
(Clause 4.1 of IS 13311 part – 2 – 1982)
S.No Application Approximate Impact Energy
Required for the Rebound
Hammers (Nm)
1 For testing normal weight concrte 2.25
2 For light weight concrete or small and impact 0.75
sensitive parts of concrete
3 For testing mass concrete, for example in roads, 30.00
airfields pavements and hydraulic structures.

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The working of rebound hammer is shown in the figure given below Fig 2.

Fig 2 : Schematic cross section of the rebound hammer showing operating principle
The rebound hammer should be tested on testing anvil before practically using for
testing the specimen. Digitalised testing hammer is also available (Fig : 3)

Concrete test hammer Concrete test hammer digital Testing anvil

Normal
Fig : 3 Normal and digital test hammer on concrete and testing anvil

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PROCEDURE

21
Influence of test conditions
i. Influence of type of cement.
ii. Influence of type of aggregate.
iii. Influence of surface condition and moisture content of concrete.
iv. Influence of curing and age of concrete.
v. Influence of carbonation of concrete surface.

22
INFERENCE AND ANALYSIS:
Observation:
Weight of the concrete cylinder specimen 1 = Kg

Specimen 1 Rebound number Compressive Mean strength

strength
Mpa
Mpa
Upper
Downward
Sideward

Weight of the concrete cube specimen 2 = Kg

Specimen 2 Rebound number Compressive Mean strength

strength
Mpa
Mpa
Upper
Downward
Sideward

23
RESULTS:

The compressive strength of the given cylinder specimen 1 =

The compressive strength of the given Cube specimen 2 =

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Experiment Number - 5
Lab Code / Lab : ST 5211 / Advanced Structural Engineering Lab
Course / Branch : M.E/Structural Engineering
Title of the exercise/experiment : NDT TEST - ULTRASONIC PULSE
VELOCITY TEST ON CONCRETE

OBJECTIVE

APPARATUS / MATERIALS REQUIRED:

THEORY:
Study of Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity Test
Objective:
The ultrasonic pulse velocity method could be used to establish:
1) The homogeneity of the concrete,
2) The presence of cracks, voids and other imperfections,
3) Changes in the structure of the concrete which may occur with time,
4) The quality of the concrete in relation to standard requirements,
5) The quality of one element of concrete in relation to another, and
6) The values of dynamic elastic modulus of the concrete.
Principle:
The ultrasonic pulse is generated by an electro acoustical transducer. When the pulse is
induced into the concrete from a transducer, it undergoes multiple reflections at the boundaries
of the different material phases within the concrete. Because the velocity of the pulses is almost

25
independent of the geometry of the material through which they pass and depends only on its
elastic properties, pulse velocity method is a convenient technique for investigating structural
concrete.
The underlying principle of assessing the quality of concrete is that comparatively
higher velocities are obtained when the quality of concrete in terms of density, homogeneity
and uniformity is good. In case of poorer quality, lower velocities are obtained. If there is a
crack, void or flaw inside the concrete which comes in the way of transmission of the pulses,
the pulse strength is attenuated and it passes around the discontinuity, thereby making the path
length longer. Consequently, lower velocities are obtained.

Apparatus:
The apparatus for ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement shall consist of the following:
a) Electrical pulse generator,
b) Transducer - one pair,
c) Amplifier, and
d) Electronic timing device.
Once the ultrasonic pulse impinges on the surface of the material, the maximum energy
is propagated at right angles to the face of the transmitting transducer and best results are,
therefore, obtained when the receiving transducer is placed on the opposite face of the concrete
member ( direct transmission or cross probing However, in many situations two opposite faces
of the structural member may not be accessible for measurements. In such cases, the receiving
transducer is also placed on the same face of the concrete members (surface probing). Surface
probing is not as efficient as cross probing.
To ensure that the ultrasonic pulses generated at the transmitting transducer pass into
the concrete and are then detected by the receiving transducer, it is essential that there be
adequate acoustical coupling between the concrete and the face of each transducer. Typical
couplets are petroleum jelly, grease, liquid soap and kaolin glycerol paste. If there is very rough
concrete surface, it is required to smoothen and level an area of the surface where the transducer
is to be placed. If it is necessary to work on concrete surfaces formed by other means, -for
example toweling, it is desirable to measure pulse velocity over a longer path length than would
normally be used. A minimum path length of 150 mm is recommended for the direct
transmission method involving one unmoulded surface and a minimum of 400 mm for the
surface probing method along an unmoulded surface.
The natural frequency of transducers should preferably be within the range of 20 to
150 kHz. Generally, high frequency transducers are preferable for short path lengths and low
frequency transducers for long path lengths. Transducers with a frequency of 50 to 60 kHz are
useful for most all-round applications.
If one of the faces is not- accessible, ultrasonic pulse velocity is measured on one face
of the structural member by surface probing. Surface probing in general gives lower pulse

26
velocity than in case of cross probing and depending on number of parameters, the difference
could be of the order of about 1 km/sec.

Fig 5: Methods of transmission for measuring pulse velocity

PROCEDURE

27
Influence of test conditions:
• Surface Conditions and Moisture Content of Concrete
• Path Length, Shape and Size of the Concrete Member
• Variations of the concrete temperature(For 30 to 60oC variation, there
can be reduction in pulse velocity up to 5 percent)
• High Stress(development of micro-cracks)
• Reinforcing Bars

The quality of concrete in terms of uniformity, incidence or absence of internal flaws,

cracks and segregation, etc, indicative of the level of workmanship employed; can thus be
assessed using the guidelines given in Table 2, which have been evolved for characterizing the
quality of concrete in structures in terms of the ultrasonic pulse velocity.

28
 Table 2 Velocity Criterion for Concrete Quality Grading
S.No Pulse Velocity by Cross Probing Concrete quality
(KM/sec) grading

1. Above 4.5 Excellent

2. 3.5 to 4.5 Good

3. 3.0 to 3.5 Medium

4. Below 3.0 Doubtful

Also the compressive strength and pulse velocity of the concrete depends on the
quantity of aggregate added (Cement -aggregate ratio) and compressive strength of the concrete
specimen can be obtained using the chart given below:

Fig 6: Relation between pulse velocity (P), Compressive strength and cement aggregate
ratio.
FORMULA USED:

29
 i. The pulse velocity V = L/T
Where, L = The distance of the path travelled by the concrete in km
T = Time taken in sec
ii. The dynamic Young's modulus of elasticity (E) of the concrete may be
determined from the pulse velocity and the Poisson's ratio using the following
relationship:
𝑷(𝟏 + 𝝁)(𝟏 − 𝟐𝝁)𝑽₂
𝑬 =
(1 − 𝝁)
Where, E = dynamic Young's Modulus of elasticity in Mpa
P = density in kg/m3, and
V = pulse velocity in m/second.
INFERENCE AND ANALYSIS:
1. Observation:
Type of specimen :
Weight of specimen I :
Weight of specimen 2 :

2.Tabulation:
Direct Semi-Direct Surface
transmission transmission transmission
Specimen Trial method method method
no. no.
Time Velocity Time Velocity Time Velocity
(𝝁 𝒔𝒆𝒄) (km/sec) (𝝁 𝒔𝒆𝒄) (km/sec) (𝝁 𝒔𝒆𝒄) (km/sec)
1
1. 2
3
Average
1
2. 2
3
Average

30
RESULT:
Direct Semi-Direct Surface
The pulse velocity
transmission transmission transmission
for
method method method

Specimen 1

Specimen 2

Inference:
Concrete quality grading for specimen 1 :
Concrete quality grading for specimen 2 :

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