Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
3. Nitrogen will for the most part have 8…only has 7 in NO2
4. Boron will sometimes have 6….any compound BX3…Boron will have 6 electrons (3 single bonds)
5. Any element in Row 3 (energy level 3) or higher (or lower on PT) must have 8…but are allowed to
have an “expanded” octet. (THEY CAN HAVE MORE THAN 8)
Reasoning: Let’s think about sulfur. Sulfur is allowed to have more than 8 electrons because
it has the empty 3d orbitals to expand into. The 3d orbitals provide extra orbtials where
bonding can occur.
Why can’t oxygen exceed 8 electrons? It is in energy level 2. There are no 2d orbitals to
expand into.
VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory Shapes (Focus on Central Atom)
Example: SF4 has 34 dots (6 for the sulfur and 7 for each fluorine)
2. Determine the central atom (usually the first atom written in the formula)
a. Hydrogen can NEVER be the central atom!
b. The central atom is always the lowest in electronegativity (first atom written in formula)
3. Draw central atom in the middle and then draw single bonds to the ligands
4. Satisfy the octet rule for each ligand by drawing lone pairs around them
6. If the octet rule is not satisfied for the central atom, fix this by adding coordinate covalent bonds
from the ligands (take lone pairs from the ligand and make it a double/triple bond with the central
atom until the octet rule is satisfied.