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asset.
The Commonwealth regime, was interrupted when
Japanese began looking for territories to After the Inauguration of the Commonwealth:
accommodate their population and manufactured
goods. President Manuel L. Quezon appointed
General Douglas MacArthur as Field
Marshal of the Philippine Army
December 1941 the Commonwealth Assembly's first move
Japanese naval bombers attacked Pearl was to pass the National Defense Act,
Harbor in Hawaii. which is to provide a citizen's army
The United States declared war against
Japan Brief Timeline of Japanese Occupation
1932- Manchuria
The Consequences of the War in the Pacific: 1937- China proper
1. The Philippines was occupied by the 1940 - French Indo-China
Japanese, and suuffered the effects of war
for 3 years 1941 – Whole French colony
2. Civil liberties were suppressed by the 194X – Philippines?
enemy and the economy was rigged to
satisfy the Japanese
3. Education was reformulated to change
July 26, 1941
Filipino thinking in favor of the Japanese
politics Philippine reserve and regular forces were
4. Thousands were executed and imprisoned incorporated into the United States Army
under the command of General MacArthur
The combined forces were called the United
Background of Pearl Harbor
States Army Forces in the Far East
Americans pursued the Philippines because (USAFFE).
they believed that it would be of use to United States, Great Britain, and Holland
them. imposed economic sanctions on Japan
If it was under the United States, other o The United States:
foreign powers would not oppose them. froze Japanese assets,
preventing Japan from using
President Theodore Roosevelt to Major-General: these assets to her
Leonard Wood (January 1906) : advantage
exerted efforts to come to
Japan had no immediate intention of moving peace with Japan
against the United States." Yet, because of
the rising power of Japan, I am more
concerned over the Japanese situation than September 1941
almost any other.”
Japan sent Admiral K. Nomura to
Washington to discuss American-Japanese
problems
President Theodore Roosevelt to Major-General: Nomura proposed peace to the American
Leonard Wood (July 6, 1906) officials
directed him how to hold the Philippines in December 7, 1941
case of a Japanese attack.
While Nomura was presenting his proposals
to Secretary Cordell Hull, the Japanese
President Theodore Roosevelt to William H. Taft:: bombers surprised Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
he considered giving the Philippines 2,897 men military losses at Pearl Harbor
independence to avoid a Japanese attack.
This was based on the supposition that the
December 8, 1941 Southeast Asia
Both houses of Congress met in joint Japanese advanced against Malaya
session. on their way to capture Singapore
Five minutes later, President Roosevelt Philippines
announced: “Yesterday, December 7,
1941,-- the United States of America was 4 hrs after the sneak attack on Pearl
suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval Harbor, the Japanese bombed
and air forces of the empire of Japan." several places in the Philippines::
He asked Congress to declare war. The 1. Clark Field, Nichols Field &
Senate declared war without a dissenting Sangley point
vote. American planes on
Ten minutes later, the House of the ground were
Representatives declared war with only one destroyed.
dissenting vote. 2. Davao, Baguio, and
Aparri
Air attacks
3. Manila
December 8 Japanese planes
Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill of attacked Port Area
England faced the House of Commons and and the ships at the
announced to the world that Great Britain piers.
would declare war on Japan. To spare the city,
1939 General MacArthur,
on December 26,
The European war began and 1941, declared Manila
became World War II an open city.
Guns were withdrawn
from the city
The Japanese Offensive
The plan of the Japanese was to strike at Japanese did not respect Manila as an open city:
the Dutch and British possessions in
Southeast Asia, especially Malaya and the They bombed Santo Domingo Church, old
Dutch East Indies. Intendencia Building, San Juan de Letran,
Japanese naval and air forces had to Santa Catalina College, and the offices of
destroy the American Pacific fleet at Pearl the Philippines Herald, Mabuhay, Debate,
Harbor in order to neutralize it, and then and Monday Mail.
attack the Philippines to cut America's lines
of communication in the Pacific. December 28, 1941
The subjugation of the Philippines was a
President Franklin D. Roosevelt said: "I give
part of the general plan of conquering the
rich countries of Southeast Asia so that their to the people of the Philippines my solemn
natural resources could be used to bolster pledge that their freedom will be redeemed
up Japan's war machine. and their independence established and
protected. The entire resources in men and
Wake Island material, of the United States.stand behind
While Pearl Harbor was being that pledge."
attacked, Japanese bombers and
naval guns were shelling Wake The Occupation of Manila
Island.
Three Japanese task forces were already
The less than 400 American marines
were smothered by the number of on their way to the Philippines:
o two in northern Luzon and one in
the Japanese.
Batan Island.
Guam and Midway Island
December 8
Struck and fell on the same day as
Wake island Japanese landed at Batan without
any opposition.
December 10 December 24, 1941
Landings were made at Aparri and MacArthur informed Quezon that he,
Pandan, near Vigan. some of his officials, as well as
Japanese, coming from Palau members of his family, were to leave
Island, landed at Legazpi for Corregidor
December 20 Secretary of Justice Jose Abad
Santos, Vice-President Sergio
Landings in Davao and Jolo Osmeña, General Basilio Valdes
and Colonel Manuel Nieto
There was little opposition to these accompanied him
landings, there were not sufficient men Jose P. Laurel, then acting Chief
Rumors that powerful American bombers, Justice, wanted to go with Quezon,
B-24's, had arrived and that Japanese but the latter restrained him
bombers would be blasted if ever they Laurel pointed out that the Japanese
attempted to fly over Manila. would make demands: "How far, can
All these rumors of American strength in I go in cooperating with them?” “You
the Philippines were really rumors can do anything," said MacArthur,
calculated to bolster the morale of the “but take the oath of allegiance to
Filipinos. the Japanese. If any one does that, I
will shoot him when I return.”
December 20 Then and there, Laurel was sworn in
as Secretary of Justice to take the
Landings at Lingayen and the place of Abad Santos.
Americans failed to prevent it Quezon turned to the high officials of
Japanese moved to Damortis and the Commonwealth and gave them
Rosario and on to Central Luzon. his last instructions:
Landings were also at Lamon Bay: 1. Do the best you can.
at Mauban, Atimonan, and Siain. 2. Make what bargains you
Two separate forces were then have to with those people
converging on Manila: the northern (the Japanese).
force, coming from Lingayen, and 3. Try to keep the Philippines
the southern force, coming from together in one piece.
Lamon Bay. 4. Try to protect the people from
Japanese armies marched toward Japan's brutality and avarice.
Manila with slight opposition 5. Do it for the future of the
Philippines
January 2, 1942
Japanese invasion forces entered December 30
Manila from the north and the south Quezon took his oath of office as
Manila became an occupied city President of the Commonwealth,
marking the end of his first term and
Quezon in Corregidor the beginning of his second term.