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CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL :

The term soil has various meaning depending upon the general
professional field in which it is being considered. To an agriculturist, soil is the
substance existing on earth surface which grown and develops plant. But to an
Engineer, soil is the unaggregated or uncommented deposit of mineral and/or
organic particles or minerals covering the earth crust. It includes different
materials like boulders, sands, gravels clays and silts and the range of particle
size may extend from granis only fraction of a micron (10-4cm) in dia. upto large
size boulders.
Soil engineering, soil mechanics or Geotechnique is one of the youngest
disciplines of civil engineering involving the study of soil, its behaviours and
application as an engineering material. Dr. Karl Terzaghi published his first book
on soil mechanics in 1925 and he actually gave the concept on this new subject.

1.2 SOIL STABILIZATION :

Soil stabilization is a very important topic of soil mechanics, specially in


Road Engineering. Soil stabilization in a broad sense, incorporates the various
methods employed for modifying the properties of soil to improve its engineering
performance. It refers to the treatment of compaction of soil in such a manner that
it will remain in its initial compacted state without change in shape and volume
when subjected to stress and to the action of weather and sub-soil water.

1.3 METHODS OF SOIL STABILIZATION :

Methods of soil stabilization may be grouped into two main types –


a) Improvement or modification of soil property of existing soil without any
admixture viz. compaction, drainage etc.
b) Modification of soil properties with the help of admixtures. Examples of
this type are – mechanical stabilization, stabilization with cement, lime
and chemicals etc.
1.3.1 LIME – SOIL STABILIZATION :
Lime in one of the several products that can be used successfully in soil
stabilization. In recent years lime has been used extensively to modify the
engineering character of fine grained soils. Generally, the plasticity workability
and strength properties are improved by lime treatment. Since lime is the product
that can be manufactured cheaply in most countries of the world, the
development of soil lime stabilization may bring economic benefits into the
construction of pavements to highly developed as well as under developed
countries.
The use of lime in the construction of highway is not new. Romans used
lime or mixing it with volcanic sand called pozzolana named after the place
where it was found. Research in soil stabilization has shown that lime can benefit
soils upgrading them as construction material.1
Lime is available in two forms, the quick lime and the hydrated (or
slaked) lime. Hydrated lime is safe and convenient to be handled and is usually
used for soil stabilization although quick lime is in general more effective than
hydrated lime. Both high calcium and dolomitic limes are used.2
Flyash is an ingredient which is some times used with lime for soil
stabilization. Flyash is a grey dust-like ash and is the residue from burnt
powdered coal. It is a pozzolanic material i.e. it is not a cementing material in
itself but it reacts with lime water to form a weak cement.2
Both salty and clayey soils may be stabilized with lime. Small amounts of
lime are needed for the modification of soil properties, generally from 1% - 3%.
Some of the soil variables that may effect lime stabilization are gradation, amount
and type of clay minerals, organic matter moisture content and amount of
sulphates and other minerals.
1.4 REACTION OF LIME AND SOIL :

When lime is added to a wer soil following two types of reaction occur.
(i) Lime alters the nature of the absorbed water layers of the soil
particles by base exchange phenomenon. Calcium ions displace
the other ions (Sodium or hydrogen) naturally carried by the soil.
The double layer of the soil colloids may be depressed due to an
increase in the cation concentration or may expand due to high pH
value of lime.
(ii) A puzzolanic or cementing action takes place with the lime
reacting chemically with available silica (Sio2) and alumina
(Al2O2) in soils to form natural cement composed of calcium
Aluminus silicate complexes.

1.4.1 EFFECT OF LIME ON SOIL PROPERTIES :

The principal changes that occur in soil during limes stabilization are as
follows –
(i) Clay particles get flocculated to larger sizes. The plastic limit
increases. The plasticity index of highly plastic soil decreases.
(ii) The shrinkage limit increases and shrinkage ratio decreases.
Resistance to water absorption, capillary raise and volume change on
wetting or drying increases.
(iii) Strength and durability increases.
(iv) In general there is an increase in the optimum water content and
reduction the maximum compacted density.2

1.5 PURPOSE OF STABILIZATION :

Popularity of use of local soil for the construction of roads and buildings
is increasing due to economical and durable products produced. To make such
constructions more resistant to softening effects of water, the use of lime as a
stabilizer is gaining popularity. As a result of research work carried out in
different parts of the world, the stabilization of soils with lime has shown a very
promising future. Lime soil seems to have now come to stay as a material of
construction with comparatively low strength.
Lime stabilized soil may be used not only for road construction or airfield
pavements but for various purposes-
(a) As a surfacing for low cost roads or areas of ground desired to be water
proofed such as farm yards, verges, carparking places, store yards etc.
(b) As sub-base under all types of road surfacing and under footpaths, cyce
tracks, school playground, carparks, runways, floors of factories etc.
(c) In the formation of embankents, and filling in the craters, pits etc.
(d) For filling in pipe trenches under road it is necessary to abviate settlement
and consiquent damage to road surfacings.
(e) For filling behind the retaining walls, over arches, and culverts and in
limited spaces whore it is not practicable to obtain adequate compaction
by rolling.

1.6 SCOPE OF WORK :

Although investigations on stabilisation of soils with lime were carried


out in different parts of the world both in the laboratory as well as in the field on
the basis of laboratory findings, it is still a wide subject for theoretical
investigations of all works done within the available literature as well as to
incorporate the findigns in our laboratory with the help of experimentation.
Hence this investigation has been diverted both for theorotical as well as
laboratory observation on lime soil stabilization.
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 It is known in the second century, Romans used lime in building industry by
mixing with it pozzolanic material.

Use of lime continued extensively right upto twentith century when


replaced to a large extent by cement, a much stronger and standardised material.

Beyond extensive use of lime in building industry, there is no literature


available to show that lime had also been used for improving earthen roads.

The first attempt to improve soil with lime for roads was perhaps made in
1924, in the state of Missouri as an experiement on the construction of a road
using hydrated lime. In spite of some initial success in the stabilization of soil
with lime, no serious attempt was made to extend the technique to a large scale
construction till the 2nd world war when gravel stabilized with lime was used in
the construction of runwarys and taxiways in Texas.

Laboratory as well as field experiments were also taken up by Texas


Highways department and by 1953 about 250 miles of road has been constructed
in Texas using soil stabilized with lime. In 1954 the National Lime Association
of America issued a booklet describing the method of determining lime required
for stabilization of soil in the laboratory and the technique of constructing
stabilised soil roads.

Clare and Cruchley (1957) have reported that considerable work on


stabilization of soil with lime has been carried out Zasobin, Panteleev,
Groditakaya, Ipatova. According to the work done in Russia use of unslaked lime
for stabilizing soil has been found to be more economical and effective than
slaked lime and that the strength of threated soil keeps on increasing over a
period of few months depending upon the type of soil and the concentration of
lime which varies from 1-10 p.c. The addition of lime makes the clayey soil
friable and thus helps in increasing construction speed considerably. Besides
U.S.A. and Russia considerable work on stabilization of soil with lime also been
done in U.K., India and Israel, but it has mostly been confined to the laboratory
study.

Work on lime stabilization research at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa


began in 1947. Research work, both in the laboratory and in the field is still in
progress. As a complement to the laboratory investigation, lime stabilization has
been used in some of the testroads constructed in cooperation with the Iowa
Highway commission. In the test road on Iowa Highway 117, lime stabilization
was used in the construction of a section of sub-base. This section of natural soil
stabilized with 6 p.c. dolomitic monohydrate lime has performed as well as soil
aggregate sub-base.

In another test road built in 1959 near Fort Dodge, Iowa, lime was used as
a base material; other materials used in the base course were lime flyash, and
cement.

Chemical stabilization of expansive soils by chemical additives such as


lime and cement has been tried for many years with varying degree or success.
The Texas State Highway department used approximately 500,000 tonnes of lime
for stabilization in 1959.

A recent attempt was made in Britain to investigate the response of flyash


of lime stabilization. When compacted flyash is added to soil lime mixtures, it
will increase pozzolanic reaction. Compacted stabilized flyash is used
successfully and almost routinely in Britain for structural fills and highway
embankments road subbase, airport runways sub-base and light weight back fills.
Extensive research work is going on in Britain on this topic.

Research conducted by Mateos and Division duirng 1947-63 at Iowas


State University indicate that to accelerate lime clay reaction and thus to obtain
high early strength gains many chemicals additives may be used in conjunction
with lime treatment. Research work is in progress in different parts of world to
accelerate lime clay reactions with chemical additives.

Marshall R. Thompson of Civil Engineering department University of


Illinois, Urbana III studied about the factors influencing the ability of soil to react
with lime and attained increased strength in 1966.

In India also, research work on soil lime stabilization is in progress.


Several articles have been published in the journals of Indian Road Congress
which are based on these research works. In the year 1975, “A study on
stabilization of an Alluvial soil with Dolomitic lime” was successfully carried out
as a part of Research programm in C.R.R.I. (Central Road Research Institute)
New Delhi by P.K. Dhawan. In the same institute S.R. Brinda worked out “The
effect of purity of lime on stabilization of black cotton soil with lime and
combination of lime and cement” in the year 1976.
CHAPTER-III
CHEMISTRY OF REACTION

The subject may be discussed under the following heads :


i) Chemistry of lime
ii) Floculation
iii) Base exchange
iv) Formation of calcium carbonate
v) Formation of cementius calcium silicate.

3.1 CHEMISTRY OF LIME :

Lime can be devided chemically into two categories : quicklimes and


hydrated limes. Quicklimes are of two types – calcitic (CaO) and dolomitic (CaO
MgO). Hydrated limes are of three types – calcitic Ca (OH)2. The degree to
which a lime is calcitic or dolomitic can be expressed by the calcium magnesium
ratio. Although generally the calcitic limes less than 2 p.c. MgO and the
dolomitic limes between 25 p.c. and 45 p.c. there is no definite Boarder line.
Limes are also classified on the basis of its plasticity as type N (Normal) or type
S (Special or slick). The most S types are dolomitic dihydrates, although type S
can be a calcitic hydrated lime.
Another type is hydraulic lime, which can be considered as an
intermediate between lime proper and Portland cement.
The relative effects of the different types of lime treatment either for
modification or for cementation of the soil.
Some of the theories put forward by various research workers to explain
the reaction that takes place when the lime is added to clay are discussed below :

3.2 FLOCULATION :

The agricultural chemist maintain that there is no direct effect of lime on


soil structure. It is, however, recognised that lime promotes better structure
through its indirect effect on organic matter production and microbiological
activity. This theory of organic complex formation is, however, not supported by
work done in soil mechanics where even a small percentage of lime when added
to soil and subsequently compacted, results in the development of a hard mass
even when there is no organic matter present.

3.3 BASE EXCHANGE :

Many properties of soil water system such as plasticity index, sensitivity,


permeability and swelling are influenced by the nature of exchangable ions. Thus
all other constants being equal a soil carrying Na+ as exchangable ion is likely to
have different plasticity index swelling pressure and other properties than a soil
carrying Ca++ ion. An exchange of relaively small amount of Na by Ca++ may
result in a major change in the physical property of the clay.
The theory of base exchange has been advanced to explain the beneficial
effect of lime on soil. It is argued that calcium ion of lime displaces the
exchangable sodium ion of the clay, and thereby floculates the soil, which is
comparatively more stable.
It is also observed that every salt of Ca++ cannot bring about the beneficial
effect, e.g. even though CaCl2 brings about the base exchange.

3.4 FORMATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE :

Goldberg and Klein after carrying out studies on X ray diffraction and
differential thermal analysis of two clays (portevile clay containing 50 to 60 per
cent montmorillonite and bentonite) concluded that most of calcium hydroxide is
converted into calcium carbonate and no free calcium hydroxide remains after
some time. Their studies donot disclose detactable amounts of hydroxilicate of
lime. Chemical analysis of treated portervile clay shown progressively higher
values of calcium carbonate when treated with increasing concentration of
calcium hydroxide content as a result of partial carbonation of calcium hydroxide
calcium bicarbonate was also found in the lime treated bentonite which originally
contained no calcium carbonate.
However, Clare and Cruchley have found that the formation of carbonate
is not essential for imparting strength to soil stabilized with lime. They made
samples of soil stabilized with lime and save a heavy coating of paraffin wax to
prevent access of air so that no carbondioxide (CO2) from air can react lime. It
has been found that even than the soil develops strength and, therefore,
contradicats the theory of formation of carbonate to impart strength to lime
stabilised soil. It could, however, be argued that the air entraped in the voids of
the blocks contains enough CO2 to convert Ca (OH)2 in to CaCo3. To avoid this
argument, work was conducted in the Central Road Research Institute by curing
the lime treated blocks in vacuum desicator, which removed the air completely. It
was noticed that after curing for a week or so the blocks developed the same
strength as those cured in air, thereby disporving the theory of carbonate
formation.

3.5 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE :

One of the theories put forward is that the increase in strength of soil
stabilized with Ca(OH)2 could also be due to the hexagenal crystals of Ca(OH)2
which can be formed at temperature of 28o to 30oC and under reduced pressure
conditions which are met with under actual field conditions. It was shown as a
result of experiments carried out in U.K. that even when required temperature and
moisture conditions for the crystallisation were not provided there was still
improvement in the soil strength thereby cancelling the application of this theory.

3.6 FORMATION OF CEMENTIOUS CALCIUM SILICATE :

Now a days it is generally agreed that the most possible mechanism


involving the stabilization of soil by lime is the formation of cementious hydrated
calcium silicate. “A number of hydrated calcium silicate has been reported in
nature and some have been prepared artifically. The products obtained by the wet
process usually vary in composition and have the character of colloids. Towards
the end of eighteenth century Godolin precipitated alkali silicate by calcium salt
and by treating hydrated silica with calcium hydroxide. Fuch stated that hydrated
silica when added to lime water precipitated a white calcium silicate. Heldt
observed silicic acid mixed with milk of lime forms a hard mass. Landin stated
that gilatinous and dialysed silicic acid acts on lime water forming various
hydrated calcium silicate which plays role in the setting of hydraulic cement. He
presented the composition of precipitate as (4CaO, 1OSiO2) or (2CaO, 3SiO2).
This subject was studied by Lechaterler who demonstrated that products with
composition between CaO, 1OSio2 and 2CaOSiO2 can be obtained by varying
proportion of lime and silica used in their preparation”.
It is therefore quite probable that even at ordinary temperature, some
reaction of lime and silica of the clay takes places in the wet condition to
precipitate a cementious calcium silicate into the soil mass.
The development of strength in soil stabilized with Ca(OH)2 depends
upon the availability of silicates to form comples compounds of calcium with
iron and alumunium silicates. It will be observed that when soil is burnt to a
temperature, where the clay streucture starts disintegrating and maximum,
percentage of silicates are exposed then the development of strength as a result of
addition of Ca(OH)2 is maximum.
CHAPTER-IV

EFFECTS OF LIME ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

The various physical properties of soil which are effected by lime are the
followig :
i) Liquid limit
ii) Plastic limit
iii) Plasticity index
iv) Other properties of soil
v) Californin bearing ratio (C.B.R.)
vi) Unconfined compressive strength.

4.1 LIQUID LIMIT :

The effect of addition of lime on the liquid limit of different types of soil
has been studied by research workers in various parts of the world. The results
are conflicting in as much as, some has observed rise in liquid limit values where
as others have found less in values. Research carried out in India with black
cotton soil has been shown that liquid limit of the soil decreases with the increase
in concentration of lime. Similar observations have also been made in U.S.A. by
Spangler and Patel on heavy clayey soil. But Clare and Cruchley in U.K. and
Zietleh and Zolkov in Israel report a complex reaction. According to the work
done in U.K. the immediate effect of the addition of small concentration of lime
such as 1 .p.c. rises the liquid limit of the soil considerably but further addition of
lime upto 10 p.c. steadily reduces this value, though at mostage lower than the
liquid limit of the untreated soil.

4.2 PLASTIC LIMIT :

In so far as the effect of addition of lime on the plastic limit of soil is


concerned, there is almost a general agreement that plastic limit always increases
with addition of lime, wheather tested immediately or after lapse of time.
4.5 PLASTICITY INDEX :

Plasticity index generally falls as a result of addition of lime. In case of


black cotton soil the reduction in plasticity index is brought about by
comparatively rapid decrease in liquid limit than a corresponding rise in plastic
limit with increasing percentage of lime. It was also observed that with 5 p.c.
addition of lime to black cotton soil the plasticity index falls from 45 to 5 p.c.
Further addition of lime upto 10 p.c. may render soil non plastic, though from
practical point of view it may not be desirable. The data available from research
work carried out in U.K. and Israel shows that even with 10 p.c. addition of lime
the fall of plasticity index of clayey soil is not very marked even when lime is
allowed to react for a year or so. There is also indication that maximum reduction
in plasticity index is recorded immediately after addition of lime, but with lapse
of time there is some increase in plasticity index. Research work in U.S.A. on
silty soils shows that addition of lime there is an increase in plasticity index.
(fig. 1).

4.4 OTHER PROPERTIES OF SOILS :

Results of research work on other physical properties of soil such as


shrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, volumatric shrinkage, swelling characteristics
etc. show that after treatment with lime, the soil improves resulting in increase of
shrinkage limit.

4.5 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (C.B.R.) :

A clayey soil has a very low C.B.R. in saurated condition, as such is


considered unsuitable for use even as a subgrade. Research worik carried out on
clayey soil such as black cotton soil, has shown that as high as 80 percent soaked
C.B.R. can be obtained in the laboratory with only 5 percent addition of lime.
Depending upon the effectiveness of mixing and degree of pulverisation of soil
that can be obtained in the field, it should be possible to obtain atleast 50 percent
of laboratory C.B.R. in actual practice which will be a great improvement on
strength of natural soil.
The work carried out in Israel and India shows that soaked C.B.R. of soil
lime mixures increases with the increase in percentage of lime.
4.5 UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH :

Most of the clayey soils which have rediculously low strength in soaked
condition improve considerably by treatment with lime. It has been shown as a
research work carried out in India on black cotton soil that the compressive
strength can go up as high as 150-200 lb. per sq. inch after 7 day curing. It has
also been noticed further addition of lime beyond certain limit causes reduction
of strength. Work done by Fuller and Dubny has shown that the ultimate
compressive strength of lime treated soil rises progressively at least for 300 days
resulting in an ultimate compressive strength of 780 lb per sq. inch. Recent
research work has shown that higher compressive strength can be obtained if
instead of calcium lime a mixure of calcium and magnasium lime in equal
proportion is used. The plot ever leaf shows the results obtained from the
research work by Manuel Matees at Iowa State University.
CHAPTER-V
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

5.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAME :

Laboratory investigations were made with the following objects :


(i) To find the effect of lime on clay in the change of liquid limit.
(ii) To find the effect of lime on clay in the change of plastic limit.
(iii) To find the effect of lime on clay in the change of plasticity index.
(iv) To find the effect of lime on clay in the change of shrinkage limit
and shrinkage ratio.
(v) To find the effect of lime on clay in the change of penetration
resistance.
(vi) To find the effect of lime on clay in the change of dry density at a
fixed moisture content.
The investigations were made as per following test programs :
Operation ‘A’ : with 0 p.c. of lime
Operation ‘B’ : Clay with 1 p.c. of lime
Operation ‘C’ : Clay with 2 p.c. of lime
Operation ‘D’ : Clay with 3 p.c. of lime
Operation ‘E’ : Clay with 4 p.c. of lime
Operation ‘F’ : Clay with 5 p.c. of lime

5.2 TEST PROCEDURE :

5.2.1 Preparation of the soil sample :

Clayey soil was selected for the purpose of experiment. The soil was
properly dried. The dried clay was rammed and sieved with a sieve B.S. No. 200
and pure clay particles were separated out. Thus about 3 kg. soil was sieved out
which was taken for testing purpose. The soil obtained thus was brownish yellow
in colour.
5.2.2 Operation ‘A’ :

About 2 kg. of the sieved soil was taken and the following tests were
performed :

5.2.2.1 Liquid limit test :

Liquid limit test was performed with standard procedure using liquid limit
testing apparatus (gig. 9). The results are plotted in a semilogarithemic paper
(water content vs. Ho. of blows) and liquid limit was found to be 0.42 p.c.

5.2.2.2 Plastic limit test :

The soil was mixed thoroughly with drinkable water until the soil mss
becomes plastic enough to be easily moulded with fingers. Following the usual
procedure a thread of 3 mm dia. was prepared and then the plastic limit was
determined.

5.2.2.3 Plasticity indes :

From the liquid limit and plastic limit as obtained above the plasticity
index was determined as given below.
Ip = Wl – Wp
Where, Ip = plasticity index
Wl = Liquid limit
Wp = Plastic limit

5.2.2.4 Shrinkage limit test :

Standard procedure was followed to determine shrinkage limit of the soil


by the following equation –
Let,
V1 = Volume of the saturated soil sample
W1 = Weight of the saturated soil sample
V2 = Volume of the soil sample at its shrinkage limit
W2 = Weight of the soil sample at the shrinkage limit
Vd = Volume of the soil sample after oven drying
Wd = Weight of the soil sample after oven drying.
Weight of water at initial state = W1 – Wd
Weight of water at shrinkage limit = (W1 – Wd) – (V1 – V2) Vw
By defination;
Wt.of water at shrinkage limit
Shrinkage limit = Ws = Dry wt.of soil
(W1 − Wd )− (V1 − V2 ) Vw
or Ws = x 100
Wd
(V1 − Vd ) Vw
or Ws = {W1 − } x 100
Wd

where, W1 = water content of original saturated sample.


The shrinkage ratio of the soil was also determined as follows :
Wd V
Shrinkage ratio = SR = V = Vd
d Vw w

Vw = unit wt. of water

5.2.2.5 Standard proctors test :

Standard procedure was following to deermine the optimum moisture


content in the Proctors mould (fig. 10). The bulk density of the soil is given by
W2 −W1
Vb = V

Where,
W2 = wt. of mould compacted soil
W1 = wt. of empty mould
V = volume of compacted soil = (volume of the mould)
The dry density of the soil is given by,
V
b
Va = 1+w

Where, w = moisture content.


A plot is made between moisture content as a abscissa and dry density as
ordinate. From this plot the value of the maximum dry density (peak value) and
the optimum moisture content (the moisture contend corresponding to maximum
dry density) is obtained.

5.2.2.6 Unconfined compression test :

2 kg. of the soil was taken and mixed throughly with 15 p.c. of drinking
water (i.e. at O.M.C.). the soil was then compacted in a Poroctor’s mould in three
layers using standard rammer (2.6 kg wt.) and 25 number of blows for each layer.
Remoulded samplaes of standard size (length 8.5 cm and dia. 3.8 cm) were
obtained from the mould and subjected to compressive force in a uncomfined
compression tester. The failure behaviours was observed and the unconfined
compressive strangth was obtained from the plot.

5.2.2.7 Proctors needke test :

2 kg. of the dry soil was mixed throughly with 15 p.c. drinkable water (by
weight). The soil was then compacted in Proctors mould as usual procedure.
Then the compacted soil was tested with the help of Proctor needle (fig. 11) using
0.8 cm. dia. Needle. The penetration resistance was determined for the
penetration of each division upto five divisions. The dry density of the compacted
soil was also determined.

5.2.3 OPERATION ‘B’ :

2 kg. soil was taken in a bowel. A quantity of lime (powdered and sieved
properly) weighing 20 grams in 1 p.c. by wt. of the soil was mixed throughly
with the soil in the bowel. This soil was subjected to the same series of tests as in
operation ‘A’ following the same procedure except steps 5.2.2.5 and 5.2.2.6.
The operation ‘C’; ‘D’, ‘E’ and ‘F’ were performed by following the same
procedure as discussed above.
CHAPTER-VI

TEST RESULTS

6.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS :

Table-I

Colour Brownish yellow


Plastic limit in p.c. 16
Liquid limit in p.c. 44
Shrinkage limit in p.c. 2.6
Plasticity index in p.c. 28
Maximum dry density 1.67 gm/cc
Optimum moisture content in p.c. 15
Unconfined compressive strength 1.76 kg./cm2
Shrinkage ratio 1.99

6.1.2 EFFECT OF LIME ON ATTERBERG LIMITS, PLASTICITY


INDEX AND SHRINKAGE RATIO :

Table-II

Percentage of lime 0 1 2 3 4 5
Liquid limit in p.c. 44 46.8 54 45.5 45 44.5
Plastic limit in p.c. 16 17 21 30.5 38.6 41.5
Plasticity index in p.c. 28 29.8 33 15 6.4 3
Shrinkage limit in p.c. 2.6 3.6 4.67 8.7 10.5 12.5
Shrinkage ratio 1.99 1.85 1.76 1.69 1.66 1.62
6.1.3 EFFECT OF LIME DRY DENSITY AT FIXED MOISTURE
CONTENT (ABOUT 18 P.C.)

Table-III

Percentage of lime 0 1 2 3 4 5
Wt. density in gm/cc 1.95 1.95 1.89 1.89 1.83 1.78
Dry density in gm/cc 1.67 1.67 1.60 1.56 1.52 1.49
6.1.4 EFFECT OF LIME ON THE PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF
THE SOIL.
Table-IV
Percentage of Depth of Penetration Maximum
lime penetration in resistance in penetration
cm. kg/cm resistance in
kg/cm2
1.3 6
2.6 6.5
0 3.9 7 8
5.2 7
6.5 8
1.3
6
2.6
7
3.9
1 8 8
5.2
8
6.5
6

1.3 9
2.6 11
2 3.9 13 13
5.2 13
6.5 11
1.3 8
2.6 10
3 3.9 10 10
5.2 8
6.5 7
1.3 7
2.6 7.5
4 3.9 7.5 7.5
5.2 7.5
6.5 7
1.3 7
2.6 7.5
5 3.9 7 7.5
5.2 6.5
6.5 6
CHAPTER-VII
DISCUSSION OF THE TEST RESULTS

Lime as a stabilizing agent when added to clay brings various changes in


the physical properties such as planticity and shrinkage which may be considered
as modification of the soil.
6.2.1 Effect on atterberg limits :
Addition of lime increased the liquid limit of the clay from 44 p.c. to 54
p.c. when added below 2 p.c. At the addition of 2 p.c. lime the liquid limit of the
soil was found to be highest (54 p.c.). Further addition of lime decreased the
liquid limit to 44.5 p.c. (at 5 p.c. of lime). The relation between liquid limit of the
soil and percentage of lime is shown in fig. 3.
The plastic limit of the soil increased with the addition of lime from 16
p.c. to 41.5 p.c. as shown in the fig. 3. The plasticity index of the soil increased
slightly at the beginning from 28 p.c. to 33 p.c. when added 2 p.c. lime, and then
it decreased gradually to 3 p.c. at the addition of 5 p.c. lime as shown in the
fig. 3.
The addition of lime increased the shrinkage limit of the soil from 2.6 p.c.
(without lime) to 12.5 p.c. (with 5 p.c. lime) as shown in fig. 4 while the
shrinkage ratio of the soil was found to be decreased from 1.99 (without lime) to
1.62 (with 5 p.c. of lime) as shown in fig. 5.
The increase in shrinkage limit and decrease in shrinkage ratio when lime
is added indicate that the soil will shrink less upon drying.
The change of property of clay in liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity
index, shrinkage limit etc, may be due to the phenomenon of base exchange.
Because these properties are influenced by the nature of exchangable cations
(chapter III, 3.3 Base exchange). When lime is added to soil an exchange of
relatively small amount of Na by Ca++ may result in a major change in physical
property of the clay.
6.2.2 Effect on dry density :
Addition of lime brought a grdual decrease in the dry density of the soil at
a fixed moisture content (about 16 p.c.). The dry density decreased from 1.67
gm/c.c. (without lime) to 1.49 gm/cc (with 5 p.c. lime) as shown in fig. 6.
6.2.3 Effect on compation :
The compaction characteristics of the soil was greatly effected with the
addition of lime. The penetration resistance of the soil was found to be higher
than natural value (8 kg/cm2) when addition of lime was less than 3 p.c. At 2 p.c.
of lime the penetration resistance of the soil was found to be highest (13 kg/cm2)
as shown in fig. 8.
Increase in the strength of treated clay may be due to the formation of
crystalline calcium silicate which is a water stable material (chapter III 3.5.
formation of cementious calcium silicate.)
CHAPTER-VIII
CONCLUSION

The most important conclusions drawn from this investigation are as


follows :
1. Clayey soils improve their engineering characteristics greatly upon
addition of lime in small percentage.
2. Addition of small concentration of lime (upto 2 p.c.) increases the liquid
limit but on further addition of lime steadly reduces this value through at
no stage lower than the liquid limit of untreated soil.
3. The plastic limit of clay increases with addition of lime.
4. With small concentration of lime, plasticity index of clay increases, (upto
3 p.c.) but on further addition plasticity index decreases considerably.
5. Shrinkage limit increases while shrinkage ratio decreases with the
increasing percentage of lime.
6. Dry density of clayey soil decreases slowly with addition of lime at a
fixed moisture content.
7. Addition of small concentration of lime (upto 3 p.c.) increases the
penetration resistance and at addition of 2 p.c. lime maximum penetration
resistance is obtained.
8. The amount of lime needed for modification of soil is generally 1 p.c. to 3
p.c.
CHAPTER-IX
SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY

In this investigation following aspects were not considered which are left
for further study –
1. Chemical analysis of the clay and determination of its p.H. value. After
determination of the p.H. value, effect of lime on clay with different p.H.
value can be studied.
2. Chemical analysis of the soil to determine the propertion of the different
constituents : After determination of the constituents, effect of lime on
clay with different proportion of constituents can be determined in detail.
3. Effect of lime on soil when applied in the form of slurry : Here powdered
lime has been used. Therefore, effect of lime on soil applied in the form
of slurry can be investigated.
4. Effect of lime on soil at varying temperatures : Temperature effect is also
not studied here, which can be studied.
5. Effect of lime on soil with different lime lapse : Time effect on
stabilization of clay soil by lime can be studied.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Mateos M. : “Soil Lime Research at Iowa State University”,


Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Divisions, Procedings of the American Society of
Civil Engineers. Vol. 90, No. SM 2, March,
1964.

2. Singh, Alam : Soil Engineering, Chapter 18, Stabilization,


18.4 Lime Stabilization.

3. Mujid, N and : “A Study on Lime Soil Stabilization”.


Khataniar, J

4. Punmia, B.C. Dr. : Soil Mechanics and Foundations


Jain, K Ashok Er. :
Jain, Arun K. Dr :
APPENDIX-I

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.


I Properties of clay without lime
II Effect of lime on Atterberg limits, plasticity index and
shrinkage ratio
III Effect of lime on dry density at fixed moisture content
IV Effect of lime on penetration moisture of soil
APPENDIX-II

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title
No.
1. Effect of various additives on the atterberg limits of a gumbotil soil.
2. Effect of various additives on the strength of a friable loess soil.
3. Effect of lime on the liquid limit plastic limit and plasticity index of
clayey soil.
4. Effect of lime on shrinkage limit of clayey soil.
5. Variation of shrinkage limit with different percentage of lime.
6. Effect of lime on dry density of clayey soil.
7. Relation between penetration resistance and depth of penetration
with different percentage of lime.
8. Variation of maximum penetration resistance with different
percentage of lime.
9. Liquid limit apparatus and grooving tool.
10. Proctor’s mould and rammer.
11. Proctor needle.
12. Balance.
APPENDIX-III

DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS


(iii) 1 p.H. value : It is the measure of acidity or alkinity of a substance.
p.H. = log (1/H)
where H= hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. For nutral
solution p.H = ?. The solution is acidic if p.H. value is less than 7
and it is alkaline if p.H. value is greater than 7.
(iii) 2 Pozzolanic material : Materials like volcanic ash which are not
cement but forms a weak cement when reacts lime and water. The
cementing action is called pozzolanic action.
(iii) 3 Floculation : Process of building up of larger and heaviour particles
which will settle.
(iii) 4 Liquid limit w1 : It is the minimum water content at which the soil is
still a liquid, but has a small shearing strength against flowing.
(iii) 5 Plastic limit wp : It is the minimum water content at which soil
begins to crumble when rolled into a thread of 3 mm dia.
(iii) 6 Plasticity index Ip = It is the numerical difference between liquid
limit and plastic limit expressed in percentage.
(iii) 7 Shrinkage limit ws : It is the maximum water content at which
reduction in water content will not cause a decrease in the volume of
soil mass.
(iii) 8 Drydensity vd : Weight of the soil solids per unit of total volume of
the soil mass prior to drying.
Vb
Vd = 1+W
Vb = bulk density, w = moisture content.
(iii) 9 Optimum moisture content (O.M.C.) : It is the water content at
which maximum dry density is obtained.
(iii) 10 Shrinkage ratio (S.R.) : It is defined as the ratio of a given volume
change, expressed as a percentage dry volume to the corresponding
change in water content above the shrinkage limit expressed as a
percentage of the weight of dry soil.

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