Columns

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E.
, CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete
Columns
Bora Gencturk, Ph.D., P.E.

Assistant Professor
Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Columns – Definition
Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

 Beams are members
 that are slender
 support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their longitudinal
axis
 In design practice, axial forces in beams are typically
neglected.
 Columns are designed for combined axial load and
flexure (as well as shear).
 Axial load and moment on the column is usually
replaced by an axial loading action at a certain
eccentricity, e.
 Stocky columns where additional moments due to
slenderness can be ignored are called short columns.
Column Reinforcement (Tied vs. Spiral)

 When ductility is required, the spiral spacing needs to be from 1-3/8 inch to
3-3/8 inch.
 For non-seismic regions, the ties are spaced roughly the width of the
column apart.
 Well spaced ties do not provide good confinement but help reduce the
buckling of longitudinal bars.
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J. K. Wight, 7th ed., Pearson, 2016.
Column Reinforcement (Tied vs. Spiral)

 In tied columns, once spalling of the cover occurs, the core crushes and the
reinforcement buckles outwards (the capacity of the core is less than the load acting on
the column).
 In a spiral column, the column does not fail immediately because the strength of the
concrete core is enhanced by confinement. The failure happens at a second maximum
where the spirals yield and rupture. A significantly more ductile failure mode is
achieved.
 For these reasons, 𝜙𝜙 = 0.75 for spiral columns and 𝜙𝜙 = 0.65 for tied columns.
 Spiral columns are preferred in seismic regions.
Tied vs. Spiral Columns

Columns – Slenderness

 Columns are typically slender. This
causes additional moments introduced
due to lateral displacements.
 Second order moments are usually
needed to be included in the design,
which are added to the nominal first-
order moments determined from
structural analysis.
 First order moment (constant along the
height of the column):
M 0= N × e
 Due to transverse deflection as a result
of bending, column centerline is
displaced and original eccentricity is
increased by 𝛿𝛿.
 Moment at any section becomes:
M d′ = N × ( e + d ) = N × e + N × δ
Non-sway
First-order Second- frame
moment order Sway frame
moment
Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.
Columns – Systems

 In building frames, loading and boundary conditions of the columns
are more complicated than the simple “pinned at both ends”
condition.
 In sway frames, second-order moments are more critical due to
relative lateral displacements of the column ends.
 Second-order moments do not influence the ultimate capacity of a
column but magnify the design moments obtained from structural
analysis.
 ACI permits neglecting slenderness effects for columns braced
against sidesway if
klu  M1 
≤ 34 + 12   ≤ 40
r  M2 
 For 𝑘𝑘 = 1 and 𝑀𝑀1 /𝑀𝑀2 = −0.5, columns are short if 𝑘𝑘𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 /𝑟𝑟 ≤ 28.
For a square column, this corresponds to 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 /ℎ ≤8.4.
Ultimate Strength Calculation of Columns

 Basic assumptions in the ultimate strength
theory:
 Plane sections remain plane
 Crushing strain of concrete, 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.003
 Perfect bond between concrete and steel
 Tensile strength of concrete neglected
 Elasto-plastic stress-strain behavior of steel
 Rectangular stress block
Axial Loading Only

 Based on extensive tests
at UIUC and Lehigh, the
concrete strength in
columns is assumed as
f c′′ k=
3 fc
′ where k3 0.85
 The axial strength then
becomes
=Po 0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f yt Ast
Section Behavior (1)

N
n
=
Equilibrium: N 0.85 f cd Acc + ∑ Asiσ si (1)
i =1
Moment about centroid:
M = N × e = 0.85 f cd Acc ( x p − x ) + ∑ Asiσ si xi

n
( 2)
i =1

Section Behavior (2)

 Compatibility (from similar triangles):
c x p − c − xi  xi − x p 
= ε si 0.003 1 +
→= 
0.003 −ε si  c 
 Note that
 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 is negative if 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is below the geometric centroid.
 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is in compression if 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is positive.
 Force-deformation:
σ si Esε si ≤ f yd
=
  xi − x p 
σ si= 0.003Es 1 +   ≤ f yd ( 3)
  c 
Ultimate Strength Calculation of Columns

 Using Eqn.’s (1), (2), and (3), the ultimate
capacity of the section can be determined.
 The capacity can be calculated in terms of N
when M and e is given, or in terms of M when
N is given.
 Equations (1), (2) and (3) are generic. There is
no restriction on the geometry of the cross-
section. The equations are applicable in all
ranges of eccentricity from zero (i.e., axial
compression) to 𝑒𝑒 = ∞ (i.e., pure bending).
Interaction Diagrams

 For a given cross-section, the plot of N versus
M obtained from these equations will represent
the strength envelope, which are known as the
“interaction diagrams” or “interaction curves”.
 Area inside the interaction diagram is the safe
zone. Any M-N combination (obtained from
structural analysis) remaining in this area will
not lead to failure.
 M-N combinations falling outside the diagram
will lead to failure.
Interaction Diagrams – Basics (1)

 Consider an idealized elastic, homogenous
column with compressive strength, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , equal
to its tensile strength, 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑢𝑢 .
 Failure will occur when
P My
+ = f cu →
A I
P My
+ = 1→
f cu A f cu I
P M
+ =
1
Pmax M max
Interaction Equation
Interaction Diagrams – Basics (2)

f cu = ftu
Typical Interaction Diagram

0.003
0.003

Properties of Interaction Diagrams

 Radial lines represent the eccentricity
Slope =1/ e or N / M
 Two types of failure are possible:
 Tension failure (ductile): ε s1 ≥ ε sy
 Compression failure (brittle): ε s1 < ε sy
 Transition point: balanced failure ε s1 = ε sy
 Tension failure if e > eb or N < Nb
 Compression failure if e < eb or N > Nb
ACI Design Guidance

Interaction Diagrams – Strength Reduction

 The interaction diagram
based on nominal strength
analysis is reduced to
design values using ACI
strength reduction.
 To account for accidental
moments, the maximum
load on a column must not
exceed
Spiral columns :
φ Pn ,max0.85φ 0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f yt Ast 
 
Tied columns :
φ Pn ,max 0.80φ 0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f yt Ast 
 
Ultimate Strength of Rectangular Sections (1)

Acc = k1cb
h
xp =
2
k1c
=
x k=
2c
2
Ultimate Strength of Rectangular Sections (2)

 Substituting into Eqn.’s (1), (2) and (3)
n
N 0.85 f cd k1cb + ∑ Asiσ si
i =1
 h k1c  n
M = N × e = 0.85 f cd k1cb  −  + ∑ Asiσ si xi
 2 2  i =1
 x −h 2
σ si = 0.003Es  1 + i  ≤ f yd
 c 
 Can consider two examples of particular cases
 Axial compression
 Pure bending

Case 1: Axial Compression

 Assume steel is symmetrically distributed.
 Due to symmetry, resultant concrete force passes
through the centroid.
 Moments of steel forces cancel each other.
M =0
N r 0.85 f cd hb + Ast f yd
 ACI specifies that the maximum load on a column not
to exceed 0.85 times the nominal capacity for spiral
columns and 0.8 times the nominal capacity for tied
columns.
=
Spiral columns: φ Pn ,max 0.85φ 0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f y ( Ast ) 
 
=
Tied columns: φ Pn ,max 0.80φ 0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f y ( Ast ) 
 
Case 2: Pure Bending, N = 0

 h
 Assume 1 layer of steel: As1 =As , x1 =
−d − 
 2
 Assume underreinforced: σ s = − f yd
b = bw
As f yd
N =0 =0.85 f cd k1cbw − As f yd → k1c =
0.85 f cd bw
 h k1c   h
Mr 0.85 f cd k1cbw  −  + As f yd  d − 
2 2   2
 Substituting 𝑘𝑘1 𝑐𝑐:
 h k1c   h  k1c 
=
M r As f yd  −  + As f yd  d −=  As f yd  d − 
 2 2   2   2 
Example (1) – Givens

 Compute the necessary N and M values to
sketch the interaction diagram for the column
section shown.
f cd = 11 MPa, f yd = 365 MPa, As = 8 − φ16 (1600 mm 2 )

Example (2) – Procedure

1. Compute two limiting points: uniaxial strength
(𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 and 𝑀𝑀 = 0) and balanced point (𝑁𝑁 =
𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 and 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏 )
2. Compute a set of N and M values to construct
the interaction diagram. Take 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.003
a. Assume c
 xi − h 2 
b. Compute: siσ = 0.003 E s 1 +  ≤ f yd
 c 
c. Compute: Fsi = Asiσ si
d. Compute: Fc = 0.85 fcd k1cb
e. Compute: N= Fc + ∑ Fsi
h kc
3
f. =
Compute:  − +∑F x
1
M 0.85
cd 1f k cb si i
2 2 
i =1
g. Go to a. and assume another c value and repeat

Example (3)

 Axial load capacity
N=
o 0.85 f cd Ac + Ast f =
yd 1986 kN
 Balanced case
f yd
ε=
s1 ε=sy = 0.001825
Es
Using compatibility:
d
cb = 289 mm
0.003
ε sy + 0.003
= =
k1cb 0.85cb 246 mm

Example (4)

 Steel stresses
σ s1 =
−365 MPa (since ε s1 =
ε sy )
 xi − h 2 
=σ s 2 0.003Es 1 + 
 c 
 0 − 250 
= 0.003 ( 200, 000 ) 1 + =  81 MPa
 289 
 215 − 250 
σ s 3 =0.003 ( 200, 000 ) 1 +  =528 MPa > f yd
 289 
→ σ s 3 = f yd = 365 MPa

Example (5)

 Steel forces
Fs1 = As1σ s1 = −219 kN , Fs 2 = 32.4 kN , Fs 3 = 219 kN
 Concrete force
Fc =
0.85 ( 0.011)( 246 )( 300 ) 689 kN
 Normal force and moment
Fc ∑ Fsi =
N b =+ 721 kN
h c 3
=M b 0.85 f cd k1cb  − k1  + ∑ Fsi xi
2 2  i =1
= 689 ( 250 − 246 / 2 ) + ( −219 )( −215 ) + ( 32.4 )( 0 ) + ( 219 )( 215 )
=
181760 kN .mm 182 kN .m
Example (6)

 Take 𝑐𝑐 = 1.2ℎ = 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
a. c = 600 mm: k1c =0.85 ( 600 ) =510 mm → k1c =h =500 mm
b. ε s1 = 6.75 ×10−4 → σ s1 = 135 MPa
ε s 2 = 1.75 ×10−3 → σ s 2 = 350 MPa
ε s 3 = 2.82 ×10−3 > ε sy → σ s 3 = f yd = 365 MPa
c. Fs1 = 81 kN , Fs 2 = 140 kN , Fs 3 = 219 kN
d. Fc = 1192 kN
e. N = 1556.2 kN
f. M = 86.4 kN .m
=
⇒ N 1556=
kN , M 86.4 kN .m

Example (7)

Example (8)

Example (9)

Example (10)

Example (11)

Interaction Diagrams – Simplifications

 It may be practical to join points on the interaction
diagram with straight lines and do linear interpolation to
locate intermediate points.
No − N M
=
N o − Nb M b
M
N=
No − ( N o − Nb )
Mb

Non-rectangular Sections (1)

Non-rectangular Sections (2)

 Analysis of non-rectangular sections is no
different, except that attention must be paid to the
area over which the compressive stresses act, and
the geometric centroid of that area.

Non-Dimensional Interaction Diagrams

 It is common to represent interaction diagrams independently
of column dimensions to be used as design aids.
Unsymmetrical Columns

 For the cases of uniform
compressive or tensile strains (axial
compression, 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 , and axial tension,
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ), the unsymmetrical bar
placement gives rise to a moment of
the steel forces about the centroid.
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J. K. Wight, 7th ed.,

Pearson, 2016.
Tied vs. Spiral Columns

 A spiral column is more
efficient in terms of load
capacity for e/h less than
0.1.
 For e/h larger than 0.2, a
tied column with bars in
the faces farthest from the
axis of bending is most
efficient.
 Tied columns with bars in
all four faces may be used
for e/h less than 0.2 when
moments exist about both
axes. This arrangement is
less prone to construction
error with equal number
of bars on all faces.
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J. K. Wight,

7th ed., Pearson, 2016.
Other Requirements in Columns

 Reinforcement ratio should be between 1% and 8% (6% in
special moment resisting frames). The lower limit is to limit
the sustained load deflections.
 Typically, tied columns have 1-2% reinforcement.
 Spiral columns, for carrying larger axial loads may have
steel ratios between 2.5-5%.
 Minimum no. of bars in tied columns is four and minimum
number of bars in spiral columns is six.
 The minimum clear distance between longitudinal bars
should be larger than 1.5 times the bar diameter, or 1.5 inch,
or 1-1/3 times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate.
 9 inch minimum column thickness for 1-hour fire rating, 12
inch minimum for 2- or-hour rating.
Reinforcement Splices (1)

 Lap splices (or
welded or
mechanical splices)
and end-bearing
splices are essential
in multi-story
construction.
 The spacing of bars
is governed by lap
splices.
 The length of lap-
splices depend on
the type (tension
vs. compression)
and level of stress.

 The length of lap-splices
depend on the type
(tension vs. compression)
and level of stress.
 If Class B lap splices are
required, the required
splice lengths may exceed
5 ft.
 The splice lengths are
minimized by using
smaller diameter bars and
higher strength concrete.
 All the bars on a column
are spliced the same way
to reduce construction
error regardless whether
they are on the
compression or the tension
face.

Ties

 Ties restrain the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the
surface of the column.
 Ties hold the reinforcement cage together during the construction
process.
 Properly detailed ties confine the concrete core, providing increased
ductility.
 Ties serve as shear reinforcement in columns.
 Ties must be at least No. 3 for No. 10 or smaller longitudinal bars
and at least No. 4 for No. 11 and larger longitudinal and bundled
longitudinal bars.
 Center-to-center tie spacing must not exceed 16db of the longitudinal
bar, 48db of the tie bar, and smallest dimension of the member.
 Rectilinear ties shall be arranged so that every corner and alternate
longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of
a tie with an included angle of not more than 135°, and no bar shall
be farther than 6 inch clear on each side along the tie from a laterally
supported bar.
Typical Tie Arrangements

Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J. K.
Wight, 7th ed., Pearson, 2016.
Spirals

 The minimum spiral reinforcement required by ACI is such that the
second maximum load of the core and longitudinal reinforcement is
roughly equal to the initial maximum load of the entire column
before the shell spalled off.
 This results in the following spacing requirement:
4 Asp f yt
s≤
( )
0.45Dc f c′  Ag Ach − 1
 For spirals to effectively confine the core, the clear spacing of the
spirals must be less than 3 inch.
 To avoid problems placing the concrete in the outer shell of the
concrete, the clear spiral spacing must be larger than or equal to 1
inch or 1-1/3 times the nominal size of the coarse aggregate,
whichever is greater.
Contributions of Steel and Concrete

 O-J-A-G-D-L shows the contribution of the
concrete to the moment and axial force
resistance.
 The shaded band represents the contribution
of the tensile (less compressed face)
reinforcement.
 The outer band is the contribution of the
compressive (more compressed face)
reinforcement.
 O-A-B-C for the balanced case show that
most of the axial load capacity comes from
the concrete while the steel moments cancel
each other. All three components contribute
to the moment capacity.
 O-D-E-F, the tension steel is in compression
and subtracts from the moment capacity.
 O-G-H and O-J-K have either tension or the
compression reinforcement not contributing
to capacity (stress=0).
 The discontinuity in the diagram is due to
steel not the concrete. The more the steel on
the cross-section, the more pronounced is the
discontinuity.
Biaxially Loaded Columns

 It is not unusual for columns
to be subjected to biaxial
bending in addition to an axial
force (e.g., corner column).
 One can still draw an
interaction diagram as shown.
 Double iteration is needed:
change the strain gradient
across the section and the
angle of the neutral axis.
 One can check the capacity
using
1 1 1 1
= + −
φ Pn φ Pnx φ Pny φ Pno
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J. K. Wight, 7th ed.,

Pearson, 2016.
Slender Columns (1)

 According to ACI, a slender
column is defined as a column
that has 5% reduction in its axial
load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections
of the columns.
Slender Columns (2)

Slender Columns (3)

In-Class Example (1)







Columns

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Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E.

, CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Bora Gencturk, Ph.D., P.E.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Moment about centroid:

M = N × e = 0.85 f cd Acc ( x p − x ) + ∑ Asiσ si xi

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

g. Go to a. and assume another c value and repeat

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Courtesy of Dr. Kutay Orakcal, Bogazici Univeristy.

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J. K. Wight, 7th ed.,

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4

Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, J. K. Wight,

Gencturk, B., Ph.D., P.E., CE 537 – Advanced Reinforced Concrete, Lecture 4