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한국어를 배우고 싶어요!

I want to learn Korean!

Introduction to Hangul

The E-book Agents


January, 2014
Table of Contents

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................1

Korean Alphabet .................................................................................................................................................2

Consonants ........................................................................................................................................................3

Vowels .................................................................................................................................................................4

Writing Korean ....................................................................................................................................................5

Romanization of Korean ............................................................................................................................... 11

Pronunciation .................................................................................................................................................... 13

Rule 1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 13

Rule 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 13

Rule 3 ............................................................................................................................................................... 14

Exercises Answer .............................................................................................................................................. 16

Exercises 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

Exercises 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

Exercises 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

Exercises 4 ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

Exercises 5 ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

References ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
한국어를 배우고 싶어요!

Introduction

There are so many reasons why people want to learn Korean. Some says they think Korea is beautiful with its
unique language, delicious foods, and many beautiful places to visit thus they want to learn Korean. Some might
want to learn Korean because they love Korean history and culture. Some people want to learn Korean because
they have Korean friends and want to communicate with them well. And don’t forget about Hallyu Wave. I
asked my friends and most of them want to learn Korean because of K-Pop and K-Dramas.

Well, whatever the reason is, learning Korean is fun yet challenging. Korean is not an easy language to learn. But
when you start to communicate in Korean, you will find it very fun, entertaining and challenging. Before we
learn about Korean words, sentences and grammars, we had to Korean alphabet well. We will learn Korean
alphabet from A to Z in this e-book; what is Korean alphabet? How to write them? How to pronounce it? You’ll
find the answer here.

Lastly, have fun and enjoy learning Korean!

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Korean Alphabet
The Korean alphabet, as known as hangul, is unique and one of a kind. Hangul was invented and promulgated by
King Sejong the Great in 1446. Prior to 1446, the written language used in Korea was classical Chinese. The
majority of people were illiterate at that time. Only small elite – men from aristocratic family can learn
thousands of Chinese characters. King Sejong the Great commanded an extensive research to produce a writing
system especially designed for writing Korean. Hangul was the first writing system to make it easy for any
Korean to read and write his or her native language (Vincent & Yeon, 2005).

Hangul is an alphabet that has one special feature. In English, we start writing at the beginning of a word and
write a sequence of letters, each one following the next. Hangul, however, instead of writing a string of letters in
sequence, is written in syllable blocks.

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Consonants

ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ
기역 쌍 기역 니은 디귿 쌍 디귿
giyeok ssang giyeok nieun digeut ssang digeut

k kk n t tt

ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ
리을 미음 비읍 쌍 비읍
rieul mieum nieup ssang bieup

l m p pp

ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ
시옷 쌍 시옷 이응 지읒 쌍 지읒
shiot ssang shiot ieung jieut ssang jieut

s ss null ch cch

ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ
치읓 키읔 티읕 피읖 히읗
chieut kieuk tieut pieup hieut

ch' k' t' p' h

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Vowels

ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ

a ae ya yae

ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ

ŏ e yŏ ye

ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ

o wa wae oe yo

ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ

u wŏ we wi yu

ㅡ ㅢ ㅣ

ŭ ŭi i

Note :
 Spaces are placed between words, which can be made up of one or more syllables.
 Hangul can be written in vertical columns running from top to bottom and right to left, or in horizontal
lines running from left to right.
 To type the double alphabet (eg. ㅃ, ㅉ, ㄸ, ㄲ, ㅆ, ㅒ, ㅖ) you have to use shift key in your keyboard.

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Writing Korean
Writing Korean alphabet should follow this rule:

- From top to bottom


- From left to right

Example:

a. How to write ㅏ d. How to write ㅗ

b. How to write ㄱ e. How to write ㅓ

c. How to write ㄴ f. How to write ㄷ

You can try to write Korean alphabet in block note so that your handwriting can be neat. You have to follow the
rules, from top to bottom and from left to right.

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Every Korean syllable begins with a consonant letter. If the syllable begins with a vowel then a special null
consonant symbol is inserted in place of the consonant letter. This consonant letter has a vowel letter either on
its right or underneath it. Every syllable must have the consonant letter plus a vowel letter. Some syllables have
another consonant letter written underneath the first consonant and the vowel. And some have syllables that
have two consonants next to each other, underneath position (Hadi, 2010).

There 5 combinations to write Korean syllable.

1. Consonant + Vowel

C V Eg : 가 = ㄱ ㅏ
Example:
a. 차
b. 내
c. 커

2. Consonant + Vowel + Consonant

C V Eg : 방 = ㅂ ㅏ
C ㅇ
Example:
a. 깊

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한국어를 배우고 싶어요!

b. 행
c. 잠
3. Consonant + Vowel + Vowel

C Eg : 과 = ㄱ
V V ㅗ ㅏ
Example:
a. 위
b. 와
c. 뒤

4. Consonant + Vowel + Consonant (vertical)

C Eg : 큰 = ㅋ
V ㅡ
C ㄴ
Example:
a. 뜻
b. 꿈
c. 복

5. Consonant + Vowel + Consonant + Consonant

C V Eg : 닭 = ㄷ ㅏ
C C ㄹ ㄱ
Example:
a. 없어
b. 잖아
c. 않니

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Romanization of Korean
There are several different methods of Romanizing Korean, and the one used in this e-book is a modified version
of what is known as the McCune-Reischauer system. There are a number of points to notice Romanization of
Korean (Vincent & Yeon, 2005).

 k, t, p and ch are all written as such at the beginning of a word. In actual pronunciation, they can be
pronounced g, d, b and j if they are preceded and followed by vowel sounds.
In the middle of a word, these letters k, t, p, ch are written as g, d, b and j when they occur between
vowels.
 The consonants m and n are romanized as such.
 Double consonants are written as kk, tt, pp, cch.
 Aspirated consonants are written as k’, t’, p’, ch’.
 Null consonant is not Romanized since it has no sound. But as the last consonant in a syllable, it
Romanized as ng.
 The letter h is sometimes not pronounced. When the letter h occurs as the last consonant in a syllable
and the following syllable begins with k, t, p, or ch, the h sounds become aspirated.
 The consonant s is pronounced sh when it is followed by the vowel i. Note that ss + i is pronounced sshi,
but Romanized as ssi.
 Consonant l is pronounced l when one of the letters to the side of it is a consonant, but between vowels
it is pronounced r.

Exercise 1
Write the following in Korean.

1. Jaemin 6. Mashida
2. Chigŭm 7. Pap
3. Kayo 8. Chungguk
4. Yangju 9. Chinccha
5. Marŭn anju 10. Uri

Exercise 2
The following Korean words written in Korean script are the names of countries. Read and write down what the
English equivalent is.

1. 파키스탄 5. 스웨덴
2. 멕시코 6. 덴마크
3. 뉴질랜드 7. 인도네시아
4. 네델란드 8. 폴란드

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9. 캐나다 10. 아메리카

Exercise 3
The following Korean words written in Korean script are loan words from English. Read and write down what the
English equivalent is.

1. 호텔 8. 아이스크림
2. 피아노 9. 햄버거
3. 컴퓨터 10. 샌드위치
4. 텔레비젼 11. 오렌지 쥬스
5. 라디오 12. 테니스
6. 텍시 13. 카메라
7. 레몬 14. 토마토

Exercise 4
Put the following Korean words in Romanization form.

어때요? →
사람 →
선생님 →
사무실 →
미국 →
대사관 →
아니요 →
만나다 →
학교 →
점심 →

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Pronunciation
Although Korean writing is consistent, some syllables are pronounced in different ways in certain contexts.
There are some rules about pronunciation.

Rule 1
When the letters k, t and p precede m or n or l, they are pronounced and Romanized as ng, n and m. If the letter
they precede is an l, then the l also changes to an n sound. Confuse? Don’t be! Here are the following examples:

Hangul Pronounciation and romanization


학년 hak-nyŏn → hang-nyŏn
닫는다 tat-nun-da → tan-nun-da
합니다 hap-ni-da → ham-ni-da
독립 tok-lip → tong-nip
심리 sim-li → sim-ni

Rule 2
l is pronounced as an n when immediately preceded by any consonant except l or n. Whenever an l appears next
to an n, either as nl or ln, it pronounced as ll.

Hangul Pronounciation and romanization


친리 chin-li → chilli
일년 il-nyŏn → illyŏn

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Rule 3
If the last consonant is a ch, ch’, s, ss or h, then the sound that you begin to make at the end of the word is the
sound t.

If the last consonant is a b, p, then the sound that you begin to make at the end of the word is the sound p.

If the last consonant is a g, t’, kk then the sound that you begin to make at the end of the word is the sound k.

Examples:

Hangul Pronounciation and romanization


집 chib → chip
옷 ap' → ap
낫 osh → ot
국 kug → kuk
꽃 kkoch' → kkot

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Exercise 5
Write the Romanization and pronunciation for these followings words.

Hangul Pronounciation and romanization


먹는다 ……………… → ………………
한국말 ……………… → ………………
숙녀 ……………… → ………………
갑니다 ……………… → ………………
닫는다 ……………… → ………………
작문 ……………… → ………………
심리 ……………… → ………………
국민 ……………… → ………………
앞문 ……………… → ………………
십만 ……………… → ………………

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Exercises Answer

Exercises 1
1. 재민
2. 지금
3. 가요
4. 양주
5. 마른 안주
6. 마시다
7. 밥
8. 중국
9. 진짜
10. 우리

Exercises 2
1. Pakistan
2. Mexico
3. New Zealand
4. Netherlands
5. Sweden
6. Denmark
7. Indonesia
8. Poland
9. Canada
10. America

Exercises 3
1. Hotel
2. Piano
3. Computer
4. Television
5. Radio
6. Taxi

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7. Lemon
8. Ice cream
9. Hamburger
10. Sandwich
11. Orange juice
12. Tennis
13. Camera
14. Tomato

Exercises 4
1. Ŏttaeyo?
2. Saram
3. Sŏnsaengnim
4. Samushil
5. Miguk
6. Taesagwan
7. Aniyo
8. Mannada
9. Hakkyo
10. Chŏmshim

Exercises 5
1. Mok-nŭn-da  mong-nŭn-da
2. Han-guk-mal  Hang-gung-mal
3. Suk-nyŏ  Sung-nyŏ
4. Kap-ni-ta  Kam-ni-ta
5. Tat-nŭn-da  Tan-nŭn-da
6. Chak-mun  Chang-mun
7. Kuk-min  Kung-min
8. Sim-li  Sim-ni
9. Ap-mun  Am-mun
10. Sip-man  Sim-man

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References

Hadi, S. (2010). Rahasia Cepat Mahir Bahasa Korea. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Vincent, M., & Yeon, J. (2005). Teach Yourself Korean. Teach Yourself Books.

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