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T/F
● Pg 20 Q 5
● Pg 31 Q 9
● Pg 42 Q 7- but instead of seven binary Ds its 10 binary Ds.
● Pg 42 Q 12?
● Pg 42 Q 13
● Pg 55 Q 8
● Pg 55 Q9
● Pg 67 q2 without S’e’, just S on its own
● Pg 91 q2
● Pg 92 q4
● Pg 92 q10
● Pg 177 q4
● Pg 178 q 14
● Pg
●
Fill in Blanks
● Pg 44 Q2
● Pg 45 q10
● Pg 45 q16
● Pg 62 q12
● Question about the two things maxwels theorem determines
● Pg 74 q9
● Pg 97 q4
● Pg 110 q12
● Pg 113 q1
● Pg 113 q 3
● Pg 114 q5
● Pg 114 q7
● Pg 124 q3
● Pg 124 q5
● Pg 136 q11
● Pg 167 q23
● Pg 181 q15
● Pg 186 q14
Answer the Qs
● Pg 52 Q 10
● Pg 77 q9 but change in G is -ve
● Pg 119 q1
● Pg119 q9
● Pg 119 q11
● Pg 143 q4!!
● Pg 174 q 2
Equations
1) Thermodynamic first law- Adiabtic, isolated and with constant volume
dQ=dU+dW
dU = differentials of internal energy,
dQ=Change of heat,
dW=Change of work
Adiabatic: dQ=0
Isolated: dU=0
With constant Volume: dV=0, dU=dQ
5) Onsager equation
J1 = -D dc/dx X1 +L12D dc/dx (effect of flux of heat on flux of matter)
J2 = L21 dc/dx +-k dT/dx (effect of flux of matter on flux of heat)
L12=L2 > contribution of temperature gradient and concentration gradient is same.
6) Prigogine principle
Entropy production = dSi/dt = ΣXkJk > 0
X=Force, J=Flux
7) Osmotic pressure
Posm=CRT C=Concentration, R=Universal Gas constant, T=Temperature
Units
- Universal Gas Constant > J/mol.k
- Electric potential- answer was V/m
- Concentration: mol/L
- Electrochemical potential: mv
Graph
- Simple vs Facilitated diffusion pg 119 q14
5) Explain ficks’s law, fourier’s law and newton’s shear stress law
Fick’law J = -Ddc/dx, J=flux. D is diffusion coefficient, dc/dx=concentration gradient
Fourier’s law J = -kAdT/dx, k=thermal conductivity, A=Area, dT/dx=Temperature gradient
Newton’s law J = -μdv/dx, J=Shear stress, μ=viscosity of fluid, dv/dx=velocity gradient
Free Radicals
1) of Enzymatic dismutation of superoxide
2) Between lipid hydroperoxide and Cu2+
3) Demonstrating singlet oxygen production by photosesitizing agents in the presence of
oxygen
4) of Fenton
5) Showing the split of lipidperoxide under the influence of γrays
In addition,
- Haber Weiss pg 188 q k)
- A and B non radical and radical movement of electrons pg 188 q m)
- Prolongation of lipid peroxide pg 188 q d)
- Lipid peroxide and Fe2+ pg 188 q c)
Variant 2
Formulas:
1. Faradays constant: F=eNA e=electron, NA=Avogadro’s number
2. dW at constant pressure and compression: dW=-pdV
3. ATPase equation Thomas equation Pk=membrane permeability of K, [k]i=intracellular
concentration of k
R=Universal gas constant, T=Temperature, z=Valency, F=Faraday’s constant
4. zeta potential:
Units
1. Flux of matter: kg/s.m2
2. Thermodynamic probability: None
3. R: None
4. Heat transfer rate: w(watt) or J/S
3) Formula:
A) Ohm’s law: V=IR
B) Nernst Equation: Em=-RT/zF lnCo/Ci
C) Work for compressed pressure W=-pdv
D) Mathmatical form of volt: V=IR
E) Helmholtz smolushowski: ζ=ημ/Є
Left: Simple diffusion: passive diffusion down the concentration gradient. No external energy is
required.
dG<0, dS>0, spontaneous
Right: facilitated diffusion. Formula: J=Jmax*C/Km+C, saturable and specific. Passive.
Km=concentration at half of Jmax
9) Explain similarities and differences between thermodynamic equilibrium and steady state
Thermodynamic equilibrium
1) For us, it is death
2) No energy
3) Entropy production is zero
4) S=max, ds=0
5) dG=0, G=Gmin
6) Ji=0, Xi=0
Steady State
1) Organisms intake and excrete. Our current living state
2) ds=0, S<Smax
3) dG=0, G>Gmin
4) Ji≠0, Xi≠0, but sum is 0.
5) Entropy production is min, but positive and max efficiency.
Free Radicals
1) of Fenton
2) Between Superoxide and nitric oxide
3) In which the radical A reacts with radical B
4) Between lipid hydroperoxide and Fe3+
5) Of one electron reduction of oxygen to water
6) Between Superoxide and Fe3+
7) Showing that NO● could be a source of hydroxy radical
Variant 3
1) Qualitative analysis of membrane: lipids > thin paperchromatography
Review lab manual
Membrane potential = ion permeable only to one ion. JH+=0 at equilibrium because of repelling.
NPME(Nernst Plank molar equation) =0 > Em=-RT/zF lnC2/C1
Diffusion out from higher concentration area caused by concentration gradient is balanced by
electrical forces of diffusion in generated by electrical fields.
Steady State
6) Organisms intake and excrete. Our current living state
7) ds=0, S<Smax
8) dG=0, G>Gmin
9) Ji≠0, Xi≠0, but sum is 0.
10) Entropy production is min, but positive and max efficiency.
3. Yes Outward.
Electrochemical driving force is Ed=Em-Eeq. Therefore, Ed=50-0 (this is from -60loglnCo/Ci). =
50mV
4. Yes Inward.
Electrochemical driving force is Ed=Em-Eeq. Therefore, Ed=50- (-60log30/600). = -28mV
5. Yes Outward.
Electrochemical driving force is Ed=Em-Eeq. Therefore, Ed= -65- (-60log50/5). = -5mV
6. Yes Outward.
Electrochemical driving force is Ed=Em-Eeq. Therefore, Ed= 65- (-60log1/0.1). = 125mV
7. Em=(-60log1/0.1)=-60mV
4) P159 Problem 2 (Hardest question in my opinion)
Due to concentration gradient, K start to diffuse from A to B (membrane is only permeable to K).
This makes B more positive and A more negative. As a result, electric field is established from B to
A. Because A is more negative, K in B side are attracted to A, so K starts to diffuse from B to A.
7) Formula:
A) Henderson equation: Ed=-RT/zF (μ+-μ-)/(μ+-μ-)lnC2/C1
B) 2nd law of thermodynamics for irreversible process. dSuniverse = dSsystem +
dSsurroundings >0
Or dS > dQ/T
C) 1 law of thermodynamics dQ=dU+dW
st
For drift,
Φ=Ep/q > qφ=Ep > dφq = dEp, Since Ep = -W = - Fdx, dφq = -Fdx
F = -q dφ/dx
Also, J=flux is difference of matter per difference of time and area,
J = dm/dt da
Multiply by dx/dx
J = dm/dt da*dx/dx, dx/dt=velocity, dm/da*dx=concentration
Therefore, J=vc
Also, mobility for non charged particle is
μ = v/F
v=μF
Therefore,
J=vc=μcF=μc-q dφ/dx
Because q = eZ
J=-μcez dφ/dx
For one mole, ezNa, eNa=Faraday constant, so
J =-μcFzdφ/dx
12) SI units:
A) Enthalpy: J
B) Electrochemical potential: J/mol
C) Heat: J
D) Fdx: J
E) Electrical potential: V
F) Converstion from J > kwh, 1J=1Ws, 1kWh=1Ws*1000w*3600s=3600kJ
G) Entropy: J/K
H) Boltzman’s constant: J/K
Free Radicals
1) in which the radical A removes an electron from the non-radical B
2) Of spontaneous dismutation of superoxide. Explain the difference between non-enzymatic
and enzymatic reaction
3) Between lipid hydroperoxide and Fe2+
4) Demonstrating the prolongation stage of lipid peroxidation
5) Of Haber Weiss
Variant 4
Equations:
Flux of matter with velocity of particle J=dm/dtdA dx/dx = vc
Gibbs Donnan equilibrium [k]A[Cl]A=[k]B[Cl]B
Conductance and Resistance g=1/R, R=V/I
Goldman Equation
SI Units
Enthalpy: J
Temperature: K
Partition Coefficient: None
Plancs Constant: JS
Derive
Flux of ion n terms of its velocity
Flux of mass J = dm/dtdA * dx/dx. Since dx/dt = velocity, dm/dAdx = concentration,
J = vc
T/f:
pg 18 #23, information can be calculated from Boltzmann equation (might be pg 42 #8),
pg 67 #2 changed into instead though, active transport is done downhill.
NADPH oxidative is used by phagocytic enzymes against bacteria.
Inside of the cell is hydrophilic.
Pg 106 #12. Refractory period happens after the action potential.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the most studied free-radical chain reaction.
Action potentials propagate with decrement.
MCQ:
pg 34 #10,
pg 47 #4,
pg 60 #3,
pg 74 #7
Explain endergonic and exergonic coupling with examples and describe the ATP cycle (sort of like
pg 64 #1/
pg 89 #9).
Which don’t transport water: filtration, osmosis or secondary active transport (I think), pg 114 #4,
pg 168 #1
Free Radicals
Two peroxyl radicals joining
> Termination stage of lipid peroxidation p188 L
Equations
1 Goldman
2 Michael Menten
3 Chemical potential interms of concentration
4 Gibbs free energy
SI units
Faraday’s constant: c/mol
Heat: J
Avogadro’s constant: 1/mol
Force: N
Membrane thickness: μm
Derive Helmholtz
ATQ:
1 suppose 4 identical molecules are in 2 compartments show that the macromolecules are in
entropy or some other rubbish like that, I can’t understand what the question is asking. Needs
more info to solve this.
3 Describe how proteins are separated in paper electrophoresis.(Please refer to lab manual p72)
Proteins are separated by pH of buffer solution under influence of electrical field. The closer to pH
of buffer solution, the less protein will travel farther. Therefore, proteins are separated based on
pH of molecules. Higher charge and smaller size will confer greater mobility.
Formula:
goldmans.
Explain the differences and similarities between Newton’s viscosity, Ficks law and Fourier’s. any
formula should be explained pg 102 #14.
Fourier’s law: J = -k dT/dx k=thermcal conductivity, dT/dx=Heat gradient
Newton’s law of viscosity: J = -ηdv/dx, η=Dynamic viscosity, dv/dx=velocity gradient
Fick’s law: J = -D dc/dx D=Diffusion coefficient, dc/dx = concentration gradient
Membrane potential = ion permeable only to one ion. JH+=0 at equilibrium because of repelling.
NPME(Nernst Plank molar equation) =0 > Em=-RT/zF lnC2/C1
Diffusion out from higher concentration area caused by concentration gradient is balanced by
electrical forces of diffusion in generated by electrical fields.
Variant 6
Formulas
Work: Pdv or Fdx
Molar flux: J=-μRT dc/dx - μcFx dφ/dx
Combined law of thermodynamics: dU=TdS - Pdv
Ideal gas law: nRT=PV
SI Units
Work: J
Coefficient of diffusion: m2/s
Electric potential charge: mv
Probability: none
Variant 7
Fill in the blank
P17 6
P45 12
Derive
Donan potential from Nernst equation
Emk+ = EmCl- (Use Nernst potential equation)
Graph
Extinction and concentration (please note absorbance and extinction are same meaning)
Formula
1 Einsten’s equation: D=μRT
2 Mathmatical formula of enthalpy: H=U+PV
3 Ficks law: J=-D dc/dx
4 Facilitated diffusion: J=Jmax*C/Km+C
5 Electric force field : E=F/q
6 Entropy: dS=dQ/T
7 Hydrostatic Pressure: P = ρgh
5 Peroxide p186 4
Abstract hydrogen
React with chlesterol
React with anti-oxidant
React with another peroxy radical (termination stage of lipid peroxidation)
SI units
Charge: c
Helmonz free energy: J
Information content: none
Ideal gas constant: J/mol.k
Hydrostatic pressure gradient: Pa/m
mcq :
about gibbs free energy as functions of.....
P 21 8
P 34 12
P35 13
P 47 3
P 49 12
P 154 11
P 155 15
P 168 2
P 185 11
P 184 6
dμk*=RTln[K]A/[K]B+zF(φA-φB)
dμCl*=RTln[Cl]A/[Cl]B+zF(φA-φB)
RTln[K]A/[K]B+zF(φA-φB)+ RTln[Cl]A/[Cl]B-zF(φA-φB) (Please note sign is minus for Cl).
Cut all steps:
[K]A[Cl]A=[K]B[Cl]B
Formulas
Osmotic pressure: Posm=CRT
Permeability of the membrane: P=DK/d
Criterion of coupled fluxes: dSi/dt = - 1/T dG/dt > 0
Helmholtz F=U-TS
Gibbs: G=U+PV-TS
Flux of matter: J=dm/dAdt dx/dx = vc
Units
Entropy J/K
Mobility for charged particle m2/sV
Electrical Potential: V
Osmotic Pressure: Pa
Radicals
GSH p188 q
between two peroxyl radicals p188 L
the one with nitric oxide p188 u
Haber Weiss p188 k
Answer the questions
Exergonic and endergonic reactions
Endergonic reaction requires external energy to procees. dG>0, dS<0, non-spontaneous,
Exergonic reaction produces energy. It is spontaneous. dG<0, dS>0.
Endergonic reaction needs to be coupled with exergonic reaction to proceed.
dSi/dt=X1J1+X2J2>0
dSi/dt=-1/T dG/dt > 0
Due to concentration gradient, K start to diffuse from A to B (membrane is only permeable to K).
This makes B more positive and A more negative. As a result, electric field is established from B to
A. Because A is more negative, K in B side are attracted to A, so K starts to diffuse from B to A.
True or False
1 p14:1
2 p42:7 (but 7 was changed to 2)
3 p42:9 (but syntactic was changed to semantic)
4 Cistae is in nucleus
5 p91:1
6 Ionophores discharge via concentration gradient
7 p179:22
8 Macrophage transform into monocyte
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
MCQs
1 p21:9
2 p21:10
3 p22:14
4 p35:14
5 p63:13
6 p68:12 (asking what mobility is)
7 p100:14
8
9
10
Formula
1 Partition Coefficient k=Cme/Ce=Cmi/Ci
2 Show Diffusion coefficient is proportional to Temperature. Name the equation Einstein’s equation
D=μRT
3 Dissipative function dSi/dt=-1/T dG/dt > 0
4 Electrical potential φ=Ep/q
5 Transportation rate and velocity and flux J=dm/dtdA dx/dx = vc
6 Flux of electrodiffusion for any ion J=-μRT dc/dx - μcFx dφ/dx
7 Criterion for coupling of fluxes dSi/dt=-1/T dG/dt > 0
Units
1 Heat J
2 Electric Potential V
3 Mobility for charged particle m 2/sV
4 Nuclear Pore Å
5 Probability None
Graph
Draw graph of global and local equilibrium (please exclude B). A is global equilibrium. C and D are
local equilibrium
Derivation
Derive Henderson’s equation and conditions to observe diffusion potential
When J+=J-, diffusion potential reaches its equilibrium and max.
From Nernst Planc molar flux equation,
J=-μ(+)RT dc/dx-μ(+)cFzdφ/dx = μ(-)RT dc/dx+μ(-)cFzdφ/dx (Please note it becomes positive here
due to negative ion)
Cut all steps
> Ed (diffusion potential)=-RT/zF (μ+-μ-)/(μ+-μ-)lnC2/C1
Conditions 1 different mobility, 2 different concentration, 3 non-selective membrane
Calculation
P158:5
Yes Outward.
Electrochemical driving force is Ed=Em-Eeq. Therefore, Ed= -65- (-60log50/5). = -5mV
Free Radicals
1 Example of anabolic reactions
2 Lipid hydroperoxide and transitional metal
3 decomposition of hydroperoxide Glutitanione peroxide
4 NO゜produces hydroxy radical
5 Enzymatic dismutation of superoxide
Conversions
1 ●●k N/M2 > Pa
2 ●● nm > mm
3 ●● pF > mF
4 ●● dm3 > nm3