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STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDECINE AND FARMACEUTICS

„NICOLAE TESTEMIŢANU”

«APPROVED»
Vice-Rector for quality assurance and educational integration,
Doctor Habilitatus in Medicine, Professor

__________________________ OLGA CERNEŢCHI

______” _______” 2017

The QUESTIONS
for the EXAM "SURGICAL DISEASES" PROMOTION at MEDICINE 2 FACULTY
5TH YEAR of dtudy 2017-2018 ACADEMIC YEAR (English version)

Head of Surgical Departament №2,

Doctor Habilitatus in Medicine,
Associate Professor ____________________ VLADIMIR CAZACOV

Chişinău, 2017
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1. Professional ethics. Notion. The moral code and the general culture of the doctor.

2. Parenteral and Enteral nutrition to surgical patients. Indications. Proteico-caloric intake.

Complications.

3. Diseases of the thyroid gland. Notions of Anatomy and physiology. Classification. The clinical
and paraclinical exploration of thyreopathies.

4. Nodular goiter. The etiology. Classification. Epidemiology. Pathology. Positive and differential
diagnosis. Indications for surgical treatment.

5. Endemic and sporadic goiter. The etiology. Classification. Epidemiology. Notion of endemic
area. Pathology. Positive and differential diagnosis. Medical and surgical treatment.

6. Basedow-Graves Disease. The etiology. Classification. Pathology. The clinical picture. Positive
and differential diagnosis. Preoperative preparation. Surgical treatment. Peculiarities of
postsurgical care.

7. Toxic thyroid adenoma Plummer. The etiology. Classification. Pathology. Positive and
differential diagnosis. Preoperative preparation conduct. Surgical treatment.

8. Inflammatory diseases of the thyroid gland. The acute thyroidites and strumites. Subacute
granulomatous thyroiditis (thyroiditis De Quervain). The etiology. The clinical picture. Positive
and differential diagnosis. Medical and surgical treatment.

9. Chronic thyroiditis Hashimoto. Chronic thyroiditis Riedel. The etiology. The clinical picture.
Positive and differential diagnosis. Medical treatment. Indications for surgical treatment.

10. Early and late postoperative complications in surgery of thyreopathies. Clinical manifestations.
Treatment. Prophylaxis.

11. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Epidemiology. The etiology and pathogenesis. Pathological

anatomy. Clinical forms of hyperparathyroidism. Positive diagnosis. Treatment. MEN I-notion.

12. Endogenous hypercorticismus (Cushing's syndrome). The etiology and pathogenesis. The
clinical picture. Positive diagnosis. Indications and contraindications for surgical treatment. The
principles of surgical treatment. Prevention of postoperative complications.

13. Primary hyperaldosteronismus (Conn's syndrome). The etiology and pathogenesis.

Classification. The clinical picture. Positive diagnosis. Indications and contraindications for
surgical treatment. The principles of surgical treatment.

14. Feocromocitoma. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
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diagnosis. Indications and contraindications for surgical treatment. The principles of surgical
treatment. MEN IIA-notion.

15. Tumors of the thymus. Myasthenia gravis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification.
Clinical and paraclinical diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

16. Surgical endocrine pathology of the pancreas. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification.
The positive diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

17. Surgical anatomy of the mediastinum. Paraclinical investigation methods of the patients with
mediastinal diseases.

18. Mediastinal cysts. The etiology and pathogenesis. Notions of anatomy and physiology.
Classification. Symptomatology. Positive and differential diagnosis. Complications. Surgical
treatment.

19. Tumors of the mediastinum. The etiology and pathogenesis. Pathological anatomy.
Classification. Symptomatology. Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Surgical
and combined treatment.

20. Acute mediastinitis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Symptomatology. Positive
and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

21. Esophageal syndrome. Notions of anatomy and physiology. Clinical manifestations. Paraclinical
investigations in diseases of the esophagus.

22 Gastroesophageal reflux disease. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification.

Symptomatology. Positive diagnosis. Surgical treatment. Barrett's esophagus - notion,
symptoms, diagnosis, treatment.

23. Achalasia of the esophagus. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

24. Diverticulas of the esophagus. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical
picture. Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

25. Caustic esophagitis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Pathological anatomy. Classification.
Positive diagnosis. Medical first aid. Conservative treatment. Indications for early bouging
dilatation. Emergency surgical treatment.

26. Esophageal postcaustic stenoses. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Diagnosis. Early
and tardive surgical treatment. Indications for tardive bouging dilatation. Esophageal
reconstruction techniques - Gavriliu, Yudin, Orsoni. Complications.
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27. Traumatic lesions and foreign bodies of the esophagus. Classification. The clinical picture.
Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

28. Esophageal perforations and ruptures. Boerhaave's syndrome. The etiology and pathogenesis.
Classification. The clinical picture. Positive diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

29. Congenital heart defects. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification (patent ductus arteriosus,
septal defects). The clinical picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

30. Methods of investigation of patients with surgical cardio-vascular pathologies.

31. Tetralogy of Fallot. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
and differential diagnosis. Surgical methods of treatment. Palliative care and total correction
surgeries.

32. Coarctation of the aorta. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Methods of surgical treatment.

33. Acquired valvular defects. Classification. Evidence of hemodynamic stages. The clinical picture.
Positive diagnosis. Indications and contraindications for surgical treatment.

34. Mitral valve defects. Stages of hemodynamic disorders. The clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Indications and contraindications for surgical treatment.

35. Surgical treatment of mitral valve defects (comissrotomy, balloon valvuloplasty, valve
prosthesis). Artificial heart valves. Peculiarities of conduct in the postoperative period.

36. Ischemic heart disease. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Positive diagnosis. Surgical treatment. Postoperative complications.

37. Postinfarction aneurysms of the heart. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The
clinical picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

38. Pericarditis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive and
differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

39. Atherosclerotic impairment of the branches of the ascending aorta. Classification. The clinical
picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Indications and surgical methods of treatment.

40. Atherosclerotic lesions of the branches of the abdominal aorta. Syndrome of chronic entero-
mesenteric ischemia. The clinical picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Methods of
surgical treatment.
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41 Aortic aneurysms. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Clinical syndromes. Positive
and differential diagnosis. Methods of contemporary surgical treatment. Complications.

42. Leriche's syndrome. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Methods of contemporary surgical treatment. Expertise of patient's work capacity.

43. Peripheral atherosclerosis obliterans. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Clinical
manifestations of the disease after stages. Positive diagnosis. Conservative and surgical
treatment. Expertise of patient's work capacity.

44. Thrombangitis obliterans (Winiwarter - Buerger disease). The etiology and pathogenesis.
Classification. The clinical picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and
surgical treatment. Prophylaxis. Expertise of patient's work capacity.

45. Arteriovenous fistulas (Parks-Weber-Rubaşov disease). The etiology and pathogenesis. The
clinical picture. Positive diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

46. Syndrome of acute peripheral arterial ischaemia. The etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical
picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment. Prophylaxis.

47. Entero-mesenteric infarction. Etiopathogenesis. Classification. Symptomatology. Paraclinical

diagnosis. Surgical treatment. Complications.

48. Anticoagulant and fibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of thromboembolic complications. The
mechanisms of action. Indications and contraindications. Complications.

49. Methods of investigation of patients with surgical pleuro-pulmonary pathologies.

50. Surgical pleuro-pulmonary affections. Notions of anatomy and physiology. Classification.

Symptomatology. Contemporary methods of diagnostic.

51. Lung abscess. Etiopathogenesis. Pathological anatomy. Classification. Symptomatology.

Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

52. Pulmonary gangrene. Etiopathogenesis. Pathological anatomy. Symptomatology. Positive and

differential diagnosis. Complications. Surgical treatment.

53. The treatment of the pulmonary abscess and gangrene. The indications for surgical treatment.
Indications for drainage and radical operations.

54. Bronchiectasis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Pathological anatomy. Classification.

Symptomatology. Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical
treatment.
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55. Hydatid cyst of the lungs. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Pathological anatomy.
Symptomatology. Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Treatment.

56. Acute nonspecific purulent pleurisy. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Pathological
anatomy. Symptomatology. Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and
surgical tratament.

57. Chronic nonspecific purulent pleurisy. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification.
Pathological anatomy. Symptomatology. Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis.
Conservative and surgical treatment.

58. Pneumothorax. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Positive and differential
diagnosis. Treatment.

59. Haemothorax. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive and
differential diagnosis. Treatment.

60. Diaphragmatic hernias. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Bohdalec, Larrey,
retrosternal (Morgagni) and post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernias. The clinical picture. Positive
and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

61. Relaxation of the diaphragm. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Positive and differential diagnosis. Methods of diaphragmoplasty.

62. Hiatal hernias. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

63. The methods of exploration of the patients with surgical pathologies of the stomach and
duodenum.

64. Anatomy, morphology and physiology of the stomach and duodenum. Phases of gastric
secretion. Methods of examination and their importance in the establishment of operative
indications and selection of the types of surgery in ulcerative disease.

65. Ulcerative disease of the stomach and duodenum. The etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical
picture. Complications. Positive diagnosis. Treatment. Indications for surgical treatment.

66. Acute bleeding of gastroduodenal ulcers. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Positive
diagnosis. Principles of conservative treatment. Methods of endoscopic hemostasis. Surgical
treatment.

67. Acute upper digestive bleedings. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical
picture. Positive diagnosis. Treatment. Methods of endoscopic hemostasis.
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68. Pathology of the operated stomach (postgastrectomy syndromes). The etiology and
pathogenesis. Classification. Peptic ulcer of gastrojejunal anasthomosis. Positive diagnosis.
Treatment.

69. Pathology of the operated stomach (postgastrectomy syndromes). The etiology and
pathogenesis. Classification. Peptic ulcer of the jejunum. Gastro-jejuno-colic fistula. Positive
diagnosis. Complications. Surgical treatment.

70. Dumping syndrome. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

71. Afferent loop syndrome. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

72. Postvagotomy syndromes: gastroesophageal and biliary reflux, gastric atony. The etiology and
pathogenesis. The clinical picture. Positive diagnosis. Treatment.

73. Postvagotomy syndromes: recurrent peptic ulcer, tardive dysphagia, biliary lithiasis, diarrhea.
The etiology and pathogenesis. Positive diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

74. Postoperative conduct of patients after gastric resection. Early complications. The diagnosis.
Treatment.

75. Therapeutic endoscopy in treatment of patients with ulcerative disease of stomach and
duodenum.

76. The methods of exploration of the patients with surgical diseases of the liver and bile ducts.

77. Mechanical jaundice. The classification of jaundice. Bilirubin metabolism. The formation and
excretion of bile. Notion and types of cholestasis.

78. Mechanical jaundice of benign genesis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The
clinical picture. The diagnosis. Contemporary surgical and miniinvasive treatment.

79. Mechanical jaundice of malign genesis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The
clinical picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Contemporary surgical and minimally
invasive treatment.

80. Minimally invasive surgical treatment of obstructive jaundice. Preoprative preparation of

patients with metabolic disorders of homeostasis. Methods for decompression of the bile ducts.

81. Cholangitis. Notion. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Preoperative preparation. Surgical treatment (including miniinvasive methods).
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82. Postcholecystectomy syndrome. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Long cystic duct
stump, remnant gallbladder, coledocolitiasis, strictures of the bile ducts,stenosis of the major
duodenal papilla. The clinical picture. Surgical treatament.

83. Postcholecystectomy syndrome. The clinical picture. Contemporary diagnosis and treatment.
Causes of unsatisfactory results that generate postcholecystectomiy syndrome.

84. Postcholecystectomy syndrome. The principles of surgical treatment of various pathological

states of postcholecystectomy syndrome. Indications and methods of external drainage of bile
ducts.

85. Megacholedochus. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Contemporary treatment.

86. Surgical diseases of the liver. Notions of anatomy and physiology. Classification of surgical
pathology of the liver. Contemporary diagnostic methods.

87. Hepatic abscess. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive and
differential diagnosis. The main used methods of treatment (antibiotherapy, percutaneous
drainage, surgical treatment). Indications.

88. Benign tumors of the liver. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive and differential
diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

89. Hepatic parasitoses. Hydatid cyst and hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. The characteristic of the
parasite. Development cycle. Clinical-morphological peculiarities. Positive and differential
diagnosis. Complications.

90. Non-parasitic hepatic cysts. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Positive and differential diagnosis. Methods of traditional surgical and minimally invasive
laparoscopic treatment. Complications.

91. Hepatic hydatid cyst. Epidemiology. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification.
Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

92. Portal hypertension. Anatomical-physiological peculiarities of the porto-caval system.

Classification. Symptomatology. The methods of paraclinical exploration of patients with
portal hypertension.

93. Portal hypertension. The etiology and pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations. Positive and
differential diagnosis.

94. Portal hypertension. Clinical and evolutional peculiarities depending on the level of the portal
block. Positive and differential diagnosis. Paraclinical exploration methods.
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95. Variceal digestive bleeding. The etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical picture. Positive and
differential diagnosis. Conservative, endoscopic and surgical treatment.

96. Surgical treatment of portal hypertension syndrome. Preoperative preparation and postoperative
conduct.

97. Chronic pancreatitis. Notion. Anatomy and physiology of the pancreas. Methods of exploration
of the patients with surgical pathology of pancreas.

98. Chronic pancreatitis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Clinical picture.
Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis.

99. Treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Principles of conservative treatment. Indications for surgical
treatment. Preoperative preparation. Types of surgical intervences.

100. Pancreatic cysts and pseudocysts. Notion. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification.
Periods of pancreatic pseudocyst’s wall formation. The clinical picture. Positive and
differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

101. Pancreatic fistula. Notion. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

102. Traumatic lesions of the spleen. The etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

103. Hypersplenism. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. Symptomatology. Positive

diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

104. The methods of exploration of the patients with colorectal surgical pathology.

105. Chronic megacolon. Hirschprung's disease. The etiology and pathogenesis. The clinical picture.
Positive and differential diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

106. Non-specific ulcerative colitis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical
picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Complications. Conservative and surgical
treatment.

107. Dolichocolon. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Treatment.

108. Colonic diverticulosis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Positive diagnosis. Complications. Surgical treatment.

109. Crohn's Disease. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
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and differential diagnosis. Complications. Surgical treatment.

110. Polyposis of small and large intestines. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The
Clinical picture. Positive and differential diagnosis. Complications. Surgical treatment.

111. Acute lower digestive bleeding. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical
picture. Positive diagnosis. Surgical treatment. Methods of endoscopic hemostasis and surgical
treatment.

112. Fistulas of the colon and small intestine. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The
clinical picture. Positive diagnosis. Principles of conservative and surgical treatment of
intestinal fistulas.

113. Anus praeter naturalis. Forms. Indications for application.

114. Hemorrhoids. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture.
Complications. Positive and differential diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

115. Anal fissure. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive and
differential diagnosis. Complications. Conservative and surgical treatment.

116. Acute paraproctitis. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical picture. Positive
diagnosis. Surgical treatment.

117. Chronic paraproctitis (anal fistulas). The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical
picture. Positive diagnosis. Conservative and surgical treatment.

118. Peritonitis. Abdominal abscesses. The etiology and pathogenesis. Classification. The clinical
picture. Positive diagnosis. Preoperative preparation. Surgical treatment.

119. Surgical acute abdomen. False acute abdomen. The etiology and pathogenesis. Types of pain
Classification. The clinical picture. Positive and diferetial diagnosis. Treatment.

Chief of Studies,
Surgical departament №2,
Medecine’s Doctor, associated professor ALEXANDRU ILIADI