Jacques Marquette Biography

Missionary (1637–1675)

French missionary and explorer Jacques Marquette is best known as the first European to see and map
the northern portion of the Mississippi River.

Synopsis

Jacques Marquette was born in Laon, France, on June 1, 1637. He joined the Society of Jesus at
age 17 and became a Jesuit missionary. He founded missions in present-day Michigan and later
joined explorer Louis Joliet on an expedition to discover and map the Mississippi River.

Early Life

Frenchman Jacques Marquette became an explorer in the mid-1600s, not only because of his
interest in travel and discovery of new lands, but also because of his religion. At age 17,
Marquette—who was born in Laon, France, on June 1, 1637—joined the Society of Jesus and
became a Jesuit missionary.

Marquette studied and taught in the Jesuit colleges of France for about 12 years before his superiors
assigned him in 1666 to be a missionary to the indigenous people of the Americas. He traveled to
Quebec, Canada, where he demonstrated his penchant for learning indigenous languages:
Marquette learned to converse fluently in six different Native American dialects and became an
expert in the Huron language.
In 1668, Marquette sent to establish more missions farther up the St. Lawrence River in the western
Great Lakes region. He helped establish missions at Sault Ste. Marie in what is now Michigan—
the state's first European settlement—in 1668 and at St. Ignace, also in Michigan, in 1671.

Explorations and Discoveries

On May 17, 1673, Marquette and his friend Louis Joliet (also spelled "Jolliet"), a French-Canadian
fur trader and explorer, were chosen to lead an expedition that included five men and two canoes
to find the direction and mouth of the Mississippi River, which natives had called Messipi, "the
Great Water."

Despite sharing a goal to find the river, the two leaders' ambitions were different: Joliet, an
experienced mapmaker and geographer, was focused on the finding itself, while Marquette wanted
to spread the word of God among the people he encountered on the way there.

Marquette's group traveled westward to Green Bay in present-day Wisconsin, ascended the Fox
River to a portage that crossed to the Wisconsin River and entered the Mississippi near Prairie du
Chien on June 17, 1673. Following the river to the mouth of the Arkansas River—within 435 miles
of the Gulf of Mexico—Marquette and Joliet learned that it flowed through hostile Spanish
domains. Fearing an encounter with Spanish colonists and explorers, they decided to return
homeward by way of the Illinois River in mid-July.

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While Joliet continued on to Canada to relay news of the expedition and its discoveries, Marquette
stayed behind in Green Bay. In 1674, he set out to found a mission among the Illinois Indians. As
a result of the cold winter weather, he and two companions camped near the site of what is now
Chicago, becoming the first Europeans to live there. In the spring, Marquette reached the Indians
he sought, but illness—dysentery he contracted while on his mission—forced him to return home.
He died on May 18, 1675, en route to St. Ignace at the mouth of a river later named Père Marquette
in his honor.

Recognition and Memorials

Marquette has been recognized and memorialized for his accomplishments, particularly in the
names of many towns, parks and geographical locations. Marquette University in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, was named for him. Several statues have also been erected in his honor, including one
at the Prairie du Chien post office, at Quebec's parliament building and in his birthplace of Laon,
France.