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But F12 = −F21 (2) i.e.
dp1 dp2 d( p1 + p2 )
F12 + F21 = 0 = + = (3)
dt dt € dt
That is, considering the case of a gravita)onal interac)ons, the rate of change of total
momentum is zero, i.e. total momentum is conserved.
More generally, Newton’s 3rd law requires all forces to come in pairs – ac)on and reac)on
are equal and opposite – i.e. for any 2 interac)ng bodies, equa)on (2) applies, so equa)on
(3) applies generally, not just for gravity, so conserva)on of linear momentum is thus
required by Newton’s 3rd law.
Archer Example
l The archer is standing on a frictionless surface (ice)
l Approaches:
l Newton’s Second Law – no, no information about F or a
l Energy approach – no, no information about work or energy
l Momentum – yes
mAvAi + mavai = mAvAf + mavaf
0+ 0 = mAvAf + mavaf ⇒ mAvAf = -mavaf
So if mA >> ma then vAf << vaf
l The final velocity of the archer (A) is
negative
l Indicates he moves in a direction
opposite the arrow (a)
l Archer has much higher mass than
arrow, so velocity is much lower
Impulse and Momentum
! ! dp
l From Newton’s Second Law, F = (F =ma = mdv/dt = dp/dt)
! dt
! !
l Solving for dp gives dp = ∑Fdt
l Integrating to find the change in momentum over some time interval
! ! ! tf ! !
Δp = pf − pi = ∫ Fdt = I
! ti
l The integral is called the impulse, I , of the force acting on an object
over Δt
! ! ! !
m1v1i + m2 v2i = m1v1f + m2 v2f
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
m1v1i + m2 v2i = m1v1f + m2 v2f
2 2 2 2
Ballistic Pendulum
l Isolated system of projectile
and block
l Perfectly inelastic collision.
The bullet is embedded in
the block of wood
l Momentum equation will
have two unknowns
l Use conservation of energy
from the pendulum to find
the velocity just after the
collision
l Then you can find the
speed of the bullet
l Energy is transferred during
the perfectly inelastic
collision
Conservation of momentum:
m1v1A + 0 = (m1+m2)vB
vB = m1v1A/(m1+m2)
l ! is moving at
Particle 1
velocity v and particle 2 is
1i
at rest
l In the x-direction, the initial
momentum is m1v1i
l In the y-direction, the initial
momentum is 0
For example
l After the collision, the
momentum in the x-
direction is
m1v1f cos θ + m2v2f cos φ
l After the collision, the
momentum in the y-
direction is
m1v1f sin θ + m2v2f sin φ
l If the collision is elastic,
apply the kinetic energy
equation
l This is an example of a
glancing collision
Two-Dimensional Collisions - tips
l Ignore friction
l Model the cars as particles
l The collision is perfectly
inelastic
l The cars stick together
FIRST! Draw a diagram and write
down all the information given
Examine momentum in each component