For the provision of tying method, the requirements for disproportionate collapse may be assumed

to be satisfied provided that the following five conditions a) to e) are met.

a) Beams or ties should be provided in two directions approximately at right angles at each
floor and roof level. These ties and their end connections should be checked for the
following tensile forces, which need not be considered as additive to other loads:

Internal ties: 0.5 (1.4gk + 1.6qk) st L n

Edge ties: 0.25 (1.4gk + 1.6qk) st L n
where gk is the total specified dead load per unit area
qk is the total specified imposed load per unit area
st is the mean transverse spacing of the ties adjacent to the tie being checked
L is the span
n is a reduction factor relating to the number of storeys in the structure
(n = 0 for 1 storey, n = 0.25 for 2 storeys, n = 0.5 for 3 storeys,
n = 0.75 for 4 storeys and n = 1.0 for 5 or more storeys).

Alternatively the tie force may be taken as the larger of the two end reactions of the
member under factored loads multiplied by n. In no case should the tie force be taken as
less than 75kN.
For composite and in-situ floors the reinforcement in the floor construction, providing it
is suitably designed and detailed, may be used to resist the tie forces (reference should be
made to BS8110-1:199718).
For the purposes of calculating the tying capacity for avoidance of disproportionate
collapse, it may be assumed that substantial deformation of members and their
connections is acceptable.
A typical arrangement of ties in a Class 2B building is shown in Fig. 20.
b) Columns nearest to the edges of the floors and roof should be anchored with horizontal
ties, acting perpendicular to the edge with a tying capacity at least equal to the tie force
defined in a) above and not less than 1% of the factored vertical load in the column at
the level of the tie.
c) Column splices should be checked for a tensile force equal to the largest sum of the
factored vertical dead and imposed load reactions from all the beams connected to the
column at a single floor level located between that column splice and the next column
splice below. All columns should be carried through at each beam to column connection.

d) The bracing system should be distributed throughout the building such that, in each of
two directions approximately at right angles, no substantial portion of the building is
connected at only one point to a bracing system.

e) Precast concrete or other heavy floor and roof units should be effectively anchored in the
direction of their span either to each other over supports or directly to their supports in
accordance with BS8110-1:199718.

IStructE/ICE Manual for the design of steelwork building structures 3rd edition 69