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7. Standardization of Apparatus
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on 7.1 Remove the glass disk from the bottom of the oil tube.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Clean the disk, oil tube, and plain tube. When deposits are not
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke, and Oil Shale.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1994. Published April 1994. Originally
published as D 156 – 23 T. Last previous edition D 156 – 87.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
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D 156
TABLE 1 Saybolt Colors Corresponding to Depths of Oil
Number of Color Number of Color Depth of Oil,
Depth of Oil, in. (mm) Color Number Color Number
Standards Standards in. (mm)
One-half 20.00 (508) + 30 Two 6.00 (152) +6
One-half 18.00 (457) + 29 Two 5.75 (146) +5
One-half 16.00 (406) + 28 Two 5.50 (139) +4
One-half 14.00 (355) + 27 Two 5.25 (133) +3
One-half 12.00 (304) + 26 Two 5.00 (127) +2
One 20.00 (508) + 25 Two 4.75 (120) +1
One 18.00 (457) + 24 Two 4.50 (114) 0
One 16.00 (406) + 23 Two 4.25 (107) −1
One 14.00 (355) + 22 Two 4.00 (101) −2
One 12.00 (304) + 21 Two 3.75 (95) −3
One 10.75 (273) + 20 Two 3.625 (92) −4
One 9.50 (241) + 19 Two 3.50 (88) −5
One 8.25 (209) + 18 Two 3.375 (85) −6
One 7.25 (184) + 17 Two 3.25 (82) −7
One 6.25 (158) + 16 Two 3.125 (79) −8
Two 10.50 (266) + 15 Two 3.00 (76) −9
Two 9.75 (247) + 14 Two 2.875 (73) −10
Two 9.00 (228) + 13 Two 2.75 (69) −11
Two 8.25 (209) + 12 Two 2.625 (66) −12
Two 7.75 (196) + 11 Two 2.50 (63) −13
Two 7.25 (184) + 10 Two 2.375 (60) −14
Two 6.75 (171) +9 Two 2.25 (57) −15
Two 6.50 (165) +8 Two 2.125 (53) −16
Two 6.25 (158) +7
removable by wiping or solvent rinsing, wash with soap and tube with the test specimen compare with a whole color
water. After cleaning, rinse with distilled water and with standard. When the test specimen is lighter than the color
acetone or some other suitable solvent, and dry. Assemble the standard, remove the standard and replace it with a half
oil tube, and position the tubes in the instrument. standard. When the sample is darker than the single whole
7.2 Using the specified light source and illumination, ob- standard at 61⁄4 in. (158 mm), add another whole standard.
serve the comparative light intensity of the two halves of the Caution—It is important that all samples in the color tubes be
optical field, with both tubes empty, and with the 12-mm free from air bubbles.
diaphragm removed from under the plain tube. The intensity of 10.2 With the proper color standard or standards in place,
light observed in each half of the optical field must be the and the test specimen in the oil tube at a level where its color
same. Adjustment in the position of the light source may be is decidedly darker than that of the color standard, draw off the
necessary to achieve this match. test specimen slowly by means of the petcock until the oil
7.3 Replace the 12-mm diaphragm under the plain tube, and appears just slightly darker than the color standard. From this
fill the oil tube to the 20 in. (508-mm) mark with distilled point, draw the test specimen level down to the nearest depth
water. The intensity of the light observed in each half of the corresponding to color number as shown in Table 1. When the
optical field must be the same, for the instrument to be judged color of the oil observed through the eyepiece is still darker
satisfactory for use. The optical properties of glass, from than the color standard, draw the oil down to the next depth
different batches, can vary significantly and it is recommended given in Table 1, and compare. Continue this operation until a
that only matched tubes, such as described in the Appendix, be depth is reached where the test specimen and color standard
used in this test. When a tube is broken, replace both tubes with match, or show questionable differences. At this point, lower
a matched pair of tubes. the oil column to the next specified depth and, when the oil is
unmistakably lighter than the color standard, record the color
8. Sampling corresponding to the next higher level as the Saybolt color.
8.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with the instruc- 10.3 Experience in the use of this instrument will obviate
tions in Practice D 4057. the necessity of following the step-by-step procedure outlined
in 10.2 for choosing the proper color standards for each
9. Preparation of Test Specimen sample. Examples of the procedure are given in Table 2.
9.1 When the sample is turbid, filter through a sufficient
number of qualitative filter papers until it is clear. TABLE 2 Example of Procedure
9.2 When preparing petroleum wax for testing do not heat Using One Using Two
excessively, because oxidation can occur, with consequent Whole Color Whole Color
Observation
discoloration of the test specimen. Standard, in. Standards,
(mm) in. (mm)
10. Procedure for Refined Light Oils and Pharmaceutical Oil darker at depth of 16 (406) 4.5 (102)
Oil darker at depth of 14 (355) 4.25 (107)
White Oils Oil questionable at depth of 12 (304) 4.0 (101)
10.1 Flush the oil tube with a portion of the test specimen, Oil lighter at depth of 10.75 (273) 3.75 (95)
Saybolt color + 21 −2
taking care to allow the tube to drain thoroughly. Fill the oil
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D 156
11. Procedure for Petroleum Wax 13.2.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
11.1 Heat the wax test specimen to 8 to 17°C above its test results obtained by the same operator with the same
congealing point as determined in accordance with Test apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
Method D 938. Preheat the oil tube. material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
11.2 Pour the liquid wax into the oil tube; turn the heating operation of the test method, exceed the following value only
element off, and, after the heat waves in the test specimen can in one case in twenty:
no longer be noted, obtain the required readings as directed in 1 color unit (1)
Section 10.
13.2.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
12. Report and independent test results obtained by different operators
12.1 Report the recorded color units as “Saybolt color working in different laboratories on identical test material
——————”; when the sample has been filtered, add the would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
words “(sample filtered).” the test method exceed the following value only in one case in
twenty:
13. Precision and Bias 2 color units (2)
13.1 The precision of this test is not known to have been
13.3 Bias—The procedure in this test method has no bias
obtained in accordance with currently accepted guidelines (for
because the value of Saybolt Color is subjective and can only
example, in Committee D-2 RR: D02-1007, Manual on
be defined in terms of this test method.
Determining Precision Data for ASTM Methods on Petroleum
Products and Lubricants).
14. Keywords
13.2 The precision of this test method as obtained by
statistical examination of interlaboratory test results is as 14.1 aviation gasoline; color; jet fuel; kerosine; motor
follows: gasoline; oils; petroleum wax; Saybolt Color; white oils
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. APPARATUS
A1.1.3 Plain Tube—Use a glass tube4 or its equivalent in matched in their refracting angles and areas, and so mounted as
color characteristics, 483 mm long, meeting the diameter to avoid the possibility of disarrangement. Arrange the prisms
specifications given in A1.1.1, and open at both ends, with one so that the light rays passing through the tubes are deflected
end mounted in a suitable metal collar. The over-all length of into an optical head and can be viewed by the eyepiece. The
the tube and collar, assembled, shall be 516 to 518 mm. The arrangement must be such as to provide a circular field of
collar provides a place to locate the color standards and a black vision free from distortion and parallax (Note A1.1), one half
metal diaphragm with a circular aperture 12 mm in diameter in of which is illuminated by the light transmitted by the sample,
the optical field. See A1.1.1.1. and the other half by the color standard.
A1.1.4 Tube Assembly—Mount the tubes securely in a NOTE A1.1—An adapter (Fig. A1.3) may be used to locate the light rays
vertical and central position with respect to the optical viewer. passing up through the center of the eyepiece. The adapter consists of a
Cover the upper ends of the tubes with removable diaphragmed metal collar of such diameter as to fit the outside diameter of the eyepiece
metal caps about 25 mm in length. The caps shall be of closely. It is approximately 50 mm long, and closed at one end with a
sufficient diameter to slip easily over the ends of the tubes. The metal diaphragm having a centrally located aperture approximately 2.5
aperture in the diaphragm of the cap shall be 14 mm in mm in diameter.
diameter. A1.1.6 Illumination—Arrange for the light to be transmitted
A1.1.5 Optical Viewer—Provide the chromometer with a through the tubes by means of a reflecting mirror of either
suitable optical viewer head consisting of prisms and an white opal glass or clear glass, with a uniform coating of
eyepiece containing a lens. Provide prisms of a suitble form, untarnished silver on one surface. Fix the mirror at a suitable
4
D 156
TABLE A1.1 Characteristics of Color Standards
Color Limits with:
Characteristics Whole Color Standard One-half Color Standard
Tw 0.860 to 0.865 0.888 to 0.891
x 0.342 to 0.350 0.327 to 0.331
y 0.367 to 0.378 0.344 to 0.350
z 0.272 to 0.291 0.319 to 0.330
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