1.a)Describe the main functions to be performed for interfacing a keyboard?

Ans: At its essence, a keyboard is a series of switches connected to a microprocessor that monitors the
state of each switch and initiates a specific response to a change in that state.
The processor in a keyboard has to understand several things that are important to the utility of the
keyboard, such as:
• Position of the key in the key matrix.
• The amount of bounce and how to filter it.
• The speed at which to transmit the typematics.

The key matrix is the grid of circuits underneath the keys. In all keyboards except for capacitive ones,
each circuit is broken at the point below a specific key. Pressing the key bridges the gap in the circuit,
allowing a tiny amount of current to flow through. The processor monitors the key matrix for signs of
continuity at any point on the grid. When it finds a circuit that is closed, compares the location of that
circuit on the key matrix to the character map in its ROM. The character map is basically a comparison
chart for the processor that tells it what the key at x,y coordinates in the key matrix represents. If more
than one key is pressed at the same time, the processor checks to see if that combination of keys has a
designation in the character map. For example, pressing the ‘a’ key by itself would result in a small letter
"a" being sent to the computer. If you press and hold down the Shift key while pressing the ‘a’ key, the
processor compares that combination with the character map and produces a capital letter "A".

Keyboards rely on switches that cause a change in the current flowing through the circuits in the
keyboard. When the key presses the keyswitch against the circuit, there is usually a small amount of
vibration between the surfaces, known as bounce. The processor in a keyboard recognizes that this very
rapid switching on and off is not caused by you pressing the key repeatedly. Therefore, it filters all of the
tiny fluctuations out of the signal and treats it as a single keypress, just like a circuit debouncer (maybe
SR latch).
If you continue to hold down a key, the processor determines that you wish to send that character
repeatedly to the computer. This is known as typematics. In this process, the delay between each instance
of a character can normally be set in software, typically ranging from 30 characters per second (cps) to as
few as two cps.

1.b)Show the Non-multiplexed and multiplexed hexadecimal 7 segments

display.
Ans:

1.c)Discuss the responsibilities of DMA controller

Ans:
For the execution of a computer program, it requires the synchronous working of more than one
component of a computer. For example, Processors – providing necessary control information,
addresses…etc, buses – to transfer information and data to and from memory to I/O
devices…etc. The interesting factor of the system would be the way it handles the transfer of
information among processor, memory and I/O devices. Usually, processors control all the
process of transferring data, right from initiating the transfer to the storage of data at the
destination. This adds load on the processor and most of the time it stays in the ideal state, thus
decreasing the efficiency of the system. To speed up the transfer of data between I/O devices and
memory, DMA controller acts as station master. DMA controller transfers data with minimal
intervention of the processor.
The term DMA stands for direct memory access. The hardware device used for direct memory
access is called the DMA controller. DMA controller is a control unit, part of I/O device’s
interface circuit, which can transfer blocks of data between I/O devices and main memory with
minimal intervention from the processor.

1.DMA speedups the memory operations by bypassing the involvement of the CPU.
2.The work overload on the CPU decreases.
3.For each transfer, only a few numbers of clock cycles are required

2.a)Show 8*8 dot matrix pattern for generating character A.

Ans:

2.b)Show the interfacing of intel 8275 CRT controller with microcomputer

Ans:
2.c)What is bitmapping?How does it apply to graphics?
Ans: A bitmap (or raster graphic) is a digital image composed of a matrix of dots. When viewed
at 100%, each dot corresponds to an individual pixel on a display. In a standard bitmap image,
each dot can be assigned a different color. Together, these dots can be used to represent any type
of rectangular picture.

If you zoom into a bitmap image, regardless of the file format, it will look blocky because each
dot will take up more than one pixel. Therefore, bitmap images will appear blurry if they are
enlarged. Vector graphics, on the other hand, are composed of paths instead of dots, and can be
scaled without reducing the quality of the image.
The process of applying bitmap into image is given below:
Vector (also known as "object-oriented") graphics are constructed using mathematical formulas
describing shapes, colors, and placement. Rather than a grid of pixels, a vector graphic consists
of shapes, curves, lines, and text which together make a picture. While a bitmap image contains
information about the color of each pixel, a vector graphic contains instructions about where to
place each of the components. It is even possible to embed a bitmap graphic within a vector
graphic, which is how vector-bitmap hybrid graphics work. It is not possible, however, to embed
vector information within a bitmap. Examples of vector graphic formats are PICT, EPS, and
WMF as well as PostScript and TrueType fonts. These are created with GIS and CAD
applications as well as drawing programs like FreeHand.

SVG, or Scalable Vector Graphics, is a language for describing vector graphics in XML. With
SVG, you can code graphics directly into an XML document.

3.a)What does the different between the following:

i)Serial and parallel printers
ii)Impact and non-Impact printers
iii)Optical and non-optical mouse

i)
The parallel port found on computers is for connecting peripherals, where many bits of data are
sent at once, in parallel communication, and requires multiple data lines in their cables and are
also larger than the modern serial ports. Modern computers tend to be manufactured without
serial ports, and require serial-to-USB converters to allow compatibility with Serial / RS-232
serial devices.

The serial port is a serial communication interface, that sends bits of data, one at a time,
requiring one data line and are smaller than the parallel ports. Suprisingly and interestingly,
interfaces such as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB sends data as a serial stream. Serial port
identifies hardware as compliant to the RS-232 standard, intended to interface with a modem or
with a similar communication device.

Serial ports are still used in applications like point of sale systems, scientific instruments,
industrial automation systems, and some industrial and consumer products. Server computers
may use a serial port as a control console for diagnostics. Network equipment (such as routers
and switches) often use serial console for configuration. Serial ports are used in these areas as
they are simple, cheap and their console functions are highly standardized and widespread. A
serial port requires very little supporting software from the host system.
The parallel interface needs many wires to carry 8 or more bits of a byte at a time, adding to the
cable's complexity and cost.

Cables for serial printers use multi-wire cables fitted with nine or 25-pin "D" type miniature
connectors, one pair of wires for sending, one for receiving, an electrical ground and data
signalling wires. It uses two wires to carry data each way, sending data one bit at a time. A
printed document becomes a stream of ones and zeros in single file.

ii)
An impact printer creates an image on paper by striking the paper with a metal, plastic or rubber
impression tool; examples, typewriter, dot matrix printer, letterpress or rubber stamp.

A non-impact printer creates an image on paper by spraying ink on the paper (inkjet),
electrostatic transfer (laser printer or copier) or offset printing transferring the image to paper
from a rubber blanket. Mimeograph and hectograph may also be considered non-impact printing
as they create an image on a stencil or gelatin plate before transferring the image to paper.

iii)
The Light Source:
One of the most notable differences between a optical mouse and laser mouse s the light source
they employ. Usually the optical mice use a red LED or in some cases blue LED as a light
source. But the laser mouse use a infrared laser beam as light source. This infrared light is not
visible to the naked eye so it appears as if there is no illumination on the bottom surface of the
mouse.

The Laser Mouse Offers More Buttons:

The Laser mouse has extra buttons so as to suit the purposes of the user. However, a optical
mouse only consists of two buttons and a scrolling wheel. Also the extra buttons provided in the
laser mouse can be programmed by the user. Hence a good user experience is guaranteed.

How Sensitive They Are:

One look at the DPI value and you can understand how sensitive a particular mouse is. The DPI (
Dots Per Inch) is defined as the number of movements that a mouse can interpret as the mouse
moves for an inch. Generally the DPI value should be more to ensure better performance. In case
of the optical mouse the DPI is around 800 while laser mouse have DPI around 3000.

The Surface Of Operation:

The most appreciable contribution of the optical mouse is to work perfectly on almost all
surfaces. But the basic working principle of optical mice is hampered by reflective or glossy
surfaces. Few models of optical mouse are hence to be used only along with a mouse pad.
Anyway there are no such shortcomings with the laser mouse. They are more versatile and can
work on any surface.

The Cost:
Generally, the starting prices of both these types are almost same. But the high end game
supporting laser mice are lot more costlier than the optical mice. This is mainly because of the
wide features they offer their users which include the programmable buttons.

3.b)Describe the operating modes of programmable peripheral Interface

8255A.
Ans: Operating modes –
1. Bit set reset (BSR) mode –
If MSB of control word (D7) is 0, PPI works in BSR mode. In this mode only port C bits
are used for set or reset.

2. Input-Outpt mode –
If MSB of control word (D7) is 1, PPI works in input-output mode. This is further divided
into three modes:

 Mode 0 –In this mode all the three ports (port A, B, C) can work as simple input
function or simple output function. In this mode there is no interrupt handling
capacity.
  Mode 1 – Handshake I/O mode or strobbed I/O mode. In this mode either port A or
port B can work as simple input port or simple output port, and port C bits are used
for handshake signals before actual data transmission. It has interrupt handling
capacity and input and output are latched.
Example: A CPU wants to transfer data to a printer. In this case since speed of
processor is very fast as compared to relatively slow printer, so before actual data
transfer it will send handshake signals to the printer for synchronization of the speed
of the CPU and the peripherals.

 Mode 2 – Bi-directional data bus mode. In this mode only port A works, and port B
can work either in mode 0 or mode 1. 6 bits port C are used as handshake signals. It
also has interrupt handling capacity.

4.a)What do you mean by peripheral Devices of a computer?Give examples.

Ans:
A computer peripheral is a device that is connected to a computer but is not part of the core
computer architecture. The core elements of a computer are the central processing unit, power
supply, motherboard and the computer case that contains those three components. Technically
speaking, everything else is considered a peripheral device. However, this is a somewhat narrow
view, since various other elements are required for a computer to actually function, such as a
hard drive and random-access memory (or RAM).
Peripheral devices fall into three main categories:
Input devices, which send data to the computer.
Output devices, which receive data from the computer.
Input/output devices, such as storage devices.
Examples of Peripheral Devices:
Mouse
Keyboard
Webcam
Microphone
Monitor
Speakers
Projector
Printer
USB Flash Drive
External Hard Drive

4.b)Briefly describe the Hard Disk Drive Construction and IDE drives
interface.
Ans:
HDD consists of:
1.A head disk assembly (HDA)
2.Data separator and
3.A formatter
4.Use magnetic media to store the information.
5.Have the maximum of 8 rotating disks.
6.Use one head for each surface of a disk.
7.Capacity of HHD is the product of sector size, number of sector per track, number of tracks
and number of surfaces.
8.Typically hard disk have the speed of rotation in the range of 5,400 to 10,000 RPM
IDE drive interface:
1.The Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) integrates the disk controller into the drive assembly
itself.
2.Drive is connected with the motherboard using a signal carrying cable called IDE connector.
Integrated controller on the drive has the following features:
3.It requires less number of ports.
4.Signal pathways are shorter and hence improved reliability.
5.Integrating the controller is much easier for the manufacturer.
6.AT Attachment IDE interface is the most popular HD interface.
7.Capable of operating two drives connecting in a daisy chain configuration.
8.One drive is specified as master and other drive is specified as slave.
9.The ATA cables has 3 connectors.

4.c)Briefly describe about Cpacitive,Mechanical,Membrane and Hall effect

keyboard switches.
Ans:
Capacitive keyboard
In this type of keyboard, pressing a key changes the capacitance of a pattern of capacitor pads.
The pattern consists of two D-shaped capacitor pads for each switch, printed on a printed circuit
board (PCB) and covered by a thin, insulating film of soldermask which acts as a dielectric.

Despite the sophistication of the concept, the mechanism of capacitive switching is physically
simple. The movable part ends with a flat foam element about the size of an aspirin tablet,
finished with aluminum foil. Opposite the switch is a PCB with the capacitor pads. When the key
is pressed, the foil tightly clings to the surface of the PCB, forming a daisy chain of two
capacitors between contact pads and itself separated with thin solder mask, and thus "shorting"
the contact pads with an easily detectable drop of capacitive reactance between them. Usually
this permits a pulse or pulse train to be sensed. Because the switch doesn't have an actual
electrical contact, there is no debouncing necessary. The keys do not need to be fully pressed to
be actuated, which enables some people to type faster. The sensor tells enough about the position
of the key to allow the user to adjust actuation point (key sensitivity).

Mechanical-switch keyboard
Each key on a mechanical-switch keyboard contains a complete switch underneath. Each switch
is composed of a housing, a spring, and a stem, and sometimes other parts such as a separate
tactile leaf or a clickbar. Switches come in three variants: linear with consistent resistance; tactile
with a non-audible bump; and clicky, a tactile with an audible click.[4] Depending on the
resistance of the spring, the key requires different amounts of pressure to actuate and to bottom
out. The shape of the stem as well as the design of the switch housing varies the actuation
distance and travel distance of the switch. The amount of sound produced by actuation can also
be changed by the addition of rubber dampeners. Like other types of keyboards, mechanical
keyboards allow for the removal and replacement of keycaps, but replacing them is more
common with mechanical keyboards due to common stem shapes.

Membrane keyboard

Flat-panel membrane keyboards are most often found on appliances like microwave ovens or
photocopiers. A common design consists of three layers. The top layer has the labels printed on
its front and conductive stripes printed on the back. Under this it has a spacer layer, which holds
the front and back layer apart so that they do not normally make electrical contact. The back
layer has conductive stripes printed perpendicularly to those of the front layer. When placed
together, the stripes form a grid. When the user pushes down at a particular position, their finger
pushes the front layer down through the spacer layer to close a circuit at one of the intersections
of the grid. This indicates to the computer or keyboard control processor that a particular button
has been pressed.

Hall-effect keyboard
Hall effect keyboards use magnets and Hall effect sensors instead of switches with mechanical
contacts. When a key is depressed, it moves a magnet that is detected by a solid-state sensor.
Because they require no physical contact for actuation, Hall-effect keyboards are extremely
reliable and can accept millions of keystrokes before failing. They are used for ultra-high
reliability applications such as nuclear power plants, aircraft cockpits, and critical industrial
environments. They can easily be made totally waterproof, and can resist large amounts of dust
and contaminants. Because a magnet and sensor are required for each key, as well as custom
control electronics, they are expensive to manufacture.

5.a)Distinguish between serial and parallel ports

Ans:
Difference between Serial port and Parallel Ports:

S.NO SERIAL PORT PARALLEL PORT

1.Serial port is used to achieve serial transmission. While parallel port is used to achieve
parallel transmission.
2.The transmission speed of serial port is comparatively low as compared to parallel port
transmission speed. While transmission speed of parallel port is higher than serial port
transmission speed.
3.In serial port communication less number of wires are used. While in parallel port
communication more number of wires are used as compared to serial port.
4.A serial port is capable of delivering the single stream of data. While a parallel port is
capable of delivering multiple streams of data.
5.Serial port send a bit after another bite at a time. While parallel ports send multiple bits at
once.
6.In a serial port, male ports are involved. While in a parallel port, female ports are involved.
7.Serial ports are typically implemented in modems, connecting devices, security cameras and
controllers. Parallel ports are typically implemented in zip-drives, printers, hard drives, CD-
ROM drives, etc.

5.b)Describe the keyboard’s protocol.

Ans: Modern keyboard supports bidirectional data transfer
The system has the higher priority than the keyboard
Data flow from keyboard to system:
The keyboard sends data to the system when both KBD data and KBD clock lines are high(idle)
The KBD clock line can be used as a clear to send (CTS) line
The keyboard buffers any input data until the KBD clock is released
The keyboard prepares to accept command from the system, when KBD data goes low.
Data transmission keyboard to system is done with a frame of 11 bits.

Data flow from system to keyboard:

Data flow is initiated by taking the KBD line low
5.c)Breifly describe serial,PS2 AND USB mouse interface techniques.
Ans:
Serial Mouse
The serial mouse was connected to the computer via the serial port. A serial port is a physical
communication interface through which information is transferred in and out of the computer bit
by bit.The serial port is a D-type 9 pin male port (DB9M) at the back of the motherboard. Its
corresponding connector must then be a female connector for them to mate correctly. The serial
mouse is obsolete.
PS/2 Mouse
The PS/2 mouse is connected to the PS/2 port (green in colour). The PS/2 mouse connector is a
6-pin mini-din connector designed in 1987. It superseded the serial connectors. Its name is
derived from the IBM's personal systems/2 series of personal computers, which were introduced
in 1987.This PS/2 mouse port first featured in these PS/2 systems and continued being used in
newer designs even after the PS/2 systems were no longer in production. The colour code for the
PS/2 port for most computers is usually green.
USB Mouse
The physical shape and appearance of the USB mouse is similar to the others. The only
difference is the connector that connects to a USB port on the back of your PC.The Universal
Serial Bus has to come to replace the PS/2 ports, though most of the computers still have the
PS/2 ports. This industry standard was developed in the mid-1990s. It defines the cables,
connectors and communication protocols for connection and communication between computers
and attached peripheral devices.
The USB port also provides power to the attached device hence eliminating the need for power
connectors. It was purely designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals like
mice, keyboards, digital cameras, smartphones, PDAs, Video game consoles, removable disk
drives etc.

6.a)What is programmable Peripheral Interface Devices?

Ans: Programmable peripheral devices were introduced by Intel to increase the overall
performance of the system. These devices along with I/O functions, they perform various other
functions such as time delays, counters and interrupt handling. These devices are nothing but a
combination of many devices on a single chip. A programmable device can be set up to perform
specific function by writing a code in the internal register. As this code controls the function of
the device it’s called control word and internal register in which it is stored is called Control
Register.

6.b)Show the block diagram of multipurpose PPI device 8155.

Ans:

6.c)Show the interfacing 8155 with 8085

Ans:
6.d)How to calculate address port of 8155.Explain with example.
Ans:
7.a)Discuss the features of 8155.
Ans:
8155 features:

1. Two programmable 8 bit i/o ports

2. One programmable 6 bit i/o ports
3. One programmable 14 bit binary counter and timer.
4. 2kbits static RAM 256x8.
5. Address bus AD0- AD7
6. It contains an internal select logic for memory and i/o using a command register and two i/o
ports.
7. It can be easily interfaced with 8085 microprocessor.
7.b)Write the control word definition for 8155.
Ans:
A command/instruction for 8155 is also called control word
This control word is written to control register of 8155
Control word of 8155 is of 8-bits

7.c)Describe the mode selection of 8155using 2 bits M2 and M1.

Ans:
The 8155 timer consists of two 8-bit registers.

1. 8-bit LSB and 8-bit MSB.

2. In these 16 bits, 14 bits are used for counter and two bit for mode selection.
3. The counter is a 14 bit down counter. It can operate in 4 different modes of operation
Timer MSB:

We can select mode using two bits M2 and M1.

M2 M1
00(Mode 0)- Single Square Wave
01(Mode 1)- Square Wave
10(Mode 2)- Single Pulse on TC(terminal count)
11(Mode 3)- Pulse every TC

Mode 0: In this mode, timer gives only one cycle of square wave, the output remains high for
1/2 count and remain s low for 1/2 count. If count is odd it remains high for (n+1)/2 and low for
(n-1)/2. Where n is count value. Wave width depends on two factor: one is Input clock pulse
frequency, and the other is count loaded in counter.
Mode 1: This mode is similar to single square wave in operation but the when counter becomes
zero, the count value is automatically reloaded. Thus it provides continuous square wave.
Mode 2: This mode gives a single clock pulse as a output of the end of the count.The output is
high normally, but it becomes low for 1 clock pulse and again it will become high and remain
high.

Mode 3: This mode is similar to mode 2 but when the counter becomes zero the count value is
automatically reloaded. Thus it provides continuous pulses.

7.d)Show interfacing of 7 segment LEDs to output port using 8155.

Ans:
8.a)Distinguish between SRAM and DRAM interfacing.
Ans:
8.b)Show the internal block diagram of 8237 DMA controller and describe
each part briefly.
Ans:
8.c)What are the data transfer modes of 8237 DMA Controller.
Ans:
Single transfer mode: It releases the HOLD signal after each byte of data transferred
Block transfer mode: automatically transfers the number of bytes indicated by the count
register for a channel.
Demand transfer mode: it transfer data until an EOP is input or until the DREQ input become
inactive
Cascade mode: used when more than one 8237 is present in the system.

8.d)Describe the internal command and status registers for 8237 DMA
controller.
Ans:
Internal Command and Programming:
The internal registers used in the 8237 for data transfer are as follows:

Base address register: To store the initial address from where data transfer will take place
Base word count register: To store the number of transfers to be performed
Current address register: To store the current address from where data is being transferred
Current word count register: To store the number of transfers remaining to be performed
Temporary address register: To hold address of data during memory-to-memory transfer
Temporary word count register: To hold number of transfers to be performed in memory-to-
memory transfer
Mode register: 8-bit register which stores the channel to be used, the operating mode, i.e. the
transfer mode, and other transfer parameters
Command register: 8-bit register which initializes the channel to be used for data transfer
Request register: 8-bit register used to indicate which channel is requesting for data transfer
Mask register: 8-bit register used to mask a particular channel from requesting for DMA service
Status register: 8-bit register used to indicate which channel is currently under DMA service and
some other parameters