2.1 Introduction To Well Testing PDF

1.2.
Introduction to Well Testing
2.1 Introduction to Well Testing

Introduction to Well Testing
Instructional Objectives
1. Identify objectives of well testing
2. The Diffusivity Equation
3. Well testing variables: definition and sources
4. Compute compressibility of reservoir systems
2 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Introduction To Well Testing
Outline
Applications and objectives of well testing
Development of the diffusivity equation
Definitions and sources for data used in well testing

What Is A Well Test?
A tool for reservoir evaluation and characterization

 Investigates a much larger volume of the reservoir than
cores or logs
 Provides estimate of permeability under in-situ conditions
 Provides estimates of near-wellbore condition
 Provides estimates of distances to boundaries

How Is A Well Test Conducted?
q=0
t
Pressure gauge

Amerada Pressure Gauge
CLOCK
VERTICAL CHART
MOVEMENT (TIME)
CHART
STYLUS
STYLUS MOVEMENT (PRESSURE))
BOURDON PRESSURE ELEMENT

PERMANENT SENSORS FOR REAL TIME PRESSURE,
TEMPERATURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
MULTI-PORT,
MULTI-SET PACKER
CASING
SIDE POCKET FLOW

MEASUREMENT STATION
(SPFLOW-S)
1 ¼” RETRIEVABLE
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,
& FLOW GAUGE
ADJUSTABLE
LOCKING ECCENTRIC
SWIVEL (ALES)
SIDE POCKET FLOW

CONTROL STATION
(IDPS-H)
RETRIEVABLE INFLOW
CONTROL VALVE
(ICV)

Typical Well Pressure &
Build up Test Record
Run In Pull Out
Static Gradient Stops

Build-up
(well shut-in)
Pressure at the well
Flowing Gradient Stops
Time

INTELLIGENT
AGBAMI INTELLIGENT WELL COMPLETIONS
WELL COMPLETIONS
WITH PERMANENT GAUGES

Well Test Applications
 Exploration
 Reservoir engineering
 Production engineering

Well Test Objectives
• Define reservoir limits
• Estimate average drainage area pressure
• Characterize reservoir
• Diagnose productivity problems
• Evaluate stimulation treatment effectiveness

Types of Well Tests
Single-Well Multi-Well

Data Used in Well Testing
Well Testing Variables

Well Testing Variables
qB   k  
p wf  pi  162.6 log10 t   log10    3.23  0.869s
kh    c r 2  
  t w
OBTEINED FROM THE TEST OBTEINED FROM OTHER SOURCES

 Reservoir pressure  Formation volume factor
 Well flowing pressure  Viscosity
 Flow rate  Net pay thickness
 Permeability  Porosity
 Producing and shut-in time  Saturation
 Skin factor  Total compressibility
 Wellbore radius

Net Pay Thickness
h1
h2
h3
h4
Shale
h = h1 + h 2 + h 3 + h 4
Sand
Porosity ()
Determines the storage capacity of

rocks and allows the estimation of
reserves
STORAGE CAPACITY DEPENDS ON:

• configuration of grains
• how are they contacting each other
• bonding material
• rock volume
• void space

Saturation (So, Sg, Sw)
Saturation, the proportion of oil, gas, water
and other fluids in a rock, is a crucial factor
in formation evaluation. Without saturation
values, fluid distribution can not be
evaluated and no decision can be made on
the development of an oil or gas reservoir.
 It is usually measured in %
 St = So + Sg + Sw
Grains
Oil
Water

Viscosity (So, Sg, Sw)
Absolute viscosity provides a measure of a fluid’s internal resistance to flow.
For liquids, viscosity corresponds to the informal notion of "thickness".

Formation Volume factor (Bo)
The oil formation volume factor (Bo) relates

the volume of oil at stock-tank conditions to
the volume of oil at elevated pressure and 1 Bbl
temperature in the reservoir. Values typically

range from approximately 1.0 bbl/STB for
crude oil systems containing little or no
solution gas to nearly 3.0 bbl/STB for highly
volatile oils.
1.2
 g 
0.5

Bo  0.9759  0.000012 Rs    1.25T  460
   o  
+1 Bbl

Total Compressibility
ct  c f  So co  S wcw  S g cg

Wellbore Radius
rw
In real life, the area of contact between the re

wellbore and the formation is rarely cylindrical.
It depends on the perforations (density,
phasing, effectiveness, etc.) and is also
affected by the type of perforating gun, casing,
cement, etc. Thus, a true wellbore radius
does not exist (except for open hole
h
completions) and the wellbore radius used in
the PTA equations is an approximation at
best. A reasonable value to use can be the
drill bit radius, or the outside diameter of the
casing. The default value used in the
software is 0.3 ft (0.091 m).
Lateral View

Radial Flow and Radius of Investigation
Radial Flow and Radius of Investigation
1. Calculate radius of investigation at a given time or time

required to reach a given radius of investigation.
2. Describe the effects of reservoir properties on radius of
investigation.

Radial Flow Reservoir Model
Assumptions
 Single-phase liquid with constant , c, Bo
 Formation with constant , h
Bulk  Well completed over entire sand thickness
formation  Infinite reservoir containing only one well
 Uniform pressure in reservoir prior to
production
 Constant production rate q beginning at
time t=0
h
rw  Homogeneous reservoir

The Diffusivity Equation
In the derivation of this equation, it is assumed that
re compressibility of the total system, ct, is small and
r independent of pressure; permeability, k , is constant
dr
and isotropic; viscosity, μ, is independent of pressure;
h porosity, ϕ, is constant; and that certain terms in the
basic differential equation (involving pressure gradients
squared) are negligible. The grouping k/μct is called the
hydraulic diffusivity and is given the symbol η.
pe pwf pe
1   p   ct p
r  
h
(1)
rw re r r  r  k t
Assume that a well produces at constant reservoir rate, qB; the well has zero radius; the reservoir is at uniform
pressure, pi, before production begins; and the well drains an infinite area (i.e., that p → pi as r → ∞). Under
these conditions, the solution to Eq. 1 is:
qB  948 ct r 
2
p  pi  70.6 Ei   
kh  kt 
Ei-Function Solution
The Ei function (exponential integral) solution is an accurate approximation to the diffusivity equation. It predicts
the pressure response in the reservoir as a function of both time t and distance from the center of the wellbore r.
qB  948 ct r 2 
p  pi  70.6 Ei   
kh  kt 
 e u
 Ei  x    du
x u
(e-x / x) has no elementary derivative, so mathematicians have made up a special function called the
exponential integral, Ei(x), which is defined as integral function.

Ei-Function Graph
7
Ei-function
6 Log approximation
5
-Ei(-x)
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
-x
Long-Time Approximation to
1. For the argument, x, of the Ei function less than 0.01, the Ei function can be
approximated with negligible error by:
948  ct r 2
 Ei  x   Ln(1.781x) Applies when  0.01
kt
qB
And p can be calculated as: p  pi  70.6 Ln(1.781x)
kh
2. For 0.01 < x < 10, Ei functions are determined from tables or subroutines available in
appropriate software.
3. For the argument, x, of the Ei function more than 10, the Ei function can be
approximated with negligible error by cero (0).
In this case: p  pi


Pressure Profile During Drawdown
2000
t=0
1800
t = 0.01 hrs
Pressure, psi
1600
t = 1 hr
1400
t = 100 hrs t = 10000 hrs

1200
1000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft
Pressure Profile During Buildup
2000
1800 t = 10000 hrs
t = 100 hrs
Pressure, psi
1600
1400
t = 1 hr
1200
t = 0.01 hrs
t=0
1000
1 10 100 1000 10000
31 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved Distance from center of wellbore, ft
Radius of Investigation Equations
• Radius of investigation for a given time t:

kt
ri 
948 ct
• Time required to reach a given radius of investigation ri:

948 ct ri 2
t
k

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells
Semilog Analysis
1. Analyze constant-rate drawdown
2. Analyze buildup
OBJECTIVES
 Calculate permeability (k)

 Calculate skin factor (S)

Formation Damage Model
Bulk
formation
Altered
zone
ka h
rw
ra

Reservoir Pressure Profile
2000
s = -2
1500
Pressure, psi
s = +5
1000
s=0
500
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft
Incorporating Skin into the
For r = rw
qB   948   ct rw2  
p  pi  70.6  Ei     2s 
kh   kt  
For r > ra
q B  948   ct r 2 
p  pi  70.6 Ei   
kh  kt 
Neither of these expressions is valid within the altered zone
Note: Ei = Exponential integral

Log Approximation to the
Ei-Function
qB   k  
p wf  pi  162.6 log10 t   log10    3.23  0.869s
kh    c r 2  
  t w
y  mx  b

Estimating Permeability and Skin
162.6qB
k
mh
 pi  p1hr  k  
s  1.151  log10    3.23
2 
 m   ct rw  

Drawdown Test Graph
1200
1100
Pressure, psi
(t2, pwf2)
1000
900
(t1, pwf1)
800
700
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Elapsed Test Time, hrs
PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TESTING
Early deviation caused by Late deviation caused by

Pi wellbore effects boundary effects (end of transient)
TRANSIENT FLOW PERIOD

Pwf1hr
Pwf
log t
  Pi  Pwf1hr  
 k  
  3 .23 
S  1 .151   log   cr 2 
 m  w  
Exercise
Estimate Permeability and Skin Factor
Drawdown Well Test Data (psia)

T (hours) Pwf (psia) T (hours) Pwf (psia)

Exercise
Flowing Pressure vs. Time

Exercise

Problems with Drawdown Tests
• It is difficult to produce a well at a strictly constant rate

• Even small variations in rate distort the pressure
response
• There is one rate that is easy to maintain – A flow rate of
zero.
• A buildup test is conducted by shutting in a producing
well and measuring the resulting pressure response.

Buildup Test - Rate History
q
0 tp + t
0 t
-q
=
q
0
tp t

Buildup Test - Pressure Response
0
tp + t
0 t
=
tp t
Buildup Test - Superposition
qB   k  
pws  pi  162.6 log10 t p  t   log10    3.23  0.869s 
2 
kh    ct rw  
qB   k  
 162.6 log10 t   log10    3.23  0.869s 
2 
kh    ct rw  

Pressure Response for a Buildup Test
qB  t p  t 
p ws  pi  162.6 log10  
kh  t 
y = mx + b

Buildup Test
Straight Line Analogy
162.6qB
k
mh
t p  t
pi  b @ 1
t

Buildup Test Graph
2000
1900
pi
Pressure, psi
1800
1700
Ideal behavior
1600
m = Slope
1500
1400
10000 1000 100 10 1
t p  t
Horner time ratio t
Estimating Skin Factor From A Buildup Test
 p1hr  p wf  k  
s  1.151  log 10    3.23
 c trw
2
 m  

Horner Pseudo-producing Time
24 N p
tp 
qlast
This is the origin of the 10x rule for the Horner pseudoproducing time. This
also validates the use of the shutin time for analysis of buildup tests using
drawdown type curves, as long as the producing time is at least 10x the
maximum shutin time observed during the test

Exercise 2
Determining permeability and reservoir

pressure from buildup tests

Exercise 2
2800
2750
2700
Pressure, psi
2650
2600
2550
2500
1000 100 10 1
Horner Time Ratio
Buildup Test
Straight Line Analogy
qB  t p  t 
p ws  pi  162.6 log10  
kh   t 
y = mx + b
2000
1900 t p  t
pi  b @ 1
t
Pressure, psi
1800
162.6qB
1700
1600
m = Slope m
1500
kh
1400
162.6qB
10000 1000 100 10 1
k
Horner time ratio
t p  t
Hr 
t mh
Skin Effect
An increase or decrease in the pressure drop predicted with Darcy's law using the value of permeability
thickness, kh, determined from a buildup or drawdown test. The difference is assumed to be caused by the
"skin." Skin effect can be either positive or negative. The skin effect is termed positive if there is an increase in
pressure drop, and negative when there is a decrease, as compared with the predicted Darcy pressure drop. A
positive skin effect indicates a damaged well, and a negative skin effect indicates stimulated well, the term skin
effect refers to the numerical value of the skin factor.
The total skin effect for a well (s), generally consists of more than one component, including formation damage
and pseudo-damages
• Induced formation damage due to drilling mud or completion/workover filtrate and solids invasion,
emulsion blockage, relative permeability and wettability changes and other operations-induced damages
must be eliminated before the well is completed. No damage of this type is acceptable if optimum
production conditions are expected.
• Natural production/injection damage, that is developed during the active life of the well (i.e. scale,
paraffin, asphaltenes deposition, and fines migration) will eventually grow given the proper pressure and
temperature conditions. Continuous monitoring of pressure and temperature helps to extend the life of
the well, and gives early warning of the need for chemical stimulation to remove the damage.
• The other important components of the skin are those related to driven mechanisms, type of reservoirs
and flow geometry in the near wellbore. The latest is dependent on type of well completion (open hole,
perforated, sand control, stimulation) and type of well (vertical, slanted or horizontal).

Estimating Skin Factor From A Buildup Test
2000
1900
Pressure, psi
1800
162.6qB
1700
k
1600 mh
1500
1400
t p  t
10000 1000 100 10 1 Hr 
t
Horner time ratio
 p1hr  pwf  k  
s  1.151  log10    3.23
2 
 m   ct rw  
SKIN EFFECT DETERMINATION FROM A
PRESSURE BUILD UP TEST
USING THE HORNER PLOT
m = 162.6 qo µoBo / Koh

PRESSURE
P1hr
 p1hr  pwf  k  
s  1.151  log10  
2 
 3.23
 m   ct rw  
ΔPskin = 0.87 S m
Log [ ( t + Δt ) / Δt ]

Horner Plot
Data: q = 300 BOPD
Bo = 1.12
 = 2.5 Cps
h = 30 ft
 = 25%
rw = 0,29 ft P1h
Ct = 4 x 10-6 psi -1
Pwf1 = 4300 psi

Pwf2 = 4000 psi Pwf
(4300 – 4000) psi

m= Cicle
= 300
m = 300 psi/cicle
-1 1 10 100 1000 10000
162.6 q B 
kh =
m  p1hr  pwf  k  
s  1.151  log10  
2 
 3.23
162.6 q B   m   ct w 
r 
k=
mh
(162.6)(300)(1.12)(2.5) 4100 – 2200 15.7
S = 1.151 - log + 3,23
k= = 15.7 mD 300 (0,25)(2.5)(4x10-6)(0,292)
(300)(30)
S = 1.6
Exercise 3
Sol.
Log – Log or Derivative
Diagnosis Plots
Skin
STABILIZED

Derivative Diagnosis Plots

Derivative Diagnosis Plots
PEAK SHAPE DOWNWARD TREND

Logarithm of the pressure derivative
Damaged well with Closed reservoir with constant

STABILIZED pressure in its limit
storage effect
Radial flow
UPWARD TREND
INVERTED PEAK Semi-infinite system
Heterogeneous
behavior
SMOOTH SHAPE
Stimulated well
Early time region Middle time region Late time region
Logarithm of time

Flow Regimes on the
Diagnostic Plot
One of the biggest advantages of the diagnostic plot is the ability to identify flow
regimes.
Pressure change, derivative, psi
Radial
flow
Wellbore
storage Spherical flow Recharge?
Elapsed time, hrs

Typical Pressure Derivative Chart

Derivative Pressure Calculation
(hours) Window
(hours)
Distance L is calculated by experience as a fixed value

between 0.1 and 0.3. For this exercise we will use 0.3.

Storage, Skin and Permeability
from a Diagnostic Plot
Derivative plots also allows estimate other important well and reservoir characteristics, such
as storage effect , distance from the wellbore to the drainage limit and presence of aquifers.
C = Storage
S = Skin
K = Permeability

Storage Effect
from a Diagnostic Plot

Most typical diagnostic plots
Infinite two-dimensional Double porosity Infinite linear no-flow

confined aquifer boundary
Infinite linear constant head Leaky aquifer

boundary

Most typical diagnostic plots
Well-bore storage Infinite conductivity General radial flow—non-integer

and skin effect vertical fracture flow dimension smaller than 2
General radial flow model— Combined effect of well bore

non-integer flow dimension storage and infinite linear
larger than 2 constant head boundary
Flow Regimes on the
Diagnostic Plot
Radial Flow
Limited
Storage
Infinite linear constant

head boundary

MULTIRATE FLOW TESTING
Conventional Flow After Flow Testing (Stabilized Pwf)
qo = C(Pr2 – Pwf2) n
q4
q q3
q2
q1
Pr
Pwf1
Pwf2
P Pwf3
Pwf4

MULTIRATE FLOW TESTING
Modified Isochronal test
(shutdown time = producing time (*)
P
q4
q q3
q2 EXTENDED
q1
RATE
Pws1
Pr Pws2
Pws3
Pws4
Pwf1
Pwf2
Pwf3
Pwf4 Pwf5
t
(*) Used when time for Pr stabilization is excessive. This technique is only valid in high-permeability reservoirs.

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1.2.

Introduction to Well Testing

2.1 Introduction to Well Testing

1. Identify objectives of well testing

2. The Diffusivity Equation

3. Well testing variables: definition and sources

4. Compute compressibility of reservoir systems

2 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Applications and objectives of well testing

Development of the diffusivity equation

Definitions and sources for data used in well testing

3 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

A tool for reservoir evaluation and characterization

4 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

5 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

STYLUS MOVEMENT (PRESSURE))

BOURDON PRESSURE ELEMENT

6 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

SIDE POCKET FLOW

SIDE POCKET FLOW

7 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Run In Pull Out

Static Gradient Stops

Flowing Gradient Stops

8 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

9 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

10 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

• Define reservoir limits

• Estimate average drainage area pressure

• Diagnose productivity problems

• Evaluate stimulation treatment effectiveness

11 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

12 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Well Testing Variables

OBTEINED FROM THE TEST OBTEINED FROM OTHER SOURCES

14 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Determines the storage capacity of

STORAGE CAPACITY DEPENDS ON:

16 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

17 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

18 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

The oil formation volume factor (Bo) relates

temperature in the reservoir. Values typically

19 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

20 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

In real life, the area of contact between the re

21 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

1. Calculate radius of investigation at a given time or time

23 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

24 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

26 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

28 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

29 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

t = 100 hrs t = 10000 hrs

1800 t = 10000 hrs

• Radius of investigation for a given time t:

• Time required to reach a given radius of investigation ri:

32 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

 Calculate permeability (k)

34 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

35 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Neither of these expressions is valid within the altered zone

Note: Ei = Exponential integral