BTech Project - Water Quality Mapping - 11-12-2017

Report titled
Water Quality Mapping of Godavari River

Submitted
in the partial fulfillment of
the requirements of the degree of
B.Tech. in Civil Engineering
Submitted By
ABHISHEK PANDE 141010016
SHUBHAM RAJPUT 141010044
DEEPALI MAHALE 141011011
NEHA LOMATE 151011974
Guided By
DR. P.P. BHAVE
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
Veermata jijabai Tecnological Insitute,Mumbai 400019
2017-2018
WATER QUALITY MAPPING ON GODAVARI RIVER 2017-2018
DECLARATION
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others ideas or words have been included. I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my
submission.
I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the
Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been
properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.
Name of Student Signature
Abhishek Pande (141010016)
Shubham Rajput (141010044)
Deepali Mahale (141011011)
Neha Lomate (151011974)
ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Abhishek Pande, Shubham Rajput, Neha Lomate, Deepali
Mahale, students of Bachelor of technology in Civil Engineering, have
completed their report entitled, “Water Quality Mapping of Godavari River” to
our satisfaction.
DR. P.P.Bhave Dr. A. S. Wayal
Project Guide Head, Civil and Environmental

Engineering Department
Civil and
Environmental
Engineering
Department
Dr. Dhiren Patel
Director, VJTI
iii
CERTIFICATE
The report, “Water Quality Mapping On Godavari River” submitted by

Abhishek Pande, Shubham Rajput,Neha Lomate, Deepali Mahale, is found to
be satisfactory and is approved for the Degree of Bachelor of Technology inCivil
Engineering.
Dr. P.P. Bhave
Project Guide External Examiner
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest and most sincere appreciation to our project
guide, Dr. P.P. Bhave for his guidance support, technical assistance and
encouragement. His valuable insights and commitment far exceeded the call of duty
and his input to the project greatly helped to improve the contents of the project
significantly. We will always owe the fulfillment of our professional and academic
achievements to him.
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CONTENTS
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Need of Study 2
1.3 Objective 2
1.4 Scope of Study 2
1.5 Expected Outcomes 3
2 Chapter 2: Literature Review 4
2.1 General 4
2.2 Types of Water Pollution 4
2.3 Health Hazards 5
2.4 Water Quality Mapping 6
2.5 Water Quality Standards 6
2.6 Prevention on water pollution 6
2.7 Sampling 7
3 Chapter 3: Materials And Methods 11
3.1 General 11
3.2 Methodology 11
3.3 Methods used for testing samples 12
3.4 Introduction to study area 12
4 Chapter 4: Conclusion 15
5 Annexure 16
6 References 41
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INDEX FOR FIGURES AND SKETCHES
Figure Title Page No.
2.1 Statewise Distribution of Godavari Basin 4
3.1 Godavari river showing sampling locations 13
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
Sr. No. Abbrevation Column1
1 BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
2 COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
3 TH Total Hardness
4 TDS TotalDissolved Solids
5 TSS TotalSuspended Solids
6 TS Total Solids
7 DO Dissolved Oxygen
8 MLD Million Litres per Day
9 STP Sewage treatment plant
10 NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
11 PUB Public Utility Board
12 EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid
13 EBT Eriochrome Black T
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
From time immemorial, the rivers are said to be the lifeline for living beings, as all types of
developments, directly or indirectly relate to them. That is why all the oldest civilizations
developed at the bank of river. Being so close to human activities, rivers are sink of terrestrial
and aquatic pollution. Water contamination weakens or destroys natural ecosystems that support
human health, food production and biodiversity. Livelihoods such as agriculture, fishing and
animal husbandry are affected by poor water quality. Biodiversity, especially of fresh water
ecosystems is under threat due to water pollution. The most polluting source for rivers is the city
sewage and industrial waste discharge. Agricultural run-off, or the water from the fields that
drains into rivers, is another major water pollutant as it contains fertilizers and pesticides.
Water, forms a basic need of human and almost all living things. Most of such a basic need is
satisfied by rivers mainly. Whereas the use of water leads to release of unwanted and harmful
pollutants discharged into lakes and rivers. This makes the water of lake and river impure. For
instance, water quality of river channels in India as whole has the most serious water pollution.
Moreover, in recent years, many cities have begun to study the control measures for the
river stream pollution.
Unregulated growth of urban areas, particularly over the last few years, without providing
infrastructure services for proper collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of domestic
waste led to increased pollution and health hazards. The municipalities and such civic authorities
have not been able to cope up with this massive task which could be attributed to various reasons
including erosion of authority, inability to raise revenues and inadequate managerial capabilities.
In India, all 15 major rivers have become polluted. Ganga, Godavari, Gomti, Kaveri, Narmada
and Mahi are facing pollution problems. The Ganga from Haridwar to Calcutta is in fact an
unending sewer fit only to carry urban liquid waste, half burnt dead bodies, pesticides and other
wastes. The chief sources of water pollution are (i) sewage and other waste (ii) industrial
effluents (iii) agricultural discharges and industrial wastes from chemical industries, fossil fuel
plants.
1
1.2 NEED OF STUDY
Godavari River is treated like an open drain by citizen who discharges raw sewage, industrial
waste and garbage unchecked. Besides all this, illegal activities of washing of oily drums,
discharge of unauthorized hazardous waste are also carried out along the course of this river. The
organic waste, sludge and garbage dumping has reduced carrying capacity of the Godavari river
essentially due to siltation. The water with mixture of sewage and industrial waste is a threat to
marine life and the river is showing sign of total loss of such support system. Hence, this study
will be carried out for the water quality mapping of the Godavari River by available parameters
so that pollution load on treatment plant will be reduced.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1. To investigate the water pollutants released by the town.
2. To know the pollutants present in the river before river enter the Nashik city.
3. To investigate the water pollutants released by the town.
4. To know the pollutants present in the river before river enter the Nashik city.
5. To establish a relationship between actual river water pollution and pollution induced due
to industrial effluents.
6. To suggest a proper technique to obtain water quality of river.
7. To establish water quality standards in place of fixed effluent discharge standards
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. Selection of the river stretch and sampling locations for the study.
2. Measurement of water quality parameters at all sampling stations.
3. Analysis of water quality data and preparation of water quality map.
4. Comparison of obtained parameters with permissible limits.
5. Drawing conclusion on water quality.
2
1.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES-
This study helps in mapping the water quality parameters of Godavari River. This study will also
help in comparing the water quality standard of this year with the previous years. The water
quality parameters will be compared with those mentioned in IS 10500 for domestic use of
water.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Apart from Ganga and Yamuna, Godavari also holds the special religious importance in India.
Godavari is one of the sacred rivers in India. The Puranas River Ganga should only be visited
after the visit to the Godavari. There 9 are several temples and pilgrimage places on the banks of
the river. Godavari is the second longest river in India after the river Ganges is also referred as
"Dakshin Ganga or "Ganga of South". It is one of the large river basins and the only river in
India that flows from west to east. Graphical representation of state wise distribution of Godavari
basin is represented in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 State wise distribution of Godavari basin[1]
2.2 TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Nutrients Pollution: Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels of nutrients.
If they end up in water bodies, they encourage algae and weed growth in the water. This will
make the water undrinkable, and even clog filters. Too much algae will also use up all the
oxygen in the water and other water organisms in the water will die out of oxygen starvation.
4
2. Surface water pollution: Surface water includes natural water found on the earth's surface, like
rivers, lakes and oceans. Hazardous substances coming into contact with this surface water,
dissolving or mixing physically with the water can be called surface water pollution.
3. Ground water pollution: When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils; they are
washed deep into the ground by rainwater. This gets to underground water, causing pollution
underground.
4. Chemical Water Pollution: Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end up in
water. These include chemicals that are used to control weeds, insects and pests. Metals and
solvents from industries can pollute water bodies. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic
life and may slow their development, make them infertile and kill them.
2.3 HEALTH HAZARDS

1. Health problems
Ingestion of poorly treated water can cause diarrhea, cholera, stomach infections and typhoid.
Dirty or polluted water is the preferred breeding ground for mosquitoes and other pests.
Mosquito bites adversely affect human health and can cause diseases such as Malaria, Dengue
and Chickengunia.
2. Aquatic Life
Water pollution also affects the health of water animals such as fish. When humans consume
these sick fish, the infections get passed and can take more serious form in the human body.
Apart from fish, water pollution also affects other plants and animals. And this in turn affects
human health. If we consume food that has already been infected, we are bound to fall ill.
3. Hygiene and cleanliness

Water pollution in general also leads to unsanitary and unhygienic conditions. Use of polluted
water for cleaning purposes does not yield any benefit. The water is unable to remove the
accumulated germs and it in turn affects human health by causing diseases.
2.4 WATER QUALITY MAPPING
Providing stable freshwater is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges in India’s
national horizon. Multiple influence reasons like population explosion, rapid urbanization,
industrialization and agricultural development are putting stress on water resources. This has
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resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water in the country. Summer and rainy
seasons witness the eruption of water-borne diseases, such as, cholera, gastroenteritis and
diarrhea due to poor quality of drinking water and sanitation.
Looking at the seriousness of the issue, government authorities sought to map the water quality
in polluted regions and take counter-measures to provide relief to affected areas of respective
states. Hence mapping of water quality parameters is essential. This water quality mapping helps
in identifying whether the water is useful for specific purpose or not.
2.5 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Water quality standards with their acceptable limit and permissible limit are as follows-
(As per IS 10500-2012)
SR NO CHARACHTERISTICS ACCEPTABLE LIMIT PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

1 pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
2 Turbidity 1 NTU 5 NTU
3 Hardness 200 mg/l 600 mg/l
4 Chloride Content 250 mg/l 1000 mg/l
5 Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/l 2000 mg/l
6 COD 250 mg/l 3-900 mg/l
7 BOD 10 mg/l 30 mg/l
8 DO 4-5 mg/l 4-6 mg/l
2.6 PREVENTION ON WATER POLLUTION
1. We should treat the poisonous substances and discharge materials and toxic substances
coming out of the homes and factories before discharging them into the rivers and ponds.
2. We should not mix petroleum substances in the water.
3. There are some algae and water plants available which are helpful in keeping the water clean,
they should be grown all over in the water.
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4. Garbage in the cities and towns should be classified and thrown into the designated dustbins
only. The biodegradable garbage can be used as compost in the fields and thus these can help
in the production of the crops.
5. Dead bodies should not be thrown in the river.
6. All cities and towns must have sewer facilities.
7. We should not encourage the use of materials such as plastic as it does not decompose
biologically.
2.7 SAMPLING
PRINCIPLE
The objective of sampling is to collect representative sample in which relative proportions or
concentrations of all pertinent components will be the same as in the material being sampled.
The sample collected should be handled in such a way that there will be no significant change in
composition of the collected sample before the tests are done. The volume of sample, location of
sampling and sample preservation techniques to be used before tests are conducted needs to be
planned.
TYPES OF SAMPLE
1. Grab Sample - A single collected sampled at a specific spot over a short period of time
(seconds or minutes). Discrete garb samples are taken at a selected location depth and
time. Grab sample only represent the composition of its source at the time and place of
collection When a source is relatively constant in composition over an extended time or
over substantial distances in all directions, then the sample may represent a longer time or
larger volume than specified time and place at which it was collected.. Example –
Groundwater supplies well mixed surface water. When a source is known to vary with
time, sampling intervals are chosen based on expected frequency of changes. When the
source composition varies in space, different samples are collected from appropriate
locations. (Example- upstream and downstream from point source).
2. Composite Samples - Composite sample should provide a more representative sampling

of heterogeneous matrices in which the concentration of the analytes of interest may vary
over short period of time. Composite samples can be obtained by combining portions of
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multiple grab samples or using automatic sampling devices. Composite samples reduces
cost of analyzing a large number of samples, gives more representative of heterogeneous
matrices and gives larger sample size whereas loss of analyte relationships on individual
samples, dilution of analytes bellow detection level are few disadvantages of sampling.
Composite samples can be made by collecting individual portions in a wide mouth bottle
every hour and mixing at the end of sampling period.
3. Integrated (discharge-weighted) samples - This is when mixture of grab samples

collected from different points simultaneously, using discharge-weighted methods such
as equal width increment or equal discharge increment procedures and equipment.
Example- In a river or stream that varies in composition across its width and depth. In
this case, to evaluate average composition a mixture of samples representing various
points in cross section, in proportion to their relative flows is taken. Integrated samples
are also used if combined treatment is proposed for several separate wastewater streams.
Preparation of integrated samples usually require equipment designed to collect a sample
water uniformly across the depth profile, knowledge of the volume, movement and
composition of the various parts of water being sampled is required.
SAMPLING METHODS
1. Manual Sampling- This involves manually collecting samples, such as water or
wastewater. This requires minimal equipment but is more time consuming and costly for
routine and large scale sampling programs. It requires trained field technicians and is
often required for regulatory and research investigation.
2. Automatic Sampling-In this, automatic sampler is programmed for pump speed and
tubing sizes according to the type of sample to be taken. It eliminates human error in
manual sampling and reduce labor costs and enables us to increase the frequency of
sampling. While using the sampler, care must be taken that sampler does not contain
parts that would contaminate our sample.
3. Sorbent Sampling- Solid sorbents like membrane type disks is used. Analytes that can be
adsorbed and desorbed efficiently are sampled using this. This is a rapid and inexpensive
method.
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SAMPLE CONTAINERS
Type of container used is a very important parameter to be determined beforehand. Sample
container should be free of analytes of interest especially when sampling and analysis for low
analyte levels are to be done. Some samples may adsorb on to the wall of plastic containers or
some contaminants from container may leach in to the samples. Usually the containers used are
made up of plastic or glass, but one of these preformed over other for different analytes.
NUMBER OF SAMPLES
Because of variability from analytical and sampling procedures, a single sample is insufficient
to reach any reasonable desired level of confidence. If an overall standard deviation (i.e.
Standard deviation of combined sampling and analysis is known the required number of samples
can be estimated as follows:
𝑡𝑠
𝑁 ≥ ( )²
𝑈
Where,
N = number of samples
T = student t statistic for a given confidence level
S = overall standard deviation
U = acceptable level of uncertainty
Total error population viability should be known to apply this equation.
SAMPLE VOLUMES
Enough volume should be collected for analysis of particular parameter. Samples from the same
container are not used for multiple testing since method of collection and handling would be
different for each collected volume.
SAMPLE STORAGE AND PREVENTION
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Under sample storage and preservation, nature of sample changes and time interval between
analyses needs to be planned and controlled to achieve best results of testing. There may be
certain loss of cations by adsorption or ion exchange. Temperature and ph of sample and also
colour, order and ability vary with time. Many organic compounds are sensitive to change in ph
and temperature. Changes in pH, alkalinity and carbon dioxide affect hardness value. Biological
activity of curing in sample may change the oxidation state of some constituents and may cause
precipitation.
A minimum time interval between collection of sample and analysis is ideally desired. For
certain constituents, immediate analysis of field is required to be done.
Various preservation techniques are used to minimize volatilization or biodegradation of sample

constituents between sampling and analysis. Sample is usually cooled below 4°c to preserve
them also some acids are added to keep the ph of sample below 2 so that precipitation of
constituents is prevented. The quantities of acid to be added to bring the pH of sample below 2
are predetermined beforehand.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING
1. Predetermine the volume of sample to be collected, number of samples to be collected

and sample container to be used for the analytic of your interest.
2. Preplan the locations of Sampling, type of sampling and its sampling duration.
3. Collect the samples from the location planned and not the location of sampling stations
using GPS.
4. Label the sample writing sample number, sample type, Name of collector, date, place and
time of collection and sample preservative used. Seal the sample bottle properly.
5. Sample collected should be delivered to the laboratory within the stipulated time for
which the reservation is valid.
6. Samples are held for the prescribed amount of time and letter is disposed according to
approved method.
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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 GENERAL
The study has covered about 50.7 km length of the river starting from Trimbakeshwar to
Tapovan area. Six river water sampling stations were selected in the study length from
Trimbakeshwar to Tapovan area namely Kushavarth, Gangapur Dam, Someshwar, Chopada
Lawns, Ramkund, and Tapovan. River water sampling locations are given in the Figure 3.1 &
Table 3.1. Water samples were collected as per standard methods of sampling techniques.
Analysis of the water samples were done as per standard methods of water & waste water
examination. Various parameters such as pH, Total Hardness(TH), Total Dissolved solids(TDS),
Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Solids (TS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Turbidity, Chloride Content were
determined at all the sampling stations. pH is to be determined by pH paper. DO is to be
determined using Winkler’s method. Hardness is to be estimated using EDTA titrimetry.
Turbidity is to be determined using Nephelometer. BOD is to be determined by Dilution Factor
method.
3.2 METHODOLOGY
In our project, we have conducted preliminary survey of Godavari River and finalized a stretch
of 45Km. the waste effluents from Trimbakeshwar to Tapovan area. By considering the problem
of Godavari River faced by surrounding locality and to take a sound decision over these
problems, we are conducting following experiments on river water to determine the quality
standards of water:
1. pH
2. Turbidity
3. Hardness
4. Chloride contents
5. Total Solids
6. DO
7. BOD
8. COD
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3.3 METHODS USED FOR TESTING SAMPLES

Table 3.1 shows the parts of IS 3025 referred for testing.
Table 3.1 Standard references from IS 3025 for testing
METHOD OF TEST WITH

SR NO CHARACTERISTICS
REFERENCE TO PART OF IS 3025
1 pH Part 11
2 Turbidity Part 10
3 Hardness Part 21
4 Chloride content Part 32
5 Total Solids Part 16
6 DO Part 38
7 BOD Part 44
8 COD Part 58
3.4 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA
The Godavari basin stretch over states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odessa
along with the smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and union territory of Pondicherry
having a total area of 312,812 sq.km with a maximum length and width of about 995 km and 583
km. it lies between 73°24’ to 83°4’ east longitudes and 16°19’ to 22°34’ north latitudes and
accounts for nearly 9.5% of the total geographical area of the country. The River Godavari rises
at an elevation of 1,067 m or 80 m from Arabian Sea in the western Ghats near Trimbak hills in
the Nashik district of Maharashtra. After flowing for about 1,465 km, in a general south-east
direction, it falls into the Bay of Bengal.
This project covers the study of samples from area which covers a part of Nashik district. Fig.
3.1 shows the study area of project. The study area covers the river length of 50.700 km with
starting station point at Trimbakeshwar and the ending station point at Tapovan. The latitude and
longitude of the starting and ending station are 19º55’57” and 73º31’39” respectively.
The turbulence created due to abrupt change in direction creates lot of turbulence in water and
also now a day due to various human activities this place is highly polluted. So, to determine the
pollution level of this sacred place, it is selected as the study area.
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Fig. 3.1 Map of Godavari River showing sampling locations at Nashik district
Table 3.1 Sampling Location
Distance from
Sampling
Location first sampling Remarks
Station
Station
S1 Trimbakeshwar 0.0 km River Origin
S2 Gangapur Dam 29.0 km Dam is source of drinking water
S3 Someshwar 36.0 km Bathing activity and Puja material thrown
S4 Chopada Lawns 42.5 km Sewage entering through 3 no. visible sewers
Mass bathing activities, Dashkriyavidhi
S5 Ramkund 46.5 km
material thrown
Treated sewage from 78 and 52 MLD STP
S6 Tapovan STP 50.7 km
meeting.
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Scope for Future Study :

1. The water quality parameters for water samples collected from various stations will
be studied.
2. River mapping will be done for BOD vs DO.
3. Impact of local pollutants mixing in the river at various stations will be studied.
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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION:
Study regarding the water quality parameters and the permissible limits for drinking water as
per IS10500 was done. Moreover, articles related to water sampling and results on study of
water quality parameters in previous years on the same sampling stations were studied.
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ANNEXURE
This report deals with the results obtained after performing various tests on water samples
collected from various locations of river Godavari. A set of eight experiments is performed on
each sample. The data of six consecutive months is provided in the report. The report also
includes comparison of the data with the data of results of the tests on water samples obtained
from the same stations in previous years. The environmental significance of above mentioned
water quality parameters, is mentioned in the report. This report also covers about the sampling
stations and information about its surroundings and sources of contamination at those sample
points.
At the end of the report, water mapping on river Godavari is performed considering the
parameters BOD and DO through the stretch of 56 kilometers starting from origin. Below
mentioned are the procedure followed for performing the above mentioned experiments:
1. DETERMINATION OF pH
AIM -To determine the pH of the given water sample.
INTRODUCTION
The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and defined as the
negative log of H+ ions concentration in water and wastewater. The values of pH 0 to a little less
than 7 are termed as acidic and the values of pH a little above 7 to 14 are termed as basic. When
the concentration of H+ and OH– ions are equal then it is termed as neutral pH.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. pH meter
2. Standard flasks
3. Magnetic Stirrer
4. Funnel
5. Beaker
6. Wash Bottle
7. Tissue Paper
8. Forceps
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CHEMICALS REQUIRED
1. Buffers Solution
2. Potassium Chloride
3. Distilled Water
PRINCIPLE
The pH electrode used in the pH measurement is a combined glass electrode. It consists of

sensing half cell and reference half cell, together form an electrode system. The sensing half cell
is a thin pH sensitive semi permeable membrane, separating two solutions, viz., the outer
solution, the sample to be analyzed and the internal solution, enclosed inside the glass membrane
and has a known pH value. An electrical potential is developed inside and another electrical
potential is developed outside, the difference in the potential is measured and is given as the pH
of the sample.
PROCEDURE
1. Colorimetric Method:
1. Dip the colorimetric paper in water sample.

2. Compute the color of paper with color from the table and note the PH of water against
this color; this is the PH of the sample.
2. Electrometric Method:
1. Press "01" key of PH meter to bring the meter in working condition.

2. Press the PH key and calibrate key so that the screen shows "00.00" reading.
3. Dip the problem into standard solution of PH - 7 and press "standard" key so that the
screen gives 7.00 reading.
4. Dip the probe in water sample and press"disperser" key and PH key to get the PH of the
sample.
5. Read the value of PH from Screen.
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Three major steps are involved in the experiment. They are
1. Preparation of Reagents
2. Calibrating the Instrument
3. Testing of Sample
1. PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
1. Buffer Solution of pH 4.0
1. Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
2. Using the forceps carefully transfer one buffer tablet of pH 4.0 to the funnel.
3. Add little amount of distilled water, crush the tablet and dissolved it.
4. Make up the volume to 100 mL using distilled water.
2. Using the forceps carefully transfer one buffer tablet of pH 7.0 to the funnel.
2. Using the forceps carefully transfer one Buffer tablet of pH 9.2 to the funnel.
2 CALIBRATING THE INSTRUMENT
Using the buffer solutions calibrate the instrument.
Step 1
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In a 100 mL beaker take pH 9.2 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert the teflon
coated stirring bar and stir well.
1. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the
reading in the pH meter.
2. If the instrument is not showing pH value of 9.2, using the calibration knob adjust the
reading to 9.2.
3. Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with
soft tissue.
Step 2
reading to 7.0.
soft tissue.
Step 3
1. In a 100 mL beaker take pH 4.0 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert
the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
2. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the
reading in the pH meter.
reading to 4.0.
soft tissue.
5. Now the instrument is calibrated.
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Determination of pH is one of the important objectives in biological treatment of the wastewater.

In anaerobic treatment, if the pH goes below 5 due to excess accumulation of acids, the process
is severely affected. Shifting of pH beyond 5 to 10 upsets the aerobic treatment of the
wastewater. In these circumstances, the pH is generally adjusted by addition of suitable acid or
19
alkali to optimize the treatment of the wastewater. pH value or range is of immense importance
for any chemical reaction. A chemical shall be highly effective at a particular pH. Chemical
coagulation, disinfection, water softening and corrosion control are governed by pH adjustment.
Dewatering of sludge, oxidation of cyanides and reduction of hexavalent chromium into trivalent
chromium also need a favorable pH range. It is used in the calculation of carbonate, bicarbonate,
CO2 corrosion, stability index and acid base equilibrium.
Lower value of pH below 4 will produce sour taste and higher value above 8.5 a bitter taste.
Higher values of pH hasten the scale formation in water heating apparatus and also reduce the
germicidal potential of chlorine. High pH induces the formation of trihalomethanes, which are
causing cancer in human beings.
2. DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY
AIM- to determine the turbidity of the water sample
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Turbidity Meter
2. Water sample
3. Standard flasks
4. Funnel
5. Wash Bottle
6. Tissue Papers
PRINCIPLE
Turbidity is based on the comparison of the intensity of light scattered by the sample under
defined conditions with the intensity of the light scattered by a standard reference suspension
under the same conditions. The turbidity of the sample is thus measured from the amount of light
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scattered by the sample taking a reference with standard turbidity suspension. The higher the
intensity of scattered light the higher is the turbidity. Formazin polymer is used as the primary
standard reference suspension.
THEORY
Turbidity is caused by suspended materials which absorb and scatter light. These colloidal and
finely dispersed turbidity-causing materials do not settle under quiescent conditions and are
difficult to remove by sedimentation. Turbidity is a key parameter in water supply engineering,
because turbidity will both cause water to be aesthetically unpleasant and cause problems in
water treatment processes, such as filtration and disinfection. Turbidity is also often used as
indicative evidence of the possibility of bacteria being present. Turbidity measurements
performed using proprietary nephelometric instruments are expressed as Nephelometric
Turbidity Units (NTU). The nephelometric apparatus is designed to measure forward scattering
of light at 90o to the path of an incandescent light beam. Suspended particles present in a water
sample reflect a portion of the incident light off the particle surface. The light reflected at 90o is
measured by a photoelectric detector and is compared against light reflected by a reference
standard. No interference exists for the turbidity test. Locally, the Public Utilities Board (PUB)
of Singapore requires all water treatment facilities to produce water containing less than 1 NTU.
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the power supply and check the battery of the turbidimeter,
2. Press the 1 N.T.U button and coincide the scale with zero by using focusing template.
3. Again press 1 N.T.U button and coincide the scale with zero using the focusing template.
4. A Standard formalize solution of N.T.U is placed on tubidimeter in the path of rays and
scale is brought 9 NTU
5. The Water sample is taken in a test and is placed in turbidimeter.
6. Use A Cell rise if the turbidity is more than 100 N.T.U and get the turbidity dilution
factor.
When the turbid water in a small, transparent container such as drinking glass is held up to the
light, an aesthetically displeasing opaqueness or milky coloration is apparent. The colloidal
21
material which exerts turbidity provides adsorption sites for chemicals and for biological
organism that may not be harmful. They may be harmful or cause undesirable tastes and odours.
Disinfection of turbid water is difficult because of the adsorptive characteristics of some colloids
and because the solids may partially shield organisms from disinfectant. In natural water bodies,
turbidity may impart a brown or other color to water and may interfere with light penetration and
photosynthetic reaction in streams and lakes. Turbidity increases the load on slow sand filters.
The filter may go out of operation, if excess turbidity exists. Knowledge of the turbidit variation
in raw water supplies is useful to determine whether a supply requires special treatment by
chemical coagulation and filtration before it may be used for a public water supply. Turbidity
measurements are used to determine the effectiveness of treatment produced with different
chemicals and the dosages needed. Turbidity measurements help to gauge the amount of
chemicals needed from day-to-day operation of water treatment works.
Measurement of turbidity in settled water prior to filtration is useful in controlling chemical

dosages so as to prevent excessive loading of rapid sand filters. Turbidity measurements of the
filtered water are needed to check on faulty filter operation. Turbidity measurements are useful
to determine the optimum dosage of coagulants to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters.
Turbidity determination is used to evaluate the performance of water treatment plants.
3. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS
AIM-To determine the total hardness of given water sample
INTRODUCTION
Water that has high mineral content is known as Hard water. Hard water contains
bicarbonate, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium.
When treated hard water with soap, it gets precipitated in the form of insoluble salts of
calcium and magnesium. Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the
calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate. There are two types of
hardness.
22
1. Temporary hardness
2. Permanent hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can
be easily removed by boiling.
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and
magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Burette with Burette stand and porcelain title

2. Pipettes with elongated tips
3. Pipette bulb
4. Conical flask (Erlenmeyer Flask)
5. 250 mL graduated cylinders
6. Standard flask
7. Wash Bottle
8. Beaker
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
1. Ammonium Chloride
2. Ammonium Hydroxide
3. EDTA (Disodium Salt of EDTA)
4. Erichrome Black T
5. Magnesium sulphate
PRINCIPLE-
A water sample is buffered to pH 10.1 and taken in to a conical flask. If an indicator dye
like EBT, when added to a solution containing Calcium and Magnesium ions, the color of
23
the solution turns to wine red.EDTA, the titrant, complexes with Magnesium and
Calcium ions, removing them from association with the indicator. When all the Mg and
Ca are complexed with EDTA, the indicator will turn blue.This is the end point of the
titration.
PROCEDURE-
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
Buffer Solution preparation-
1. Switch on the Electronic balance, keep the weighing pan, set the reading to
zero.
2. Measure 50 mL of distilled water and transfer it to the beaker
3. Weigh 1.179g of EDTA
4. Now the weight is 1.179gms
5. Transfer the contents to the beaker having 50 mL of distilled water and dissolve it
thoroughly.
6. Weigh 16.9g of ammonium chloride.
7. Add it to the contents in the beaker. And dissolve it thoroughly.
8. Weigh 780mg of magnesium sulphates and transfer it to the beaker.
9. Measure 143 mL of Ammonium hydroxide solution using measuring cylinder and
add it to the contents in the beaker.
10. Place the funnel over the 250mL standard flask and transfer the dissolved
contents from beaker
11. Make the volume upto 250mL mark by adding distilled water. Transfer the buffer
solution to a clean reagent bottle labelled as buffer solution. This buffer solution is
used to maintain the pH of water sample between 9 and 10.
Erichrome Black T-
1. Weigh 0.5g of Erichrome black T

2. Transfer it to 100mL standard flask using funnel
24
3. Add distilled water in the standard flask and make the volume exactly upto 100 mL
mark.
4. Put the lid and shake the contents well.
5. Transfer the solution to a clean reagent bottle named EBT
Standard EDTA Solution (0.02 N)-
1. Switch on the Electronic balance, keep the weighing pan, and set the reading to zero.
2. Weigh 3.723g of EDTA sodium salt
3. Transfer the entire content to 1000 mL standard flask
4. Fill with distilled water up to 1000 mL mark
5. Put the lid and shake the contents well.
6. For easy handling take the EDTA solution in a 250 mL beaker.
TESTING OF WATER SAMPLE-
1. Pipette 20mL of water sample and transfer it to a clean 250mL conical

flask.
2. Add 2mL of Ammonia buffer solution to the water sample so that the
pH will be maintained between 9 and 10.
3. Add few drops of EBT indicator to the conical flask and the sample
turns to wine red in color.
4. Before starting the titration rinse the burette with few mL of EDTA. Fill
the burette with 0.02M EDTA solution and adjust to zero then fix it in
burette stand.
Titrate the sample against the EDTA solution in the burette till all calcium and magnesium ions
present in the sample reacts with the EDTA. The appearance of blue colour indicates that all Ca
& Mg ions are complexed with EDTA and forms a metal EDTA complex i.e., the end point of
the titration
1. Note down the burette reading

2. The value of titration is 29.8mL
25
3. Repeat the titration for concordant values.
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE-
1. Scales are formed as inner coating of the pipelines prevents corrosion.

2. Absolutely soft waters are corrosive and dissolve the metals.
3. More cases of cardio vascular diseases are reported in soft water areas.
4. Hard water is useful to growth of children due to the presence of calcium.
5. Hard waters cause excessive consumption of soap used for cleaning purpose.
Sodium soaps react with multivalent metallic cations to form a precipitate,
thereby lose their surfactant properties. Lathering doesn’t take place until all
hardness ions precipitate out.
6. This precipitate adheres to surfaces of tubes, sinks, dish washer and may stain
clothing.
7. Scales formed mainly due to carbonate hardness act as insulations and cause
enormous loss of fuel in boiler.
8. Scales deposited mainly due to increase in pH to 9 at which bicarbonates are
converted as carbonates are formed in distribution mains reducing carrying
capacity.
4. DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDES
AIM-To determine the chlorides of given water sample.
INTRODUCTION
Chlorides are widely distributed as salts of calcium, sodium and potassium in water and
wastewater. In potable water, the salty taste produced by chloride concentrations is variable
and dependent on the chemical composition of water. The major taste producing salts in water
are sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The salty taste is due to chloride anions and
associated cations in water. In some water which is having only 250 mg /L of chloride may
have a detectable salty taste if the cat-ion present in the water is sodium. On the other hand, a
26
typical salty taste may be absent even if the water is having very high chloride concentration
for example 1000 mg /L.This is because the predominant cation present in the water is not
sodium but either calcium or magnesium may be present.
PRINCIPLE
The amount of chloride present in water can be easily determined by titrating the given
water sample with silver nitrate solution.The silver nitrate reacts with chloride ion
according to1 mole of AgNO3 reacts with 1 mole of chloride. The titrant concentration is
generally 0.02 M.Silver chloride is precipitated quantitatively, before red silver chromate
is formed. The end of titration is indicated by formation of red silver chromate from
excess silver nitrate.The results are expressed in mg/L of chloride.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
• Burette with Burette stand and porcelain tile

• Pipettes with elongated tips
• Conical flask (Erlenmeyer Flask)
• Standard flask
• Beaker
• Wash bottle
CHEMICALS REQUIRED-
1. Silver nitrate
2. Phenolphthalein Indicator
3. Sodium chloride
4. Potassium chromate
TESTING OF WATER SAMPLE-
1. Before starting the titration rinse the burette with silver nitrate solution. Fill the
burette with silver nitrate solution of 0.0282 N. Adjust to zero and fix the
burette in stand.
2. Take 20 mL of the sample in a clean 250mL conical flask
3. Add 1 mL of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow color
4. Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the color changes from
yellow to brick red. i.e., the end point.Note the volume of Silver nitrate added.
27
Blank Titration-
1. Take 20 mL of the distilled water in a clean 250mL conical flask

2. Add 1 mL of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow color
3. Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the color changes from
yellow to brick red. i.e., the end point.
4. Note the volume of silver nitrate added for distilled water.
1. Chlorides associated with sodium (Sodium Chloride) exert salty taste when its
concentration is more than 250 mg/L. These impact a salty taste to water.
Chlorides are generally limited to 250 mg/L in water supplies intended for public
water supply.
2. In many areas of the world where water supplies are scarce, sources containing as
much as 2000 mg/L are used for domestic purposes without the development of
adverse effect, once the human system becomes adapted to the water.
3. It can also corrode concrete. Magnesium chloride in water generates hydrochloric

acid after heating which is also highly corrosive and creates problem in boilers.
4. Chloride determinations in natural waters are useful in the selection of water
supplies for human use.
5. Chloride determination is used to determine the type of desalting apparatus to be
used.
6. Chloride determination is used to control pumping of ground water from locations
where intrusion of seawater is a problem.
5. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS IN WATER
AIM-To determine the total solids in the given water sample.
28
INTRODUCTION
The term “solids” is generally used when referring to any material suspended or dissolved in
water or wastewater that can be physically isolated either through filtration or through
evaporation.
Solids can be classified as either filterable or non filterable. Filterable solids may either be
settleable or non settleable. Solids can also be classified as organic or inorganic.
Total Solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after evaporation of a
sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature. Measurement of Solids
can be made in different water samples (industrial, domestic and drinking water) and it is
defined as residue upon evaporation of free water.
Thus, Total solids are nothing but summation of total dissolved solids and total suspended
solids.
PRINCIPLE
The sample is evaporated in a weighed dish on a steam bath and is dried to a constant mass in
an oven either at 103-105°C or 179-181°C.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
1. Crucible
2. Oven
3. Desiccators
4. Analytical Balance
5. Dish Tongs
6. Magnetic Stirrer
7. Wash Bottle
PROCEDURE
1. To measure total solids, take a clean porcelain dish which has been washed and dried in
a hot air oven at 105°C for one hour.
29
2. Now weigh the empty evaporating dish in analytical balance. Let’s denote the weight
measured as (W1).
3. Now we should have to decide what should be the volume of sample to be taken for
analysis.
4. Volume may be estimated either from values of specific conductance or general thumb
rule.
5. In general, select a sample volume that will yield residue between 2.5 and 200 mg after
drying.
6. Using pipette transfer 75mL of unfiltered sample in the porcelain dish.
7. Switch on the oven and allowed to reach 105°C. Check and regulate oven and furnace
temperatures frequently to maintain the desired temperature range.
8. Place it in the hot air oven and care should be taken to prevent splattering of sample
during evaporation or boiling.
9. Dry the sample to get constant mass. Drying for long duration usually 1 to 2 hours is
done to eliminate necessity of checking for constant mass.
10. Cool the container in a desiccator. Desiccators are designed to provide an environment
of standard dryness. This is maintained by the desiccant found inside. Don't leave the
lid off for prolonged periods or the desiccant will soon be exhausted.
11. Keep desiccator cover greased with the appropriate type of lubricant in order to seal the
desiccator and prevent moisture from entering the desiccator as the test glassware cools.
12. We should weigh the dish as soon as it has cooled to avoid absorption of moisture due
to its hygroscopic nature.
13. Samples need to be measured accurately, weighed carefully, and dried and cooled
completely
14. Note the weight with residue.
1. Total solids measurements can be useful as an indicator of the effects of runoff from
construction, agricultural practices, logging activities, sewage treatment plant
discharges, and other sources.
30
2. Total solids also affect water clarity. Higher solids decrease the passage of light
through water, thereby slowing more rapidly and hold more heat; this, in turn, might
adversely photosynthesis by aquatic plants. Water will heat up affect aquatic life that
has adapted to a lower temperature regime.
6. DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
AIM- To determine dissolved oxygen (DO) in the given water sample.
INTRODUCTION-
The term Dissolved Oxygen is used to describe the amount of oxygen dissolved in a unit
volume of water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for the maintenance of healthy lakes
and rivers. It is a measure of the ability of water to sustain aquatic life.
In a healthy body of water such as a lake, river, or stream, the dissolved oxygen is about 8
parts per million. The minimum DO level of 4 to 5 mg/L or ppm is desirable for survival of
aquatic life.
PRINCIPLE
Dissolved Oxygen can be measured either by titrimetric or electrometric method.
(1) Titrimetric Method-
Titrimetric method is based on the oxidizing property of DO while the electrometric

method (using membrane electrodes) is based on the rate of diffusion of molecular oxygen
across a membrane. It is most accurate method to determine DO.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
1. Burette
2. Burette stand
31
3. 300 mL glass stoppered BOD bottles

4. 500 mL conical flask
6. Pipette bulb
8. Wash bottle
CHEMICALS REQUIRED-
1. Manganous sulphate solution

2. Alkaline iodide-azide solution
3. Sulfuric acid, Concentrated
4. Starch indicator solution
5. Sodium thiosulphate
6. Distilled or deionized water
7. Potassium Hydroxide
8. Potassium Iodide
9. Sodium Azide
TESTING OF SAMPLE
1. Take two 300-mL glass stoppered BOD bottle and fill it with sample to be
tested. Avoid any kind of bubbling and trapping of air bubbles. Remember –
no bubbles!
2. Take the sample collected from the field. It should be collected in BOD
bottle filled upto the rim.
3. Add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated
pipette just below the surface of the liquid.
4. Add 2 mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent in the same manner.
5. Squeeze the pipette slowly so no bubbles are introduced via the pipette (The
pipette should be dipped inside the sample while adding the above two
reagents. If the reagent is added above the sample surface, you will
introduce oxygen into the sample).
6. If oxygen is present, a brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or floc will
appear.
7. Allow it to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with oxygen.
32
8. Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the
surface of the sample.
9. Carefully stopper and invert several times to dissolve the floc.
10. At this point, the sample is "fixed" and can be stored for up to 8 hours if
kept in a cool, dark place.
11. Rinse the burette with sodium thiosulphate and then fill it with sodium
thiosulphate. Fix the burette to the stand.
12. Measure out 200 ml solution from the bottle and transfer to an conical flask.
13. Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to
conical flask.
14. Titrate it against sodium thiosulphate using starch as indicator. (Add 3 - 4
drops of starch indicator solution)
15. End point of the titration is first disappearance of the blue color to colorless.
1. Drinking water should be rich in dissolved oxygen for good taste.

2. DO test is used to evaluate the pollution strength of domestic and industrial waste.
3. Higher values of DO may cause corrosion of Iron and Steel.
4. Algae growth in water may release oxygen during its photosynthesis and DO may even
shoot upto 30 mg/L.
5. It is necessary to know DO levels to assess quality of raw water and to keep a check on
stream pollution.
7. DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
AIM- To determine biochemical oxygen demand in the given water sample.
INTRODUCTION
The biochemical oxygen demand determination is a chemical procedure for determining the
amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms in a water body to break the organic
materials present in the given water sample at certain temperature over a specific period of time.
33
PRINCIPLE
The sample is filled in an airtight bottle and incubated at specific temperature for 5 days.
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the sample is determined before and after five days of
incubation at 20°C and the BOD is calculated from the difference between initial and final
DO.The initial DO is determined shortly after the dilution is made; all oxygen uptake occurring
after this measurement is included in the BOD measurement.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
1. BOD Incubator
2. Burette & Burette stand
3. 300 mL glass stopper BOD bottles
4. 500 mL conical flask
6. Pipette bulb
8. Wash bottle
CHEMICALS REQUIRED-
1. 0.0125 Sodium thiosulphate

2. Conc. Sulphuric acid
3. Mangnese sulphate
4. Alkali iodide azide
5. Starch Indicator
6. Dilution Water
TESTING OF SAMPLE-
1. Take four 300 mL glass stoppered BOD bottles (two for the sample and two for the blank).
34
2. Add 10 mL of the sample to each of the two BOD bottles and the fill the remaining quantity
with the dilution water. i.e., we have diluted the sample 30 times.
3. The remaining two BOD bottles are for blank, to these bottles add dilution water alone.
4. After the addition immediately place the glass stopper over the BOD bottles and note down
the numbers of the bottle for identification.
5. Now preserve one blank solution bottle and one sample solution bottle in a BOD incubator at
20ºC for five days.
6. The other two bottles (one blank and one sample) needs to be analysed immediately.
a. Avoid any kind of bubbling and trapping of air bubbles. Remember – no bubbles!
7. Add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just
below the surface of the liquid.
9. (The pipette should be dipped inside the sample while adding the above two reagents. If the
reagent is added above the sample surface, you will introduce oxygen into the sample.)
11. When this floc has settled to the bottom, shake the contents thoroughly by turning it upside
down.
12. Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the
sample.
14. Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to Erlenmeyer
flask.
15. Rinse the burette with sodium thiosulphate and then fill it with sodium thiosulphate. Fix the
burette to the stand.
16. Measure out 203 mL of the solution from the bottle and transfer to flask.
17. Titrate the solution with standard sodium thiosulphate solution until the yellow color of
liberated Iodine is almost faded out. (Pale yellow color)
18. Add 1 mL of starch solution.
19. and continue the titration until the blue color disappears to colourless.
20. Note down the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added , which gives the D.O. in
mg/L. Repeat the titration for concordant values.
35
21. After five days, take out the bottles from the BOD incubator and analyse the sample and the
blank for DO.
22. Add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just
below the surface of the liquid.
24. If oxygen is present, a brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or floc will appear.
26. When this floc has settled to the bottom, shake the contents thoroughly by turning it upside
down.
27. Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the
sample.
29. Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to Erlenmeyer
flask.
30. Rinse the burette with sodium thiosulphate and then fill it with sodium thiosulphate. Fix the
burette to the stand.
31. Measure out 203 mL of the solution from the bottle and transfer to flask.
32. Titrate the solution with standard sodium thiosulphate solution until the yellow color of
liberated Iodine is almost faded out. (Pale yellow color)
33. Add 1 mL of starch solution and continue the titration until the blue color disappears to
colourless.
34. Note down the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added, which gives the D.O. in mg/L.
Repeat the titration for concordant values.
1. BOD is the principle test to give an idea of the biodegradability of any sample and
strength of the waste. Hence the amount of pollution can be easily measured by it.
2. Efficiency of any treatment plant can be judged by considering influent BOD and
the effluent BOD and so also the organic loading on the unit.
36
3. Ordinary domestic sewage may have a BOD of 200 mg/L. Any effluent to be
discharged into natural bodies of water should have BOD less than 30 mg/L.
4. This is important parameter to assess the pollution of surface waters and ground
waters where contamination occurred due to disposal of domestic and industrial
effluents.
5. Drinking water usually has a BOD of less than 1 mg/L. But, when BOD value
reaches 5 mg/L, the water is doubtful in purity.
8. DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
AIM - To determine chemical oxygen demand in the given water sample.
INTRODUCTION
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the
amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount
of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful
measure of water quality. It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates
the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution.
COD is the measurement of the amount of oxygen in water consumed for chemical
oxidation of pollutants.
COD determines the quantity of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter in water or
waste water sample, under specific conditions of oxidizing agent, temperature, and time.
This method covers the determination of COD in ground and surface waters, domestic
and industrial wastewaters. The applicable range is 3-900 mg/L.
37
PRINCIPLE-
The organic matter present in sample gets oxidized completely by potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) in the presence of sulphuric acid (H2SO4), silver sulphate (AgSO4) and
mercury sulphate (HgSO4) to produce CO2 and H2O. The sample is refluxed with a
known amount of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in the sulphuric acid medium and
the excess potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is determined by titration against ferrous
ammonium sulphate, using ferroin as an indicator. The dichromate consumed by the
sample is equivalent to the amount of O2 required to oxidize the organic matter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. COD Digester
2. Burette & Burette stan
3. 250 mL conical flask (Erlenmeyer Flask)
4. Pipettes
5. Pipette bulb
6. Tissue papers
7. Wash Bottle
CHEMICALS REQUIRED-
1. Potassium dichromate
2. Sulfuric acid
3. Ferrous ammonium sulphate
4. Silver sulphate
5. Mercury sulphate
6. Ferroin indicator
7. Organic free distilled water
TESTING OF SAMPLE-
38
1. Take three COD vials with stopper (two for the sample and one for the blank).
2. Add 10 ml of the sample to each of the two COD vials and 10 ml COD vial is for
blank; to this COD vial add distilled water.
3. Add 1.5 mL of potassium dichromate reagent - digestion solution to each of the three
COD vials.
4. Add 3.5 mL of sulphuric acid reagent - catalyst solution in the same manner.
5. Caution: COD vials are hot now.
6. Cap tubes tightly. Switch on the COD Digester and fix the temperature at 150º C and
set the time at 2 hours.
7. Place the COD vials into a block digester at 150°C and heat for two hours.
8. The digester automatically switches off. Then remove the vials and allow it to cool
to the room temperature.
9. Meanwhile, get ready with the burette for the titration.
10. Fill the burette with the ferrous ammonium sulphate solution, adjust to zero and fix
the burette to the stand.
11. Transfer the contents of the blank vial to conical flask.
12. Add few drops of ferroin indicator. The solution becomes bluish green in colour.
13. Titrate it with the ferrous ammonium sulphate taken in the burette.
14. End point of the titration is the appearance of the reddish brown colour.
15. Note down the volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution added for the blank .
16. Transfer the contents of the sample vial to conical flask.
17. Add few drops of ferroin indicator. The solution becomes green in colour.
18. Titrate it with the ferrous ammonium sulphate taken in the burette.
19. End point of the titration is the appearance of the reddish brown colour.
20. Note down the volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution added for the sample.
1. COD values are particularly important in the surveys designed to determine and control
the losses to sewer systems.
39
2. The ratio of BOD to COD is useful to assess the amenability of waste for biological
treatment. Ratio of BOD to COD greater than or equal to 0.8 indicates that wastewater
highly polluted and amenable to the biological treatment.
3. It is useful to assess strength of wastes, which contain toxins and biologically resistant
organic substances.
4. BOD value is always lower than COD value. For domestic and some industrial
wastewater, COD value is about 2.5 times BOD value.
40
REFERENCES
[1] F. Nasik and D. S. T. O. Paithan, “AND PREPARATION OF ACTION PLAN OF RIVER
GODAVARI,” no. 18, 2015.
[2] A. Mathematics, “River Water Quality Modelling :,” Analysis, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 3379–
3384, 2001.
[3] Jyotiprakash G Nayak and L. G. Patil, “Assessment of Water Quality of Godavari River At
Nashik, Maharashtra, India,” Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 83–92, 2016.
[4] I. Gupta, A. Kumar, C. Singh, and R. Kumar, “Detection and Mapping of Water Quality
Variation in the Godavari River Using Water Quality Index , Clustering and GIS
Techniques,” J. Geogr. Inf. Syst., vol. 7, no. April, pp. 71–84, 2015.
41
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
OBSERVATION TABLES
1 SAMPLING DONE ON - 05/11/2017
MONTH NOVEMBER
PARAMETERS
STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 6.60 6.70 7.80 7.60 7.50 7.60

TURBIDITY 6.00 2.80 1.50 4.30 7.60 2.10
TOTAL SOLIDS 400.00 220.00 800.00 380.00 160.00 260.00
HARDNESS 66.00 64.00 172.75 150.00 114.00 171.50
CHLORIDE CONTENT 31.99 28.99 49.98 53.98 39.98 56.98
DO 6.30 6.20 6.20 5.10 6.40 5.70
COD 130.00 _ _ _ 95.92 183.12
BOD 104.33 _ _ _ 70.00 167.33
MONTH JANUARY
PARAMETERS
STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 6.90 7.20 6.70 6.80 7.50 7.60

TURBIDITY 1.50 1.50 5.90 6.30 2.50 1.90
TOTAL SOLIDS 240.00 120.00 320.00 580.00 460.00 360.00
HARDNESS 677.50 125.00 297.50 302.50 322.50 235.00
DO 4.20 5.90 5.80 0.00 5.90 3.60
COD 62.50 _ _ _ 187.50 76.27
BOD 35.00 _ _ _ 105.00 45.00
42
MONTH JANUARY
PARAMETERS
STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 6.60 6.90 6.80 7.10 7.30 6.50

TURBIDITY 4.26 8.86 6.49 7.18 9.77 8.13
TOTAL SOLIDS 400.00 220.00 800.00 380.00 160.00 260.00
HARDNESS 340.00 300.00 140.00 130.00 255.00 202.00
DO 3.70 5.40 5.90 4.90 8.90 9.20
COD 350.24 _ _ _ 98.59 315.71
BOD 227.66 _ _ _ 70.00 167.33
MONTH FEBRUARY
PARAMETERS
STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 7.20 8.00 7.80 8.80 8.10 8.00

TURBIDITY 7.66 9.99 3.11 6.41 8.71 5.92
TOTAL SOLIDS 100.00 700.00 300.00 440.00 360.00 480.00
HARDNESS 66.00 64.00 172.75 150.00 114.00 171.50
DO 6.30 6.30 2.50 2.90 6.40 5.70
COD 72.32 _ _ _ 235.04 90.40
BOD 51.34 _ _ _ 192.73 47.91
43
MONTH FEBRUARY
PARAMETERS
STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 7.36 7.30 7.80 7.70 7.10 7.60

TURBIDITY 3.07 9.99 9.15 9.64 7.92 9.99
TOTAL SOLIDS 440.00 80.00 140.00 500.00 340.00 260.00
HARDNESS 97.50 62.50 117.50 90.00 82.50 107.50
DO 0.80 7.00 7.60 1.00 2.70 4.30
COD 695.60 _ _ _ 244.40 526.40
BOD 339.25 _ _ _ 120.50 215.12
MONTH MARCH
PARAMETERS
STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 7.36 7.50 8.00 7.70 8.23 7.90

TURBIDITY 1.58 4.52 2.60 5.55 6.53 1.25
TOTAL SOLIDS 340.00 260.00 500.00 520.00 680.00 440.00
HARDNESS 75.00 42.50 117.50 162.50 122.50 105.00
DO 0.90 6.10 1.00 7.50 0.80 3.50
COD 378.48 _ _ _ 139.44 39.84
BOD 214.33 _ _ _ 90.06 25.33
44
1) KUSHAVARTH
Parameter - pH
Station- Kushavarta
Nov Dec Jan Feb Feb Mar

pH 6.6 6.9 6.6 7.2 7.8 7.36
pH
8
7.5
7
pH
6.5
6
Parameter- Turbidity(NTU)
Station- Kushavarta

Turbidity 6 1.5 4.26 7.66 3.07 1.58
TURBIDITY
10
8
6
4 TURBIDITY
2
0
45
parameter- Total Solids(mg/l)

Station- Kushavarta

Total solids 400 240 120 100 440 340
Total Solids
500
400
300
200 Total Solids
100
0
parameter- DO (mg/l)
Station- Kushavarta

DO 6.3 2.7 3.7 5 0.8 0.9
DO
7
6
5
4
3 DO
2
1
0
46
Parameter- BOD (mg/l)

Station- Kushavarta

BOD 104.33 35 227 51.34 339.5 214.33
BOD
400
300
200
BOD
100
0
parameter-COD (mg/l)
Station- Kushavarta

COD 130 62 350.24 72.32 695.1 378.48
COD
800
600
400
COD
200
0
47
2) GANGAPUR DAM
parameter-pH
Station- Gangapur Dam

pH 6.7 7.2 6.9 8 7.3 7.5
pH
8.5
8
7.5
7 pH
6.5
6
parameter-Turbidity (NTU)
Station- Gangapur Dam

Turbidity 2.8 1.5 8.86 9.99 9.99 4.52
TURBIDITY
15
10
5 TURBIDITY
0
48
parameter- Total Solids(mg/l)

station Gangapur Dam

Total Solids 220 120 760 700 80 260
TOTAL SOLIDS
800
600
400
TOTAL SOLIDS
200
0
parameter-DO (mg/l)
station Gangapur Dam

DO 6.2 5.9 5.4 6.3 7 6.1
DO
8
4
DO
2
0
49
3) NAVSHA GANAPATI
parameter- pH
Station Gangapur Dam
F
N D Ja e
ov ec n Feb b Mar
p 7. 6. 6. 7.
7.8 8
H 8 7 8 8
pH
8.5
8
7.5
7 pH
6.5
6
Parameter-Turbidity (NTU)
Station- Navsha Ganpati
Turbidity 1.5 5.9 6.49 3.11 9.15 2.6
TURBIDITY
10
5
TURBIDITY
0
50
parameter- Total solids(mg/l)

Station Navsha Ganpati

Total Solids 800 320 200 300 140 500
TOTAL SOLIDS
1000
500
TOTAL SOLIDS
0
Station- Navsha Ganpati

DO 6.2 5.8 9.5 2.5 7.6 1
DO
10
8
6
4 DO
2
0
51
4) CHOPDA LAWNS
parameter-pH
Station Chopda Lawns

pH 7.6 6.8 7.1 8.8 7.7 7.7
pH
10
8
6
4 pH
2
0
Parameter- Turbidity (NTU)

Station- Chopda Lawns

Turbidity 4.3 6.3 7.18 6.41 9.64 5.5
TURBIDITY
15
10
TURBIDITY
5
0
52
Parameter- Total solids (mg/l)

station Chopda Lawn

Total Solids 380 580 360 440 500 520
TOTAL SOLIDS
800
600
400
TOTAL SOLIDS
200
0
parameter- DO( mg/l)

station Chopda Lawns

DO 5.1 0 4.9 2.9 1 7.5
DO
8
4
DO
2
0
53
5) RAMKUND
parameter-pH
Station- Ramkund

pH 7.5 7.5 7.3 8.1 7.1 8.23
pH
8.5
7.5
pH
7
6.5
Station- Ramkund
Turbidity 7.6 2.5 9.77 8.75 7.92 6.53
TURBIDITY
12
10
8
6
TURBIDITY
4
2
0
54
parameter- Total solids (mg/l)

Station- Ramkund

Total Solids 160 460 320 360 340 680
TOTAL SOLIDS
800
600
400
TOTAL SOLIDS
200
0
Station- Ramkund

DO 6.4 5.7 8.9 4.9 2.7 0.8
DO
10
8
6
4 DO
2
0
55
parameter- BOD (mg/l)

Station- Ramkund

BOD 70 105 70 192.73 120.5 90.06
BOD
250
200
150
100 BOD
50
0
parameter- COD (mg/l)

Station- Ramkund

COD 95.92 187.5 98.59 238.04 244.4 139.44
COD
300
250
200
150
COD
100
50
0
56
6) TAPOWAN
parameter-pH
Station- Tapovan

pH 7.6 7.6 7.5 8 7.6 7.9
pH
8.2
8
7.8
7.6 pH
7.4
7.2
Station- Tapovan

Turbidity 2.1 1.9 8.13 5.9 9.99 1.25
TURBIDITY
12
10
8
6
TURBIDITY
4
2
0
57
parameter- Total solids (mg/l)

Station- Tapovan

Total Solids 260 360 160 380 260 440
TOTAL SOLIDS
500
400
300
200 TOTAL SOLIDS
100
0
Station- Tapovan

DO 5.7 3.6 10.6 4 4.3 3.5
DO
12
10
8
6
DO
4
2
0
58
parameter- BOD (mg/l)

Station- Tapovan

BOD 167 45 167.33 47.91 215.12 25.33
BOD
250
200
150
100 BOD
50
0
parameter- COD (mg/l)

Station- Tapovan

COD 183.12 76.27 315.71 95.4 526.4 39.84
COD
600
500
400
300
COD
200
100
0
59
60

BTech Project - Water Quality Mapping - 11-12-2017

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Report titled

Water Quality Mapping of Godavari River

Civil and Environmental Engineering Department

Veermata jijabai Tecnological Insitute,Mumbai 400019

Name of Student Signature

Abhishek Pande (141010016)

Shubham Rajput (141010044)

Deepali Mahale (141011011)

Neha Lomate (151011974)

DR. P.P.Bhave Dr. A. S. Wayal

Project Guide Head, Civil and Environmental

Dr. Dhiren Patel

The report, “Water Quality Mapping On Godavari River” submitted by

Dr. P.P. Bhave

Project Guide External Examiner

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1.2 Need of Study 2

1.4 Scope of Study 2

1.5 Expected Outcomes 3

2 Chapter 2: Literature Review 4

2.2 Types of Water Pollution 4

2.3 Health Hazards 5

2.4 Water Quality Mapping 6

2.5 Water Quality Standards 6

2.6 Prevention on water pollution 6

3 Chapter 3: Materials And Methods 11

3.3 Methods used for testing samples 12

3.4 Introduction to study area 12

INDEX FOR FIGURES AND SKETCHES

Figure Title Page No.

2.1 Statewise Distribution of Godavari Basin 4

3.1 Godavari river showing sampling locations 13

Sr. No. Abbrevation Column1

1 BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

2 COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

4 TDS TotalDissolved Solids

5 TSS TotalSuspended Solids

8 MLD Million Litres per Day

9 STP Sewage treatment plant

10 NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

11 PUB Public Utility Board

12 EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid

13 EBT Eriochrome Black T

1.2 NEED OF STUDY

3. To investigate the water pollutants released by the town.

6. To suggest a proper technique to obtain water quality of river.

7. To establish water quality standards in place of fixed effluent discharge standards

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES-

Figure 2.1 State wise distribution of Godavari basin[1]

2.2 TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

2.3 HEALTH HAZARDS

3. Hygiene and cleanliness

2.4 WATER QUALITY MAPPING

2.5 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

(As per IS 10500-2012)

SR NO CHARACHTERISTICS ACCEPTABLE LIMIT PERMISSIBLE LIMIT

2.6 PREVENTION ON WATER POLLUTION

2. Composite Samples - Composite sample should provide a more representative sampling

3. Integrated (discharge-weighted) samples - This is when mixture of grab samples

T = student t statistic for a given confidence level

S = overall standard deviation