Mid Tern Review Lecture

Semiconductor Materials -II

 Good conductors have low resistance so electrons flow through
them with ease

 Best element conductors include:

Copper, silver, gold, & aluminum
 Alloys are also good conductors:
Brass & steel
 Good conductors can also be liquid:
Salt water
Copper
Atom
 The atomic structure of good conductors usually includes only
one electron in their outer shell
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Semiconductor Materials -III
 Insulators have a high resistance so current does not flow in
them.
 Good insulators include:
Glass, ceramic, plastics, & wood
 Most insulators are compounds of several elements.
 The atoms are tightly bound to one another so electrons are
difficult to strip away for current flow.

 Semiconductors are materials that essentially can be

conditioned to act as good conductors, or good insulators, or
any thing in between.
 Common elements such as carbon, silicon, and germanium are
semiconductors.
 Silicon is the best and most widely used semiconductor.
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Covalent bonding & Intrinsic Material -I

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Covalent bonding & Intrinsic Material -II

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Energy Levels

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Semiconductor Diode pn Junction

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Semiconductor Diode pn Junction-II

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Semiconductor Diode pn Junction-III

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Semiconductor Diode – (No Bias V=0V)-I

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Reverse Bias Condition VD<0V

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Forward Bias Condition VD>0V

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Zener Region

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Diode Resistance

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Diode Resistance – DC / Static Resistance

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AC / Dynamic Resistance

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Average AC Resistance

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Light – Emitting Diodes-I

 A diode that gives of visible or invisible (IR) light when energized

 Recombination of holes & Electrons in any forward biased p-n junction
 Combination of different element produce light of different color

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Frequency, Wavelength & Band gap Relations

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Load Line Analysis-II

 The straight line is called

Because the intersection on
Vertical axis is defined by the
Applied load R

 It’s Analysis is known as

Load – line Analysis

 The intersection of the two curves will define solution for the
network (current & Voltage Level)

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Load Line Analysis-III

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Series Configuration-II

 For Each Configuration, the state of the diode must be

determined (on & off)

 If the Resulting current direction matches with the ‘arrow’ in

the diode symbol, conduction through the diode will occur
and the device will be in the on state

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Series Configuration-Forward Biased

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Series Configuration

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Series Configuration-Reverse Biased

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Series Configuration-Reverse Biased

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Parallel Diode configuration-II

 If the current rating of the diodes is 20mA, a current of 28mA

would damage the device if it appeared alone

 Placing two parallel diode limit the current to a safe value

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Sinusoidal Inputs-Half Wave Rectification-II

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Sinusoidal Inputs-Half Wave Rectification-III

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Full Wave Rectification – Bridge Network-II

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Full Wave Rectification – Bridge Network-V

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Centre-Tapped Transformer Rectifier-III

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Diode Limiter /Clipper -I
 A circuit which cutoff voltage above or below to a specified level is called
clipper.
 A clipper which removes a portion of positive half cycle of the input signal is
called positive clipper
 A clipper circuit that removes the negative half cycle is called negative clipper

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Diode Limiter /Clipper -II

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Double End Clipper
 A circuit that can be used to limit the peaks of both half cycles of an A.C. input signal
is called double end clipper

 Circuit contains a shunt positive clipper with positive bias and shunt negative clipper
with negative bias.
 When the biased voltage reaches +8.7V diode D1 conducts and above that volt level
no current flow through RL. Hence limit the waveform to 8.7V.
 Diode D2 does not conduct until the voltage reaches -6.7V and negative voltage
bellows 6.7V are clipped off. The resulting output waveform is shown at the output
of the circuit.
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Clamper-I

 Clamper adds a DC level to an AC voltage

 A network constructed from Diode, a resistor & a capacitor that shifts the
waveform to a different dc level without changing the appearance of the applied
signal

 Time constant τ = RC should be sufficiently large enough to store the charge

(doesn’t charge significantly) during the interval diode in nonconducting

 Clamping network have a capacitor connected directly from input to output with
a resistive element & diode in parallel with the output signal

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Clamper-II

 Examine the response of the portion of the input signal that will forward bias the
diode
 During the period that diode is in the ‘on’ state, capacitor will charge up
 During the period that diode is in the ‘off’ state, capacitor holds on to its
established voltage level

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Clamper-III

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Clamper-IV

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Zener Diode - Protection Device-I

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Zener Diode - Protection Device-IV

 For the negative region of the applied signal the silicon diode is reverse biased and
presents an open circuit to the series combination of elements
 Full negatively applied signal will appear across the open-circuited diode and the
negative voltage across the system locked in at 0 V, as shown in Fig. below
 The voltage across the system is shown below

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations-I

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations-II

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations-II

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 Voltage Multiplier- Doubler-I

 The network shown below is a half-wave voltage doubler

 During the positive voltage half cycle across the transformer, secondary diode D1
conducts (and diode D2 is cut off),
 Diode D1 is ideally short during this half cycle, input voltage Charges capacitor
C1 up to the peak rectified voltage (Vm) as shown below in the figure

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 Voltage Multiplier- Doubler-II

 During the negative half-cycle of the secondary voltage, diode D1 is cut off and
diode D2 conducts charging capacitor C2
 Since diode D2 acts as a short during the negative half-cycle (and diode D1 is
open), we can sum the voltages around the outside loop as shown below

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Voltage Multiplier- Full Wave Doubler

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Voltage Tripler & Quadrupler

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Zener Diode – AC Regulator & Square Wave Generator

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