PROGRAMME : Higher National Certificate/Diploma in construction and built

environment (Level 5).

UNIT NUMBER : Unit 3

UNIT NAME : Science and Materials

STUDENT NAME : Kaushal Gurunath Hindurao

TUTOR NAME : Saiyyed Akbar

CENTER : Thane

BATCH : 2018-20

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
Scenario: You are Appointed as the Safety officer in DV group builders and developers for a multistory
residential cum commercial project spread over 8000 square meter area. You will be having responsibilities of
managing Health, Safety and welfare in project.

Introduction:
Aeons ago the field of construction has been discovered by mankind, a large number of advancement in this
field of construction took place and still it’s developing with the help of technology. Time and Quality both are
the important factors in this field which is being taken care of, by science and technology; still there is always
danger to the life of workers in the process. Construction is a field which has high necessity of manpower in
which workers play very important role. Manier times their life is put in danger without proper safety
instructions, protection equipment or proper method of carrying out task. They work in improper condition
risking life, health by working for long stretch. In order to stop this improper practices of work, for health,
safety and welfare of workers/employees there are some rules and regulations made mandatory by the safety
legislation. Use of equipments, materials, handling, storage everything that may cause hazard or danger to
lives are covered by this safety legislation for avoiding hazards and risks.( https://youtu.be/0pB0JD0TUIw )
Project information:

Total plot area: 8000 square meter.

Type of Project: Residential cum Commercial project.

What is safety policy?

Safety policy are legal obligation that is made mandatory to employer, employee and every person who visits
or works on any active construction site. Written statement of safety policy should be provided by the
employer for all employees as well as people entering that site and should be made effective at work place. (
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation, 1999).

Storage, handling, uses of Cement plastering and steel reinforcement:

Storage: Planning is the most basic or most initial stage of construction the storage of materials used in
construction should be well planned for stacking, their layout must be planned such that nobody should be
harmed or should be in risk over the storage of materials, manuoevrability of vehicles for transportation
should be carried out without risking lives of people on the site. Proper planning must be done to avoid
deterioration of materials, and control the risk that employees face.(IS 4082, 1996).

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
Cement must be stored in a place which is waterproof, moisture proof, leakage proof. For that it requires a
place like shed or a room fully covered or closed as much as possible. To avoid deterioration or quality of
cement it needs to be kept at some height above the ground on a wooden plane, and similarly away from
walls. Cement that we get on residential cum commercial site will be provided in bags, these bags needs to be
kept close enough to reduce air circulation. To avoid the lumping of cement, those bags of cement must not
be stacked more than ten (10) to fifteen (15)bags, width should not be more than four (4) bags or 3 meters. If
the height of bags are more than eight (8) bags, bags are kept in vertical and horizontal manner in each
alternative layer to reduce toppling over of bags which may cause hazard to the workers walking by, or while
accessing these cement bags. (IS 4082, 1996) (IS 7969, 1975).
Lime deteriorates immediately as it comes in contact with the moisture or carbon dioxide around it, it should
be kept in a place with less openings or compact spaces to avoid deterioration. Heaps of lime are made in a
closed space or space with minimal openings, it needs to be kept away from water and combustibles in order
to avoid fire hazards (IS 4082, 1996) (IS 7969, 1975).
Sand is just similar to other materials like gravels, stones. They need to be stockpiled in order to have easy
access to the material, sand/gravel/stones should not be kept along side of any wall or embankment,
superimposing load on the wall or near excavated site is dangerous or could result hazardous because of
slipping as they spread around the heap / stock pile (IS 7969, 1975).
Steel should be stored according to the length, shape and size of steel to have enough space for employees or
people working in that place to move adequately without slipping, tripping and falling. Steel needs to be kept
on a solid surface above 300 mm height from ground level (IS 7969, 1975) (IS 4082, 1996).

Handling: While handling or shifting materials like Cement bags, sand or lime, workers must wear protective
clothes, respirators, safety googles, skin should not be exposed in this handling process to avoid hazards.
Shifting or moving of materials should be done by using handles or proper equipment that provides grip.
Handling of heavy materials should not be carried out manually if above 12.5kg per person according to Lifting
operations Lifting equipment regulation (LOLER, 1998). While carrying or shifting material should not block the
front view of worker while shifting material from one place to another, if a worker is not able to lift or move
any material then he should not try to carry out such work alone. Number of workers required to lift a load or
material depends on the distance to be covered while shifting. Steel reinforcement are to be handled by
cranes to lift and place the steel reinforcement. Trucks carry these steel reinforcement from one place to
another i.e. till the unloading area. Trucks, cranes and other vehicles should not enter the excavated area or
near restricted zone. While handling to steel workers should wear all personal protective equipment necessary

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
to avoid hazards, like safety gloves, safety shoes, etc. (OSHA 2236, 2002)(LOLER, 1998)(IS 7969, 1975)(IS 7293,
1974).

Uses: Cement plastering is a task that deals with height, workers should be trained enough under an
experienced person who is competent of carrying out this task. Requirement of equipments is dependent on
the duration of work and risk. For cement plastering reaching out for places on the external side of building
requires rope and stable base and a space enough for carrying the materials at height along the worker. Use of
ladders should be made for short duration work (less than 30 minutes). Proper guidance should be given to
employees by employer or a person with well experience about the given task and workers should carry out
given task or training under the supervision of experienced person for the given task. (Work at height
regulation, 2005).

( https://youtu.be/0pB0JD0TUIw )

Steel reinforcement requires number of workers for bending, breaking, cutting of steel for structures and
their allotted design like columns, beams, slabs, foundation. Cutting of steel is most initial stage in steel
reinforcement process, for that proper equipment should be provided for face, eyes, hands, feet, etc by
employers. ( OSHA 3151-12R, 2004 )

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
Risk and hazards: Materials that arrive on site by trucks or vehicles like cranes, JCB, RMC mixer, etc should
have ample space to move inside the site, the path of vehicles should be clear while arrival or departure of
vehicles to avoid risk for employees, employers and people present on site. Lack of space for vehicles on site
or visual barrier may cause hazards on site or the vehicle may fall into the excavated area or restricted zone.
There are chances of people on site getting run over by vehicles due to lack of visuals on the path in site. (
https://youtu.be/0pB0JD0TUIw )
While operating with cranes for lifting, shifting or unloading material, the working area in which the material is
being carried by cranes, if not tied correctly may have risks of falling while lifting or shifting of materials
through cranes, it may harm people beneath walking by or working nearby which is fatal and people might
lose life. (IS 7969, 1975) (IS 7293, 1974).
Storing of materials may cause toppling over of materials due to inadequate manner of storing or irrelevant
stacking height, improper unloading of steel reinforcement, piling of steel, improper heaping of sands or
stones. This can make serious injury to workers while accessing materials or while passing by that route which
consists improper storage.(IS 4082, 1996).
Improper method of lifting loads manually, materials may cause back injury, strain in muscles, dermatitis,
rashes, dislocation of bones, to workers.(LOLER, 1998).
Materials like lime which tends to give burning sensation to skin or eyes when touched with bare skin may
cause temporary itching or blindness to eyes, while accessing them if proper safety equipments are not
provided or used as per instructed. Spilling of sand around the unloaded area of sand may cause slipping over
the floor, ground and may cause injury on ground level or even death on a certain height above the ground to
workers, project managers, contractor, Executives, all possibilities of people that work on site. (IS 4082, 1996).
While carrying out cement plastering work, spilling of plaster may occur causing to increase the risk of
carrying out work, some particles may hurt the eyes while working leading to temporary or even permanent
damage to eyes. Working at height without railings, ropes, and other protective equipment may cause
fractures or death.(Work at height regulation, 2005)
Improper piling of steel may cause tripping over of the steel or sharp edges of steel may cause serious injuries
on site for workers, while cutting of steel sparks blow up which may harm skin and eyes of workers.(IS 4082,
1996).

Guidelines: The construction design and management regulation says that it’s the duty of principal designer
to take all measures of the requirements that are needed on site and based on that pre-construction phase
must be carried out in order to avoid risk and hazards on site (Construction Design and Management, 2015),
from excavated area no heavy vehicle must pass, atleast a distance of two feet (0.61 meters) should be kept
restricted. While unloading or moving of vehicles their must be a third person for supervision of the area

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
whether it is cleared or not and to give signals and directions to the driver or machine operator. (OSHA 2226
10R, 2015).
All the machineries, site equipments, storages, wastes, everything must be checked from time to time to avoid
sudden hazards, overloading must be avoided before lifting and shifting of materials with vehicles or cranes,
every knot, every linkage of hook and handles must be checked properly to avoid collapsing or falling of
materials.(OSHA 2236, 2002).
No material should be stacked over height of 1.5 to 2 meters of height. Stacking of each material should be
done in proper manner depending on the shape, size and weight of material. The site must be always cleaned
with broom to avoid slipping and tripping on site especially where sand and stone work is in excess.( IS 4082,
1996).
While lifting, shifting of materials proper method should be embodied to the employee by the employers.
Safety shoes, gloves and protection clothes must be provided by employers to employees and employees
must wear them properly on site. (OSHA 2236, 2002).
Proper safety equipment should be provided to workers depending on their work, safety googles may avoid
unwanted particles from hurting eyes while handling lime, sand, or while doing plastering work. Helmet and
safety shoes, protective clothes should be mandatory on site for workers and people entering on site. Face
mask with glass, gloves should be put in use while cutting of steel. ( OSHA 3151-12R, 2004 ) ( ANSI Z87.1,
1989).
There must be no child (underage) present at an active site all alone neither any underage must be made to do
work for site i.e. child labour. There must be camp for routine checkup of workers arranged by employers
from time to time, in order to ensure that workers are capable of carrying out work safely.( The Management
of Health and Safety at Work Regulation, 1999 ).

Impact of application of guidelines: With the help of guidelines, risk factors and hazards are reduced. All
the possible difficulties calculating before construction avoid the wastage of money and time. Injuries, health
loss, life loss, crisis at work site, all the risks that could shut down construction work are avoided. With the
help of LOLER proper lifting tasks are being carried out without any harm and without much of difficulty. CDM
makes the planning of site appropriate with efficiency in carrying out work in certain time period. HSW
regulation takes care of all skill requirements necessary in an employee and duties of employer, including all
the safety policy being mandatory to everyone. PPE regulation always reduces risk or saves worker or person
on active site from injury or hazard, calculated as well as unpredicted hazards.

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
Risk assessment:

What are Who Precautions already in Risk rating What further action Residual Risk rating
the hazards? might be place is required?
harmed ?

P S R P S R

1.Hazards Workers •Safe routes for 2 5 10 1.Safe routes 1 4 4

occurring might get travelling or shifting should be checked
due to severe material is managed in & instructed by
vehicles on injury or planning for principal
even fatal preconstruction contractor.
site.
injuries, phase. 2. Putting reserve
or can get •Loading/unloading sign boards, no
crushed and routes in and out entry boards for
to death. for vehicles is carried safe routes.
out under observation 3.Parking by heavy
of third person or vehicles and visiting
supervisor, principal vehicles on site
contractor. area is prohibited.
4.High visibility
clothes should be
provided & checked
whether everyone
on site is wearing it.
2. Handling Workers •Personal protective 3 4 12 1.Proper 2 3 6
i)Manual – may equipment like gloves, instructions for
suffer helmets, goggles, handling of
from cloths, provided to equipments &
severe employees. materials should be
body or •No bulky weight provided to
muscle should be lifted alone workers by
pain, back by worker. employers.
injuries, •Avoiding lifting of 2.Risk of the task
dermatitis materials which blocks should be
, rashes, further view. acknowledged by
dislocatio •Wheel barrow, the employer to
n of bones temporary lifts and workers.
due to trolleys available on 3.Training should
improper site. be provided to
posture. workers and to be
supervised by
UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:
UNIT NAME: BATCH:
 experienced
professional.

ii)
Mechanical
Workers, •Well experienced & 1 5 5 1.Routine check- 1 4 4
-
people licensed worker ups for heavy
walking should be given the vehicles like cranes,
nearby or task for handling trucks, JCB's and
under the cranes. their
cranes •Evacuation of the functionalities.
may get working area for 2.Warning sign
crushed if cranes and JCB's. boards for “work in
the •Third person progress” in all
material perspective guidance possible direction.
slips off for direction of
the crane handling and
or unloading.
mishandli
ng.
3.Storage Workers •Proper guidance for 2 3 6 1.Proper 2 2 4
for cement, can get stacking of cement, instructions for
sand, lime, topped piling of sand, lime, accessing each
steel off from steel is provided. material should be
over the •Personal protective given to workers.
reinforcem
stacking equipment are
ent.
or the provided to workers.
stacked
material
may
topple off
on
workers
while
accessing
or passing
by.
Lime if
gets into
eye or is
exposed
to skin
may give
burning
sensation
UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:
UNIT NAME: BATCH:
 to
workers.
Piling of
steel in
crowded
area may
harm
workers
by it sharp
edges.
4.Applicati Workers •Netting around the 2 5 10 1.Proper training 1 3 3
on falling building is provided and instructions
from for avoiding the fall of should be given by
height, objects from height. well experienced
collapse •Ropes and elevating person to workers.
of platforms should be 2.Cleaning up of
scaffold, checked from time to wastes, spilled
objects time before getting on residues, placing of
falling it for plastering work. equipment in their
from the •Checking the respective storages
top on scaffolding before after each task is
people getting into work for done .
nearby cement plastering 3.Time limit should
constructi every day. be allotted for
on site, •Personal protective every task for every
eyes may equipment like face worker.
get harm mask and glares,
while gloves, shoes, clothes
plastering are provided.
or cutting
of steel.
Slipping
over
spread
sand
storage,
tripping
over steel
reinforce
ment, can
cause
minimal
injury to
low injury.

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
Preconstruction layout planning:

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH:
Bibliography:
a. Guideline, 2015, The Construction (Design and Management) Regulation,
http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/cdm/2015/index.htm .
b. Introduction, https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/VatsalVala/study-and-transformation-of-occupational-
health-and-safety-techniques-in-construction-industry-in-india.- ( https://youtu.be/0pB0JD0TUIw ).
c. IS 4082, 1996, Recommendation on stacking and storage of construction materials and components at
site, https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.4082.1996 .
d. IS 7969, 1975, Safety codes for handling and storage of building material,
https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.7969.1975 .
e. IS 7293, 1974, Safety code for working with machinery, https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.7293.1974.
f. LOLER, 1998, Lifting Operation and Lifting Equipments Regulation, http://www.hse.gov.uk/work-
equipment-machinery/loler.htm .
g. Matt Wastradowski, 1989, ANSI Z87.1, https://www.graphicproducts.com/articles/ansi-z871-eye-
protection .
h. OSHA 2236, 2002 (revised), Materials handling and storage.
i. OSHA 3151-12R, 2004, Personal protective equipment.
j. OSHA 2226-10R, 2015, Trenching and excavation safety.
k. Safety policy, 1974, (3242) The Management of health and safety at work regulation 1999,
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/3242/contents/made.
l. Uses, 2005, Work at height, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/735/regulation/3/made.

UNIT NO : STUDENT NAME:

UNIT NAME: BATCH: