DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS
LABORATORY REPORT
SKU3023: CHEMISTRY II
Semester II Session 2016/2017

ID NUMBER AND NAME 1. ABDUL MUNZIR BIN ISMAIL (D20152072033)

2. MOHD SABRI BIN HASSAN (D20152072049)

LECTURER : DR. NOORSHIDA BINTI MOHD ALI

EXPERIMENT NO. :2

TITLE : SOLUBILITY, SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT (KSP)

AND COMMON ION EFFECT

DATE & DAY : 08th MARCH 2015

CHECK LIST (Please tick)

Title
Objective(s)
Methods
Observations (in table)
Data & calculation
Discussions
Questions & answers (if appropriate)
Conclusion(s)
References (at least 2)

TITLE
Solubility, Solubility Product Constant (KSP) and Common Ion Effect

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the Ksp for certain hydroxide salt.

2. To explain the effect of common ions which can influence in the solubility for certain
salt.
3. To differentiate between solubility and Ksp.

METHODS

A. Determination of the Solubility of Hydroxide Calcium in Water

1. Amount 150mL of Solution A was poured into beaker.
2. 25mL Solution A was pipette into a conical flask. The temperature was recorded.
3. Preparation of titration apparatus: The burette was flashed with standard solution of
HCl twice. The burette was filled with standard solution of HCl, the airbubble was
removed. The initial burette reading was wrote down.
4. Solution A was titrate with standard solution of HCl. Phenolphthalein was used as
the indicator.
5. The titration was repeated for 3 times.

B. Common Ion Effect to Molar Solubility of Hydroxide Calcium

1. The methods of part A was repeated by using Solution B.

OBSERVATION, RESULTS AND DATA CALCULATION

A: Solubility Determination, Molar Solubility and Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
of Ca(OH)2

[HCl] = 0.04M
Temperature = 25

Step Item Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

1 Final burette reading (mL) 35.8 36.1 35.4
2 Initial burette reading (mL) 0 0 0
3 Volume of HCl (mL) 35.8 36.1 35.4
4 Amount of HCl (mol) 1.432 x 10-3 1.444 x 10-3 1.428 x 10-3
5 Amount of OH- (mol), standard 1.432 x 10-3 1.444 x 10-3 1.428 x 10-3
solution
6 Volume of Ca(OH)2 (mL) 25 25 25
7 [OH-], equilibrium (mL) 0.057 0.058 0.057
8 [Ca 2+], equilibrium (mL) 0.029 0.029 0.029
9 Molar Solubility of Ca(OH)2 0.029 0.029 0.029
10 Average of molar solubility of 0.029
Ca(OH)2
11 Ksp of Ca(OH)2 9.42  10 5 9.76  10 5 9.42  10 5
12 Average of Ksp of Ca(OH)2 9.53  10 5

Show the calculations for Trial 1 (Step 3 – 5 and 7 – 12)

 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

3 Vol of HC Vol of HCI Vol of HCI

 35.8  0  36.1  0  35.4  0
 35.8ml  36.1ml  35.4ml
4 Amount of HCI Amount of HCI Amount of HCI
(0.04M )(35.8ml) (0.04M )(36.1ml) (0.04M )(35.4ml)
  
1000 1000 1000
 1.432  10 3  1.444  10 3  1.428  10 3
5 Ca(OH ) 2  2 HCI  CaCI  2 H 2 0 Ca(OH ) 2  2 HCI  CaCI  2 H 2 O Ca(OH ) 2  2 HCI  CaCI  2 H 2 O
So, 1mol of HCI  1 Ca(OH ) 2 So, 1mol of HCI  1 Ca(OH ) 2 So, 1mol of HCI  1 Ca(OH ) 2
2 2 2
1.432  10 3 1.444  10 3 1.428  10 3
Ca(OH ) 2  Ca(OH ) 2  Ca(OH ) 2 
2 2 2
 7.22  10  4  7.14  10  4
 7.16  10 4
Ca(OH ) 2  Ca   2OH  Ca(OH ) 2  Ca   2OH 
Ca(OH ) 2  Ca   2OH  
So,1mol of Ca(OH ) 2  2mol of OH So,1mol of Ca(OH ) 2  2mol of OH 
So,1mol of Ca(OH ) 2  2mol of OH  4
(7.22  10 )  2
(7.16  10 4 )  2 (7.14  10  4 )  2

 1.444  10 3
 1.432  10 3  1.428  10 3

7 ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml)

1.432  10 3  1.444  10 3  1.428  10 3 z 
1000 1000 1000
M  0.057 M  0.058 M  0.057
8 ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml)
7.16  10 4  7.22  10 4  7.14  10 4 
1000 1000 1000
M  0.029 M  0.029 M  0.029
9 ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml)
7.16  10 4  7.22  10 4  7.14  10 4 
1000 1000 1000
M  0.029 M  0.029 M  0.029
10 0.029  0.029  0.029
average of Ca(OH ) 2 
3
 0.029
11  
K sp  Ca  OH  
2
 
K sp  Ca  OH  
2
 
K sp  Ca  OH  
2

 0.0290.057  0.0290.058  0.0290.057

2 2 2

 9.42  10 5  9.76  10 5  9.42  10 5

12 9.42  10 5  9.76  10 5  9.42  10 5
average of K sp of Ca(OH ) 2 
3
5
 9.53  10
 B: Molar Solubility of Ca(OH)2 and Common Ion Effect

[HCl] =0.04 M
Temperature = 24

Step Item Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

1 Final burette reading (mL) 30.0 31.2 32.1
2 Initial burette reading (mL) 0 0 0
3 Volume of HCl (mL) 30.0 31.2 32.1
4 Amount of HCl (mL) 1.200 x 10-3 1.248 x 10-3 1.284 x 10-3
5 Amount of OH- (mL), standard solution 1.200 x 10-3 1.248 x 10-3 1.284 x 10-3
6 Volume of Ca(OH)2 with CaCl2 (mL) 25 25 25
7 [OH-], equilibrium (mL) 0.048 0.050 0.051
8 Molar Solubility of Ca(OH)2 0.024 0.025 0.026
9 Average of Molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 0.025

Show the calculation for Trial 1 (Step 3 – 5 and 7 – 9)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

3 Vol of HC Vol of HCI Vol of HCI
 30.0  0  31.2  0  32.1  0
 30.0ml  31.2ml  32.1ml
4 Amount of HCI Amount of HCI Amount of HCI
(0.04M )(30.0ml) (0.04M )(31.2ml) (0.04M )(32.1ml)
  
1000 1000 1000
 1.200  10 3  1.248  10 3  1.284  10 3
5 So, 1mol of HCI  1 Ca(OH ) 2 So, 1mol of HCI  1 Ca(OH ) 2 So, 1mol of HCI  1 Ca(OH ) 2
2 2 2
1.200 10 3 1.248 10 3 1.284  10 3
Ca(OH ) 2  Ca(OH ) 2  Ca(OH ) 2 
2 2 2
 6.00 10 4  6.24 10 4  6.42  10 4
Ca(OH ) 2  Ca   2OH  Ca(OH ) 2  Ca   2OH  Ca(OH ) 2  Ca   2OH 
So,1mol of Ca(OH ) 2  2mol of OH  So,1mol of Ca(OH ) 2  2mol of OH  So,1mol of Ca(OH ) 2  2mol of OH 
(6.00 10 4 )  2 (6.24 10 4 )  2 (6.42  10 4 )  2

 1.200 10 3  1.248 10 3  1.284  10 3

7 ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml)
1.200  10 3  1.248  10 3  1.284  10 3 
1000 1000 1000
M  0.048 M  0.050 M  0.051
8 ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml) ( M )( 25ml)
6.00  10 4  6.24  10 4  6.42  10 4 
1000 1000 1000
M  0.024 M  0.025 M  0.026
9 average of molar so lub ility of Ca(OH ) 2
(0.024  0.025  0.026)

3
 0.025

DISCUSSION

The solubility product constant, Ksp is the equilibrium constant for a solid substances
dissolving in an aqueous solution. It represent the level at which a solute dissolve in solution.
The more soluble a substances is, the higher the Ksp value it has
aA(s) ⇌ cC(aq)+dD(aq)
To solve the Ksp, it is neccesary to take the molarities or concentration of the product (cC and
dD) and multiply them. If there are coefficients in front of any of the products, it is necessary
to raise the product to that coefficient power (and also multiply the concentration by that
coefficient). This is shown below:
Ksp=[C]c[D]d

QUESTIONS

1. Give the meaning of saturated solution and give the differences between saturated solution
and normal solution? Explain the effect of temperature to solubility of salt in certain solvent.
A saturated solution is when the solute can dissolve in the solvent.

Saturated solution: For normal solution,

In chemistry, a solution obtained when a It's just an aqueous solution containing one
solvent (liquid) can dissolve no more of a equivalent of the active reagent in grams in 1
solute (usually a solid) at a particular liter of the solution
temperature.

For many solids dissolved in liquid water, the solubility increases with temperature. The
increase in kinetic energy that comes with higher temperatures allows the solvent molecules
to more effectively break apart the solute molecules that are held together by intermolecular
attractions. Polar solvents are liquids whose molecules display a permanent dipole. A dipole
has two oppositely charged poles (like a magnet). A molecule with a dipole is a molecule with
a positive and a negative end. Ionic compounds are compounds that will split into two or more
ions when placed in a liquid. Ions are particles that are positively charged (cations) or
negatively charged (anions). Ionising liquids (polar liquids capable of dissolving ionic
compounds) will dissolve ionic compounds well because they can pull both anions (with the
positive ends of the molecules) and cations off (with the negative ends of its molecules). Salts
are ionic compounds so I would expect them both to dissolve well in water.

2. In experiment 1A, if during titration, the neutral point is missed until the reading exceed,
is the Ksp of Ca(OH)2 will increase, decrease or not change? Explain your answer.
  Increase. It’s because the volume HCI used is increase. So that the common ion of
acid will react with Ca(OH)2 Ion increase .

3. If a student add a little amount of Ca(OH)2 solid at initial experiment, give the explanation
to the below items:
a. The amount value of HCl during titration
 The value of HCl used during titration will be more because it’s more
concentrated as take more time to neutralize.
b. Ksp value of Ca(OH)2
 Ksp value of Ca(OH)2 of the process will increased because the product
increased

c. Molar solubility value of Ca(OH)2

 The molar solubility value of Ca(OH)2 will increased because the amount
of reactant is added

4. Phenolphthalein has the colour change in the range between pH 8.2 – 10.0, and methyl
orange in the range of 3.2 – 4.4. Explain what is the value of the Ksp for Ca(OH)2 if:
a. Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator
 It pH will be about 8 if using phenolphthalein and its requires less HCl and
would give a a smaller Ksp than the usual 5.5×10–6
such as a 5.4 e-6

b. Methyl orange is used as an indicator

 It pH will be about 4 and the Ksp will getting more larger than usual 5.5×10–
6 such as a 5.6 x10-6

5. If we use pipe water and not distilled water during the experiment, how it willinfluence
the Ksp value of Ca(OH)2?(Note: The explanation may require some calculations)
 If we use pipe water and not distilled water during the experiment, how it willinfluence
the Ksp value of Ca(OH)2
CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we can know that the K sp of calcium hydroxide is 2.29  10 5 . By

adding a common ion (an ion that is common with the dissolving solid) decreases the
solubility of the solute in a solution and solute in equilibrium. This is because Le Chatelier's
principle states the reaction will shift toward the left (toward the reactants) to relieve the stress
of the excess product. When equilibrium is shifted toward the reactants, the
solute precipitates. At the end in calculation we can know the solubility of calcium hydroxide
is 0.017.

REFERENCES
a) http://www.webassign.net/question_assets/ucscgencheml1/lab_10/manual.html
b) http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/ksp/commonion.html