4 DCMachineryFundamentals

EE 3283
Electrical Machines
4. DC Machinery Fundamentals
Dr. Umer Amir Khan
Electrical Machines V2019 – Dr Umer Amir Khan
MOTOR ACTION
GENERATOR ACTION
Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 2

Four Fundamental Laws of Magnetic Field
1. A current carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area

around it. [Amperes Law]
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of
wire if it passes through that coil. [Basis of Transformer Action]
3. A moving wire in the presence of magnetic field has a voltage
induced in it. [Basis of Generator Action]
4. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
force induced on it. [Basis of Motor Action]

1. Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a
Magnetic Field
If a conductor moves or ‘cuts’ through a magnetic field, voltage will
be induced between the terminals of the conductor at which the
magnitude of the induced voltage is dependent upon the velocity of
the wire assuming that the magnetic field is constant. This can be
summarised in terms of formulation as shown:
eind = (v x B) .l

Magnetic Field
eind = (v x B) .l
where:
v – velocity of the wire
B – magnetic field density
l – length of the wire in the magnetic field
The value of l (length) is dependent upon the angle at which the wire cuts
through the magnetic field. Hence a more complete formula is:
eind = (v x B)l cosθ

 - angle between the conductor and the direction of (v x B)

Magnetic Field
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Magnetic Field
The induction of voltages in a wire moving in a magnetic field

is fundamental to the operation of all types of generators.

2. Induced Force on a Wire
A current carrying conductor present in a uniform magnetic field of
flux density B, would produce a force to the conductor/wire.
Dependent upon the direction of the surrounding magnetic field, the
force induced is given by:
F = i (l  B ) Lorentz Force Equation

where:
i – represents the current flow in the conductor
l – length of wire, with direction of l defined to be in the direction of current flow
B – magnetic field density
If the current carrying conductor is position at an angle to the

magnetic field, the formula is modified to be as follows:
F = ilB sin 
 - angle between the conductor and the direction of the magnetic field.

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

This phenomenon is the basis of an electric motor where torque or

rotational force of the motor is the effect of the stator field current
and the magnetic field of the rotor.

3. Basic Generator
To determine the total voltage induced etot on the loop, examine each segment of
the loop separately and sum all the resulting voltages. Assume that the coil is
rotating in the positive direction, i.e. counter-clockwise The voltage on each
segment is given by equation
eind = (v x B) . l
3. Basic Generator
Wires b-c and d-a . This segment is always parallel to the flux
density. Therefore the cross product will always be perpendicular to
the conductor giving zero as a result of the dot product.
eind = (v x B) . l = 0
3. Basic Generator
Wire a-b. Using the right hand rule for cross product, the wire is moving upwards,
the flux density vector is left to right, so the cross product must be positive away
from the reader. Due to the arrangement of the coil, the conductor is parallel with
the result of the cross product, so there will be a voltage induced such that the
voltage at b is positive with respect to a. Therefore:
eind = (v x B) . l = vBl
3. Basic Generator
Wire c-d. Using the right hand rule for cross product, the wire is moving
downwards, the flux density vector is left to right, so the cross product must be
positive towards the reader. Due to the arrangement of the coil, the conductor is
parallel with the result of the cross product, so there will be a voltage induced
such that the voltage at d is positive with respect to c. Therefore:
eind = (v x B) . l = vBl
3. Basic Generator: Total Induced Voltage
Total induced voltage on the loop will be given as
eind = 2vBl

3. Basic Generator: Total Induced Voltage
When the loop rotates through 180°, Segment

ab is under the north pole face instead of the
south pole face. At that time, the direction of the
voltage on the segment reverses, but its
magnitude remains
constant
d
eind =N = 2vBl
Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan
dt 16
3. Basic Generator: Commutation
Every time the voltage of the loop switches direction, the

contacts also switch connections, and the output of the
contacts is always built up in same direction

3. Basic Generator: Basic equation
Angular velocity is given as
So induced voltage will become
eind = 2vBl
The rotor surface is a cylinder, so the area of the

rotor surface A is equal to 2πrl. Since there are 2
poles, the area under each pole is Ap = πrl.

3. Basic Generator: Basic equation
Final Voltage equation
Voltage in any real machine will depend upon:

1. Flux in machine
2. Speed of rotation
3. Constant representing construction of
machine

4. Basic Motor: Induced Torque
Let us now connect a voltage source with the Loop

4. Basic Motor: Induced Torque
Consider the loop with current flowing, the force on each segment of the
loop is given by:
F = i (l  B)
And torque on each segment is given by:
 = rF sin
Let us calculate force and torque induced on

each segment

4. Basic Motor: Force and Torque Equation
Wires b-c and d-a . As l is parallel to B, their cross product will be zero
and the force induced on these segm\ents will be zero
F = i (l  B) = 0
 = rF sin = 0
Wire a-b current flows out of the page. Using the left hand rule, the
force will be upwards and given as:
F = i (l  B) = ilb
 = rF sin = rilB
Wire c-d current flows into the page. Using the left hand rule, the
force will be downwards and given as:
F = i (l  B) = ilb
 = rF sin = rilB
Thus, total induced torque on the loop is
given by
 = 2rilB
The rotor surface is a cylinder, so the area of the
rotor surface A is equal to 2πrl. Since there are 2
poles, the area under each pole is Ap = πrl.
2
= iApB

2
= i
 25
4. Basic Motor: Basic Equation
Final Torque equation
2
= i

Torque in any real machine will depend

upon:
1. Flux in machine
2. Current in any machine
3. Constant representing construction of
machine
5. Visual Understanding of Fundamentals
a) Induced EMF in a moving conductor

b) Induced EMF in a moving conductor - Graphically

c) Induced EMF in a circular moving conductor

d) 360 Rotation and Induced EMF

e) 360 Rotation and Sine Wave eind = (v  B).l = vBl sin

f) AC Generation inside machine eind = (v  B).l = vBl sin

g) Commutation

g) Commutation Waveform

6. Commutation
For DC Generators we require DC Output. However we observed that we are

getting Pulsating DC. We can smooth the pulses by:
1. Increasing the number of loops.
2. Increasing the number of magnetic poles.

6. Commutation – Increasing Loops
As the number of coils will increases the pulsating DC value will

decreases

6. Commutation – Increasing Poles
Number of poles is increases. The number of field lines cut by the

armature has increased

6. Commutation – Real Arrangements
Now as the coils are increased the output ripple has

decreased and we obtain more smoother waveform.
6. Commutation – Real Arrangements
In real armatures their are

many loops wound on rotor
of the DC machine.

7. Neutral Plane
Due to no field lines, the

induced emf in this region
is zero.

7. Neutral Plane – Region of no Sparking
Carbon brushes short the commutator in every cycle. If it is not

in neutral plane (zero current) their will be sparking.

8. Armature Reaction
When a generator or motor is loaded, the current in

the armature coils develops mmf of its own that
interacts with the mmf of the fields

Armature field disturbs the uniform flux distribution in the air gap and thus
causes the neutral plane to shift. Because of neutral plane shift now sparking
will occur at the brushes.

In generators, Neutral Plane shifts in the direction of rotation.

In Motors it shifts opposite to direction of motors.

8. Armature Reaction - Problems
➢Armature Reaction causes two fundamental problems:
➢Arching occurs at the carbon brushes.
➢Field flux between the poles decreases.
➢The degree to which armature reaction affects the performance of a DC
machines is dependant on the magnitude of the armature current.
➢Increased loading increases the armature mmf, thus increasing the
adverse affects

8. Solving Armature Reaction Problem
➢Their are three ways to solve the problems caused by armature
reaction
➢Manually adjust the carbon brushes
➢Interpoles
➢Compensating Windings

8a. Solving - Manual Adjustment of Brushes
➢For increase in loading, the neutral plane will be shifted.
➢Brushes are manually adjusted to the new location.
➢A big problem for dynamic loads

8b. Solving – Inter Poles
➢Two magnetic poles connected such that their field cancels the
affect of armature reaction
➢Interpoles are connected in series with armature winding

• As the load increases, and the rotor current increases, the magnitude
of the neutral-plane shift increase too. Both these effects increase the
voltage in the conductors undergoing commutation.
• Interpole flux increases too, producing a larger voltage in the
conductors that opposes the
• Voltage due to the neutral-plane shift. The net result is that their
effects cancel over a broad range of loads.


8c. Solving – Compensating Windings
•Placing compensating windings in slots carved in the faces of the
poles to cancel the distorting effect of armature reaction.
•These windings are connected in series with the rotor windings, so
that whenever the load changes in the rotor, the current in the
compensating windings changes too

8c. Solving – Compensating Windings

9. Construction of DC Machines



DC Generator 55

Air craft DG
1. Field Magnets and Field Windings
➢They generate internal magnetic field.
➢Coils are wound across metallic shoes to makes them
electromagnets.
➢They are also known as Salient Poles

2. Rotor and Armature Winding
➢Rotor is the part that rotates.
➢It composes of Armature Winding

2. Rotor and Armature Winding

3. Commutator and Brushes

4. Frame/Yoke of DC Machines

10. Fundamental Equation – Internally Generated
Voltage
Voltage Generated by Generator
E = Kw w to rpm(n) conversion
2
w= n
Ø → Flux in machine 60
w → Frequency of rotation
K → Constant representing construction of machine
ZP Z → Total number of conductors

K=
2a a → Number of current paths
P → Number of Poles

10. Fundamental Equation - Motor
Torque Generated by Motor
 = KIA
Ø → Flux in machine
IA → Current in Armature
K → Constant representing construction of machine
ZP Z → Total number of conductors

K=
2a a → Number of current paths
P → Number of Poles

11. Losses in DC Machines
Five major types of Losses in DC Machines:
1. Electrical or Copper Losses

2. Brush Losses
3. Core Losses
4. Mechanical Losses
5. Stray Load Losses

11.1 Losses in DC Machines – Electrical Losses
• These are the losses that occur in the armature and field windings of the
machine
Armature Loss
PA = IA 2 RA
Field Loss
PF = IF 2 RF

11.2 Brush Losses
• It is the power lost across the contact potential at the brushes of the
machines
Brush Loss
PBD = VBDIA
VBD → It is usually assumed to be 2 Volts.

11.3 Core Losses
• Hysteresis and Eddy current losses occurring in the core of
the machine.
• These losses increase with increase in flux density (B) and
speed rotation (n).
Core Losses

11.4 Mechanical Losses
• They are mainly divided in friction losses and windage losses.
• Friction Losses are caused by the friction of the bearings in the
machine.
• Windage Losses are caused by the friction between the moving
parts and the air inside the machine casing
Friction Losses
Windage Losses

11.4 Stray (Miscellaneous Losses)
• They are the losses that cannot be placed in the previous losses
• No matter how carefully losses are accounted for, some always escape inclusion.
They are lumped into stray losses.
• By convention, they are considered to 1 percent of full load.
Stray Losses

12 Power Flow Diagram - Generator
Mechanical Generator Electrical

Energy Energy
The mechanical power converted inside genset is given as
Pconv = indwm
Resulting Electrical Power produced inside genset is
Pconv = EAIA
12 Power Flow Diagram - Generator
T
T

13 Power Flow Diagram - Motor
Electrical Motors Mechanical

Energy Energy
The Electrical power converted inside Motor is given as
Pconv = EAIA
Resultant Mechanical power produced is
Pconv = indwm
13 Power Flow Diagram - Motor
T
T

14 Efficiency of DC Machine
Efficiency of DC Machine is given as:
Pin − Ploss
=  100%
Pin

4 DCMachineryFundamentals

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

4 DCMachineryFundamentals

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

EE 3283

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 2

1. A current carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 3

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 4

eind = (v x B)l cosθ

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 5

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 6

The induction of voltages in a wire moving in a magnetic field

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 7

F = i (l  B ) Lorentz Force Equation

If the current carrying conductor is position at an angle to the

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 8

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 9

This phenomenon is the basis of an electric motor where torque or

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 10

Total induced voltage on the loop will be given as

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 15

When the loop rotates through 180°, Segment

Every time the voltage of the loop switches direction, the

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 17

So induced voltage will become

The rotor surface is a cylinder, so the area of the

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 18

Voltage in any real machine will depend upon:

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 19

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 20

Let us calculate force and torque induced on

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 21

Final Torque equation

Torque in any real machine will depend

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 27

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 28

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 29

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 30

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 31

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 32

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 33

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 34

For DC Generators we require DC Output. However we observed that we are

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 35

As the number of coils will increases the pulsating DC value will

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 36

Number of poles is increases. The number of field lines cut by the

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 37

Now as the coils are increased the output ripple has

In real armatures their are

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 39

Due to no field lines, the

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 40

Carbon brushes short the commutator in every cycle. If it is not

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 41

When a generator or motor is loaded, the current in

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 42

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 43

In generators, Neutral Plane shifts in the direction of rotation.

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 44

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 45

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 46

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 47

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 48

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 49