EE 3283

Electrical Machines

7. AC Machinery Fundamentals

Dr. Umer Amir Khan

Electrical Machines V2019 – Dr Umer Amir Khan
1. Introduction

•Basic block diagram of Electrical Machines.

•All Electrical Machines inherently generate AC voltages.

Mechanical Electrical
Energy Magnetic Energy
Energy
Electrical
Mechanical
Energy
Energy

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1. Introduction

•AC machines are the most widely used application of

Electrical Machines.
•Around 80 to 90% prime-movers around the world
involve AC motors.
•AC Generators are used to generate Electric Power

Mechanical Electrical
Energy Magnetic Energy
Energy
Electrical
Mechanical
Energy
Energy

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 3

1. Introduction

•Almost all the electrical power consumed through out

the world is generated through AC Generators

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1. Introduction
•Around 80 to 90% prime-movers around the world involve
AC motors.
•Motors are used in Pumps, Compressors, HVAC Systems
and many other applications.

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2. Three Phase Systems

•Basic understanding of three phase systems is a must to

understand AC Machinery.
•AC machines have a rotating magnetic field.
•Understanding the concept of rotating magnetic field is
very important.

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2. Three Phase Systems

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics
•Assume simple AC circuit with R load.
•It is a single phase circuit

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics
•Let us have three independent sources supplying power
to three independent but equal R loads.

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics

•We must apply few constraints:

1. Peak Amplitude of all the voltage sources are same.

Ean1 = Ebn2 = Ecn3

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics

2.
•Each Voltage has a Phase shift of 120˚.
•Ebn lags Ean with 120˚ and so on.

Ecn

120º Ean

240º
Ebn

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics

3.
•Returning Path is considered to be common.
•The current through neutral will be sum of individual
currents in the phase.

in = ian + ibn + icn

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics

•The three voltage waveforms can be shown as.

•They are 120˚ apart.

Ecn

120º Ean

Ebn

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics
•The current waveform for the balanced R load will also be
similar.
•At any instant, the sum of all the three value will be zero.

in = ian + ibn + icn = 0

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics
•A three phase system can be represented as.
•Neutral current is zero so the connection is terminated.
•The load is Balanced R load.

Ecn

120º Ean

Ebn

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics

•This same configuration is represented in different

formats in engineering literature.
•It is to indicate the 120˚ phase difference between the
three voltages and currents.
•Also known as Star Connection or Wye (Y) Connection.

Ean
Ecn
Ebn

120º
Ecn
120º

120º Ean
Ebn

Ebn
Ecn
Ean

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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics
•Wye Source connected with Wye Load

ia

Ean

Ecn Ebn
ib

ic
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2.1 Three Phase Systems - Basics
•For Electrical Power Sources – Line Voltages and Line
Currents

ia a

ib b

ic c

Eab = Ebc = Eca = LineVoltages

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2.2 Three Phase Systems - Source
•Delta connected Electrical Source.
•Line Voltage and Line Currents are presented as.

ia a

b
ib

ic c
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2.3 Three Phase Systems – Load

Understanding the difference between Line

Voltage/Current and Phase Voltage/Current is
Fundamental.

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2.3 Three Phase Systems – Y Load

•Line Voltages and Phase Voltages are different.

•Line Current and Phase Currents are Similar

ia
Ean
Phase Voltage
ib
Ebn
Phase Voltage
Ecn
ic Phase Voltage

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2.3 Three Phase Systems – Y Load
•Relationship between Line Voltages and Phase Voltages.

Eab = Ebc = Eca = ELine

Ean

Ean = Ebn = Ecn = EPhase

Phase Voltage

Ebn
Phase Voltage
Ecn

ELine = 3EPhase
Phase Voltage

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2.3 Three Phase Systems – Y Load
•Relationship between Line Currents and Phase Currents.

ia = ib = ic = ILine
ia iap

iap = ibp = icp = Iphase

Phase Current

ib ibp
Phase Current

icp

ILine = IPhase
ic Phase Current

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2.4 Three Phase Systems – Delta Load

•Load can also be connected in Delta Form

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2.4 Three Phase Systems – Delta Load

•Load can also be connected in Delta Form

Eab
Phase Voltage

Ebc
Phase Voltage

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2.4 Three Phase Systems – Delta Load

•Load can also be connected in Delta Form

Eab = Ebc = Eca = ELine = EPhase

Eab
Phase Voltage

ELine = EPhase
Ebc
Phase Voltage

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2.4 Three Phase Systems – Delta Load
•Load can also be connected in Delta Form

ia = ib = ic = ILine
Eab
Phase Voltage
iab = ibc = ica = Iphase

Ebc

ILine = 3IPhase
Phase Voltage

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2.4 Three Phase Systems – Power

Power for both Star and Delta loads is given as

𝑆𝑇 = 3𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒

Real Power is given as

PT = 3VLineILine cos

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2.4 Three Phase Systems

Winding Connections

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2.4 Three Phase Systems

•Practical Motor Connections

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3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•To produce rotating magnetic field we must have:

1. 2 Phase / 3 Phase power supply. Voltages and

currents are 120˚ apart in time.
2. 3 field coils in the machine which are 120˚ apart
in space.

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3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•Let us consider simple two poles (pole pair).

•Magnetic Flux Density B is shown

Ba = BM sin wt0
90

Spatial reference

S
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3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•Three magnetic poles in the electrical machine which

are 120 apart in space

Reference point in
space

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3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•Magnetic Field Vectors for the three poles will be as.

Reference point in
space

S
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3. Rotating Magnetic Field
•Now let us supply three phase power to three pole pairs.
•We observe the magnetic field at points L, M and N.
•Resultant Magnetic Field will be sum of individual fields.

Eb

Ea
Ec
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L M N 35
3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•L.
Eb

Ea
Ec

L
-1/2Ec

Ea
-1/2Eb

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3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•M
Eb

Ea
Ec

Eb -1/2Ec

-1/2Ea

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3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•O
Eb

Ea
Ec

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3. Rotating Magnetic Field

•The magnetic field will start rotating smoothly as we

move along the time.

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4. Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field
•The speed of rotating magnetic field is called
“Synchronous Speed”.
•We have considered a case where single pole pair per
phase is taken.
•For one electrical cycle, the field rotates for one
mechanical cycle

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4. Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field
•The speed of rotating magnetic field is called “Synchronous
Speed”.
•We have considered a case where single pole pair per phase
is taken.
•For one electrical cycle (2π), the field rotates for one
mechanical cycle (360˚).

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4. Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field

•If we increase the number of poles.

•Then the mechanical frequency will fall.
•For two pole pairs per phase, one electrical cycle will
produce 180˚ of rotation

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4. Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field

•A general formula for the “Synchronous Speed” is

given as
120 f
ns =
P
f→ Electrical Frequency
P→ Number of Poles (one pole pair has two poles i.e. North and
South)
ns→ Synchronous Speed i.e. Speed of rotation of magnetic field.

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4. Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field
•From the equation we can deduce that
•Increasing Frequency increases the Synchronous
Speed.
•Increasing Number of Poles decreases the Speed.
120 f
ns =
P
f→ Electrical Frequency
P→ Number of Poles (one pole pair has two poles i.e. North and
South)
ns→ Synchronous Speed i.e. Speed of rotation of magnetic field.

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5. Efficiency of AC Machine

•AC Generator takes in Mechanical Power and Produces Electrical

Power.
•AC Motor takes in Electrical Power and Produces Mechanical
Power.
•For both the cases:

Pout
= 100%
Pin

Pin − Ploss
=  100%
Pin

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6. Losses in AC Machines

Four major types of Losses in AC Machines:

1. Electrical or Copper Losses

2. Core Losses
3. Mechanical Losses
4. Stray Load Losses

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6.1 Losses in AC Machines – Electrical Losses

• They are resistive heating losses that occur in the stator and
rotor windings of the machine
• The three phase losses in stator windings of the machine are
given as

Stator and Rotor

Windings

PSt = 3IA RA
2

Where IA is current flowing in each phase of the armature.

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6.2 Core Losses
• Hysteresis and Eddy current losses occurring in the core of
the machine.
• These losses increase with increase in flux density (B) and
speed rotation (n).

Machine Core
includes the Stator
poles and rotor
poles

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6.4 Mechanical Losses
• They are mainly divided into two types

• Friction Losses are caused by the friction of the bearings in

the machine.

• Windage Losses are caused by the friction between the

moving parts and the air inside the machine casing.

AC machines are
mostly air cooled

Bearing having
some friction.

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6.5 Stray (Miscellaneous Losses

• They are the losses that cannot be placed in the previous losses
• No matter how carefully losses are accounted for, some always
escape inclusion. They are lumped into stray losses.
• By convention, they are considered to 1 percent of full load.

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7.1 Power Flow Diagram - Generator

Mechanical Generator Electrical

Energy Energy

The mechanical power converted inside genset is given as

Pconv = indwm
Resulting Electrical Power produced by the genset is

Pconv = 3VLIL cos

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7.1 Power Flow Diagram - Generator

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7.2 Power Flow Diagram - Motor

Electrical Motors Mechanical

Energy Energy

The Electrical power converted inside Motor is given as

Pconv = 3VLIL cos

Resultant Mechanical power produced is

Pconv = indwm
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7.2 Power Flow Diagram - Motor

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8. Voltage Regulation of Generators

•It is measure of the ability of a generator to keep a

constant voltage at its terminals as load varies.

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 9. Speed Regulation of Motors

•It is measure of the ability of a motor to keep a

constant shaft speed as load varies.

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