What is a processor simple definition?

A processor, or "microprocessor," is a small chip that resides in computers and

other electronic devices. Its basic job is to receive input and provide the
appropriate output. ... The central processor of a computer is also known as the
CPU, or "central processing unit.

A central processing unit, also called a central processor or main processor, is the
electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a
computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and
input/output operations specified by the instructions.

What is Storage?

Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology

consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to retain
digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component of computers. The
central processing unit of a computer is what manipulates data by performing
computations

Types of storage

Primary Storage
Primary storage or the commonly referred Random Access Memory is the memory
which is directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU constantly reads instructions from
this memory. The capacity of RAM in terms of data storage is less, but it offers a
very fast access rate, thus making it pretty expensive. It offers minimum latency,
hence suitable for transactional environment databases. Primary storage also
consists of processor registers and processor cache.

 Processor Registers: Processor registers, located within the CPU are used to
load instructions for execution by the CPU. Registers hold data word of size
32 or 64 bits. They are the fastest means of data storage. But they are
capable of storing data of a very small size.
 Processor Cache: Processor cache is the part of RAM and is used for
speeding up the executions. It copies the most frequently used data from
the main memory and stores it. When the CPU needs the particular data
 item, it can simply access the cache memory which is closely located,
instead of accessing the much slower main memory.

Though, primary storage allows faster access, it is highly volatile in nature, that
means, it clears up during the booting. To prevent this, a small bootstrap program
(BIOS) is implemented. BIOS loads the booting instructions from the non-volatile
main memory and executes them to boot RAM. The problem of volatility can be
avoided using Read Only Memory (ROM). Though ROM retains the program
instructions it does not allow to add or change them.
Secondary Storage
Secondary storage is commonly referred to as hard disk. It is a non-volatile
storage and is capable of storing large amounts of data. The term 'secondary'
refers to the inability of the CPU to access it directly. The data in the secondary
storage is accessed by the CPU through intermediary devices like the processor
cache. The computer uses its secondary storage via the various input/ output
channels. As secondary storage is non-volatile, it is used for safe or offline storage
of data. The data in secondary memory is organized into files, directories and
drives. The drives are periodically formatted to provide the abstraction as required
by the File System.
The commonly used secondary storage devices include flash drives, USB sticks,
punch cards, floppy disks, CDs, magnetic tapes, paper tapes Iomega Zip drives etc.
Though, secondary storage provides very slow access, it is much cheaper than the
primary storage and is capable of storing much larger volumes of data.
Modern computer operating systems implement virtual memory to efficiently use
the available space on the primary memory. As for secondary memory, it is still an
important medium of storing data and recovering it in times of crisis.

Information technology is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and

manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other
enterprise. IT is considered to be a subset of information and communications
technology.

Information systems are formal, socio-technical, organizational systems designed

to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a socio-technical
perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people,
structure, and technology
Typical Components of Information Systems

While information systems may differ in how they are used within an
organization, they typically contain the following components:

1. Hardware: Computer-based information systems use computer hardware,

such as processors, monitors, keyboard and printers.
2. Software: These are the programs used to organize, process and analyze
data.
3. Databases: Information systems work with data, organized into tables and
files.
4. Network: Different elements need to be connected to each other, especially
if many different people in an organization use the same information
system.
5. Procedures: These describe how specific data are processed and analyzed in
order to get the answers for which the information system is designed.

TYPES OF I.S

 Operations support system

In an organization, data input is done by the end user which is processed to

generate information products i.e. reports, which are utilized by internal
and or external users. Such a system is called operation support system.

The purpose of the operation support system is to facilitate business

transaction, control production, support internal as well as external
communication and update organization central database. The operation
support system is further divided into a transaction-processing system,
processing control system and enterprise collaboration system.

 Transaction Processing System (TPS)

In manufacturing organization, there are several types of transaction across

department. Typical organizational departments are Sales, Account,
 Finance, Plant, Engineering, Human Resource and Marketing. Across which
following transaction may occur sales order, sales return, cash receipts,
credit sales; credit slips, material accounting, inventory management,
depreciation accounting, etc.

These transactions can be categorized into batch transaction processing,

single transaction processing and real time transaction processing.

 Process Control System

In a manufacturing organization, certain decisions are made by a computer

system without any manual intervention. In this type of system, critical
information is fed to the system on a real-time basis thereby enabling
process control. This kind of systems is referred as process control systems.

 Enterprise Collaboration System

In recent times, there is more stress on team effort or collaboration across

different functional teams. A system which enables collaborative effort by
improving communication and sharing of data is referred to as an
enterprise collaboration system.

 Management Support System

Managers require precise information in a specific format to undertake an

organizational decision. A system which facilitates an efficient decision
making process for managers is called management support system.

Management support systems are essentially categorized as management

information system, decision support system, expert system and accounting
information system.

Management information system provides information to manager facilitating the

routine decision-making process. Decision support system provides information to
manager facilitating specific issue related solution.

Application software is a program or group of programs designed for end users.

Application software is software designed to perform a group of coordinated
functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the usER

... While system software consists of low-level programs that interact with
computers at a basic level, application software resides above system software
and includes applications such as database programs, word processors and
spreadsheets.

WHAT IS DATABASE

A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed

electronically from a computer system. Where databases are more complex they
are often developed using formal design and modeling techniques.

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to

define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database. A DBMS generally
manipulates the data itself, the data format, field names, record structure and file
structure. It also defines rules to validate and manipulate this data.

What is Logistics?

Logistics, or logistical planning, refers to the process that a business uses in order
to coordinate its supply chain operations. It includes a wide variety of tasks and
activities such as managing how raw materials or inputs are acquired and
transported to the business, how inventory and inputs are stored at the business’
facilities, and how inventory is transported within the business and beyond.

Definition of Inbound Logistics

Inbound logistics connotes the activities which are related to sourcing, acquiring,
storing and delivering the raw materials and parts to the product or service
department. It is part and parcel of the operations, for a firm involved in
manufacturing business.

In simple terms, inbound logistics is the fundamental activity, which focuses on

buying and scheduling the inflow of materials, tools and final goods, from
suppliers to the production unit, warehouse or retail store.
Inbound logistics includes all those activities, which are substantial to make the
goods available for operational processes, at the time of their need. It
encompasses materials handling, stock control, inspection and transport, etc. to
facilitate, the production or market distribution.

Definition of Outbound Logistics

Outbound logistics, as the name suggests, is the collection, storage and

distribution of the final goods and related information flows, from the
manufacturing plant to the end user. It covers all those activities (i.e. selecting,
organising, transporting, etc.) which are involved in the outflow of merchandise
from seller to the buyer.
Outbound logistics, in the case of a tangible item, can be warehousing, material handling,
inspection and transport, etc., but for intangible ones like services it is associated with setting for
bringing customers to the service location.

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