Public administration is the

implementation of government
policy and also an academic
discipline that studies this
implementation and
prepares civil servants for
working in the public service. In
1947 Paul H. Appleby defined
public administration as
"public leadership of public
affairs directly responsible for
executive action". In a
democracy, it has to do with
such leadership and executive
action in terms that respect and
contribute to the dignity, the
worth, and the potentials of the
citizen. Public administration is
the single most important
aspect of bureaucracies across
the world; be it a democratic,
socialist or a capitalist state,
more so in a socialist state, as
all aspects of the citizen life are
influenced and decided by the
government. In my opinion The
various important roles that
public administration plays, the
most important one are
implementing laws and policies
and acting as their
adjudicators. It is therefore
important that the reader
approaches the study of public
administration with an open
mind and without prejudices to
appreciate the full nature, role,
importance and relevance of
the bureaucracy.

A judge is a person who

presides over court
proceedings, either alone or as
a part of a panel of judges. The
powers, functions, method of
appointment, discipline, and
training of judges vary widely
across different jurisdictions.
Judges must be able to
research and process extensive
lengths of documents and
other case material, understand
complex cases and possess a
thorough understanding of the
law and legal procedure, which
requires excellent skills in
logical reasoning, analysis and
decision-making. Excellent
writing skills are also a
necessity, given the finality and
authority of the documents
written. Judges work with
people all the time; by the
nature of the job, good dispute
resolution and interpersonal
skills are a necessity. In many
jurisdictions judges may be
appointed for life, so that they
cannot be removed by the
executive. However, in non-
democratic systems, the
appointment of judges may be
highly politicized and they
often receive instructions on
how to judge, and may be
removed if their conduct
doesn't please the political
leadership.

The Bill of Rights is the name given

to the first 10 amendments to the US
Constitution.The Bill of Rights
consists of guarantees of civil liberties
and checks on state power; it was
added in order to convince states to
ratify the Constitution. Amendment
1 Congress shall make no
law respecting an establishment of
religion or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof, or abridging the
freedom of speech or of the press, or
the right of the
people peaceably to assemble and
to petition the government for
a redress of grievances.Amendment
2
A well-regulated Militia being
necessary to the security of a
free State, the right of the people to
keep and bear Arms shall not
be infringed.Amendment 3 No soldier
shall, in time of peace,
be quartered in any house without
the consent of the owner, nor in time
of war but in a manner to
be prescribed by law.Amendment
4 The right of the people to
be secure in their persons, houses,
papers,
and effects against unreasonable sear
ches and seizuresshall not be violated,
and
no warrants shall issue but upon prob
able cause, supported
by oath or affirmation,
and particularlydescribing the place
to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized.Amendment 5 No
person shall be held to answer
for a capital or otherwise infamous
crime unless on a presentment or
indictment of a grand jury, except
in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the militia, when in
actual service in time of war
or public danger; nor shall any
person be subject for the
same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall
be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law; nor shall
private property be taken for public
use without just
compensation.Amendment 6 In
all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial by
an impartial jury of the state
and district wherein the crime shall
have been committed, which district
shall have
been previously ascertained by law,
and to be informed of
the nature and cause of
the accusation; to be confronted
with the witnesses against him; to
have compulsory process for
obtaining witnesses in his favor; and
to have the assistance of counsel for
his defense.Amendment
7In suits at common law, where the
value in
controversy shall exceed twenty
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall
be preserved, and no fact tried by a
jury shall be otherwise reexamined in
any court of the United States than
according to the rules of the common
law.Amendment 8 Excessive bail shall
not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
unusual
punishments inflicted.Amendment
9The enumeration in the Constitution
of certain rights shall not
be construed to deny or disparage oth
ers retained by the
people.Amendment 10 The powers
not delegated to the United States by
the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the states,
are reserved to the states respectively,
or to the people.

Everyone has the right to be treated

fairly and respectfully. When
someone is being discriminated
against, it means they’re being
treated badly or unfairly based on a
personal characteristic. But in the
context of civil rights law, unlawful
discrimination refers to unfair or
unequal treatment of an individual
(or group) based on certain
characteristics,
including:AgeDisabilityEthnicityGen
derMarital statusNational
originReligion, andSexual
orientation. Discrimination is a very
serious problem for the
contemporary society. People do
discriminate against each other
whether their actions are intentional
or happen due to the lack of
knowledge or intricate sociological
triggers as well as societal delusions
and personal ignorance. One might
easily state that this is the way we are,
that our mentality makes us judge
other people, compare them to
ourselves or our ideal model of a
human being. The complexity of the
problem overwhelms and to start
fighting against discrimination, it is
essential to determine how
discriminating misconceptions are
developed in our mind and promoted
by the society. It is also important to
understand the different types of
discrimination that exist, as well as
their effects on the people’s lives. To
sum up, the issue of discrimination
still remains unresolved and it might
take some time for the contemporary
society to understand its significance
and negative influences it brings to
the development of the mankind.
However, if everyone makes a little
effort to learn that all people are
different and their individual
peculiarities make this world more
flamboyant and interesting to live in,
then the humanity has good chances
of developing in the right and
promising direction. Let us all be
honest and bring the best from our
souls in order to ensure bright and
happy future for the next
generations!

Al Capone
Think "mobster" and Al Capone
still springs to mind. That's how
mythologised the kingpin of
Chicago crime has become since
his 1920s heyday. Lording it over
an empire that took in
bootlegging, prostitution and
gambling, he was allegedly
connected with the bloody St
Valentine's Day Massacre, in
which members of a rival gang
were mowed down by machine
guns. Capone eventually served
time in Alcatraz, for tax evasion
of all things, before dying from
syphilis.
The Zodiac Killer
To this day, nobody knows who
the Zodiac Killer was. And that
only adds to the dark mystique
that swirls around the man who
terrorised California in the 60s
and 70s. His crimes included
gunning down couples in parked
cars, killing a cabbie, and
stabbing a couple who were
basking in a park in broad
daylight. He also sent complex
coded messages to the media,
most of which have still not been
deciphered. He also made a mark
in Hollywood, inspiring the villain
Scorpio in Dirty Harry.
Jeffrey Dahmer
Police couldn't quite believe their
eyes when they finally cottoned
on to what Jeffrey Dahmer was
up to. Inside the man's pad they
found severed heads in the
fridge, a human torso in the
freezer, and bags of organs
stuffed further back in the ice.
This was the grisly handiwork of
one of America's most gruesome
serial killers, who liked to kiss
and chat to the chopped off
heads of his victims while
lovingly preserving their
skeletons as trophies. Dahmer
was eventually killed in prison.
Not many people mourned.
Charles Manson
Charles Manson may have been a
wild-eyed drifter with a murky
background, but such was his
charisma that he created a
devoted 1960s commune that
was like the dark flipside to the
hippy movement. Convinced that
the songs of the Beatles
predicted a race war between
whites and blacks, he tried to
move things along by ordering
savage murders – including the
massacre of movie star Sharon
Tate and several friends unlucky
enough to be staying at her
house that night. Manson
remains an emblem of evil in the
annals of American crime.

Democracy is a means for the

people to choose their leaders
and to hold their leaders
accountable for their policies and
their conduct in office. The key
role of citizens in a democracy is
to participate in public life.
Democracy is also a system of
rule by laws, not by individuals.
Democracy is not a government.
It is a way of thinking and a
responsibility. In life there is no
greater pursuit than that of equal
voice. Every day people are
fighting for the right to be heard.
Democracy is that right on a
grand scale. Democracy is not
only being heard, but being
listened to. Democracy is when u
is given an equal vote on
decisions that directly affect you.
And when given this tremendous
responsibility, people will
surprise you. They rise to the
occasion and educate themselves
on the issues at hand. They also
work hard to ensure that the
next generation is
knowledgeable. All citizens are
equal under the law. No one may
be discriminated against on the
basis of their race religion,
ethnic group, or gender. No one
may be arrested, imprisoned, or
exiled arbitrarily. No one is
above the law, not even a king or
an elected president In a
democracy, the youth are
educated.

Key figures in a courtroom trial

are the judge, a court reporter (in
superior court), a clerk, and a
bailiff. Other central people are
the attorneys, the plaintiff, the
defendant, witnesses, court
interpreters, and jurors.The judge
is the central figure in the
courtroom and typically is seated
higher than everyone else. The
judge allows each side the
opportunity to present its version
of the facts.A court reporter (in
superior court), a clerk, and a
bailiff each assists the judge with
the trial. The court reporter
records all proceedings in
superior court. The clerk records
selected activities for official case
file records and is responsible for
all case exhibits. The bailiff
maintains order in the court and
supervises the jury, if there is
one. Attorneys often represent
the plaintiff and the defendant at
a trial. As officers of the court,
attorneys are expected to know
and follow all court rules. Their
role is to protect the rights of
their client. Attorneys offer
evidence and arguments to help
the judge and the jury make a fair
decision.The judge oversees the
trial and decides any legal
questions that arise. Cases tried
in court are decided by either a
judge or a jury. In most criminal
and civil cases, either party may
request a jury trial. To ensure fair
and consistent proceedings, all
trials are conducted according to
established rules of procedure
and evidence. Court interpreters
are provided for limited English-
speaking participants in a case.