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Department of Education
Region VIII
Division of Tacloban City
Tacloban City National High School
Bagacay, Tacloban City
Maxin L. Caadan
Diane C. Dianito
Jesca Mae D. Garrido
Marie Ethene Van V. Llarenas
Jessa Mae M. Maldecino
Researchers
February 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It was a meticulous process in doing this research which requires financial support,
determination, time and a lot of effort. The researchers won’t accomplish this study without
the help of others. So they would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following:
The teachers of Tacloban City National High School, Mr. Rodelito Quinte and Ms.
Maria Rose Soriano, for their useful and constructive suggestions and recommendations
The researchers also wish to thank their classmates for the help and assistance they
had given. Their moral support on this project has been very much appreciated.
They would like to acknowledge the never-ending support and assistance of their
families financially and morally to make this project possible. Their willingness to extend
Especially Mr. Wilfredo Maldecino, the owner of the farm, who played a big role
Above all, they thank God for his overflowing blessings, guidance, love, and for
The main aim of this study is to test the pesticidal activity of Kerson (Muntingia
calabura) leaves extract against golden apple snail (Pomecea canaliculata). The
effective concentration, the significant difference of the product to the commercial ones
After making the product, the researchers had set five different set ups for each
level of concentration. Each side of the set up measures 12 inches consisting five GAS.
Then, the product was sprayed to the GAS and the researchers waited for 30 minutes to
The results and conclusion were formed after the analysis of data:
2. 75% extract and 25% water is the most effective concentration in killing GAS;
Title 1
Acknowledgement 2
Abstract 3
Table of contents 4
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
C. Null hypothesis 8
E. Conceptual framework 10
F. Definition of terms 10
A. Research Design 20
B. Research Locale 20
C. Research Instrument 21
D. Scope and Limitation 21
E. Procedure 21
F. Statistical Analysis 22
Bibliography 28
Appendices 31
A. Appendix A: Documentation 32
INTRODUCTION
The Golden Apple Snail (P. canaliculata), popularly known as “Golden Kuhol”, is
one of the major pest problems in rice production. In 1989, the Food and Agriculture
Organization of United Nations estimated that yield tosses owing to this pest ranged from
1% to 40% of the planted area in the Philippines, resulting in huge production loss. To
control this pest, many farmers resort to massive use of synthetic molluscicides that are
expensive and broad spectrum, affecting non-target organisms including human beings
(Sebastian, 2001).
Joshi (2007) reported that the Global Invasive Species Programme lists P.
canaliculata as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species. It has brought about
economic losses to aquatic crops in the Philippines that are estimated to be up to USD 1200
million per annum without talking into account the non-crop damage to human health and
natural ecosystem. It is also an environmental pest since to control this mollusc, resource
–poor farmers resort to a “short-gun approach”, using toxic and non-specific agrochemicals
and thereby aggravating ecosystem pollution, risking their health, and causing loss of
aquatic biodiversity.
native and widely cultivated in warm areas of the Asian region, including Malaysia. This
plant is popularly known for its antiseptic and antispasmodic properties besides being a
proven hypotensive drug. Various parts of this tree have several documented medicinal
uses. Its leaves, barks and flowers are believed to possess medicinal value and is rich in
flavonoids, flavones and flavanones, rendering to its potent antitumor activities. Moreover,
diaphoretic, tranquilizer, tonic and for the treatment of headache, whereas roots are
employed as emmenagogue and abortifacient . Infusion of the flower of this plant is drunk
as a tranquilliser and tonic. Scientifically, this plant has been proven antinociceptive, anti-
cytotoxicity to cultured P-388 cells and some human cancer cell lines (Sidding et al., 2012).
Asia, Indonesia, South America, Japan, Philippines, China, India, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican
Republic and many other places. It is also known in the states as Strawberry tree, Panama
berry, Jamaican cherry, Bajelly tree and Singapore cherry and in Spanish its called bolania,
General Objective
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Kerson (M. calabura) leaves
Specific Objectives
1. What is the most effective concentration of Kerson (M. calabura) leaves extract for
2. Is there a significant difference in using Kerson (M. calabura) leaves extract and
Null Hypothesis
2. The pesticide made out of kerson (M. Calabura) leaves extract is not safe for
To the Industry
It will help our industry because they can have a massive production of this product,
improve and recreate it. Since this study makes use of M. calabura leaves that is treated as
a waste to the community. And it will develop an affordable pesticidal spray for killing P.
Canaliculata.
To the Agriculturist
This study will give the agriculturist some insights about the use of M. calabura
leaves extract. It is an alternative pesticide to help eradicate P. canaliculata. This will also
motivate them to promote M. calabura leaves extract to the farmers and consumers as an
To the Researcher
This study will serve as reference materials to other researchers which data could
be used for other related studies that will be conducted. The researchers will also benefit
from this new product for it can also be a good source of income.
Conceptual Framework
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Number of Golden
Formulation of the product Apple Snails killed
Amount of heat Odor
Commercial product
Volume of extract
Intervening Variable
The figure above shows the conceptual framework of the study where in the number
of P. Canaliculata killed and its odor depends on the formulation of the product, amount
of heat, the volume of the extract and the commercial product. The results also depend on
the temperature the surroundings which is the intervening variable based on the framework.
Definition of Terms
Kerson (Muntingia Calabura) leaves- a plant species that is green in color, has a rough
surface and odorless. A variable that will be used in the study in killing GAS.
Golden apple snail (Pomecea Canaliculata)- a pest that feed on rice crops in farms. The
Strainer- a kitchen tool used to separate the extract of from the pounded leaves.
CHAPTER II
Though pesticides have many benefits like pesticides that “kills mosquitoes”,
mosquitoes are one of the pest that can transmit dangerous sicknesses, or pesticide that
“protect animals against parasites” “kill weeds that threaten our environment” and even
terminate those that damage plants. It also has negative feed packs on humans and other
plants. It also causes problems in our surroundings like pollution and contaminated soil.
(URSKA, 2015)
To control this pest, many farmers resort to the massive use of synthetic
molluscicides that are expensive and broad spectrum, affecting non-target organisms
including human beings. This primer was prepared to present additional alternatives and
reduce the misuse of molluscicides. Discussed here are details on the biology of golden
apple snail, including several management options that farmers could use to manage this
P. canaliculata is bothering more paddies and farmers. And the researchers wants
to help reduce these pest so it won’t bother other organisms and cause havoc.
According to Massaguni and Latip (2015) “Concern with the negative impact of
synthetic pesticide or environment and human health have led this study in order to
evaluate the molluscicides efficacies of azadirachtin in neem seed crude extract on GAS.
Azadirachtin was extracted by maceration technique using four different solvents and the
quantity of azadirachtin in extracts was compared to select the best solvent. Then bioassays
Whatsoever, problems with synthetic pesticides are now rapidly arising due to the
damage it gives to humans. Formulating pesticides without such chemicals may help
The quick knockdown effect of the pesticides on GAS that are directly hit makes
this method popular among the farmers. The efficacy of commercial molluscicides only
lasted for 2-3 days against GAS, but unfortunately such compounds were more lethal to
non-destructive native snail species, vivipara costata. The important side effect of increased
pesticide usage is its negative impact on IPM strategy emphasizing use of cultural,
This study is related to this research because molluscicides and pesticides are much
alike in terms of their function and they are both able to kill GAS. They only vary in some
ways but is quite similar to the other. In this case, compounds which are present in each
chemical is highly specified. Their negative effects is the mechanical control measures and
molluscicides (niclocamide and metaldehyde) are widely used for the chemical control of
this pest. Synthetic molluscicides could vary from moderately hazardous to unlikely to
present acute hazard in normal use for human, moreover their negative impact on the
with high contents of dangerous chemicals. Hence the researchers are aiming to solve this
problem.
Dong et al. (2012) concluded that the molluscicides was usually used to kill GAS
with a serious environmental and human health consequence and the hand-picking was
proved to be a time – consuming work (Yu et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2003). Thus local farmers
did not adopt these methods extensively for GAS control. Recently, the biological control
was applied to suppress the occurrence of GAS by releasing biological agents such as fishes
and ducks.
Studies about these pesticides and molluscicides will help the researchers in making
a more effective pesticide than previous ones and these studies act also as a guide to further
improve the mistakes in formulating previous works related to the researchers’ current
work.
agriculture in the United States. When effectively applied, pesticides can kill or control
pests, including weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria, and rodents. Chemical pest control has
contributed to dramatic increases in yields for most major fruit and vegetable crops. Its use
has led to substantial improvements over the past 40 years in the quantity and variety of
This research study says that many pesticides are harmful to the environment and
According to Rawi et al. (2011), the effect of some natural plants (Agave filifera
whole, Ammi majus flowers and leaves and Canna indica flowers and leaves as
molluscicide agents against Biomophalaria Alexandrina Snails. This is however a need to
evaluate the effectiveness of combination of plant extracts that can be used as organic
pesticide to control a wider range of pests. The present study used a combination of some
Therefore this study can help the researchers’ work in order to know if it is effective
if we will conduct this to our abstract. And this paper will represent the results of the
evaluation of the toxicity of kerson leaves extract on golden kuhol (P. canaliculata) in
Lamarck (1822), reported that GAS has recently been introduced to seven Asian
countries where it has unexpectedly developed into a pest of rice. Most farmers have
resorted to chemical control, with implications for human health and the environment.
Integrated snail management practices are summarized including the use of the snail as a
The researchers want to terminate these said pests inhabiting rice fields to help
farmers increase their income and to improve their health. It is somewhat an important
guide to the researchers’ to set it as an inspiration to better their work and help others.
Zhao et al., 2016, stated that “Golden Apple Snail (GAS) is one of the100 worst
invasive alien species. With the application of molluscicides to kill and control the
spreading of these snails, a large amount of dead GAS shells are remained in many farms.”
This study is related to this research because this study ascertained the
characteristics and removal of cadmium (Cd) by the GAS shell (GAS’s) powders and the
associate mechanisms.
The golden apple snail or GAS (P. canaliculata) is an important invasive pest in
irrigated rice that feeds on young rice plant. In many countries in Southeast Asia,
governments have recently decreased their support of training courses for snail
management because farmers are new considered to know how to effectively manage this
not involve the use of pesticide, it is uncertain whether these are taken up by farmers.
Probably, the easiest way to control GAS is the application of synthetic ‘instant kill’
molluscicides, which can have detrimental effects of the environment, non-target species,
and health.
Hence, this study is related to the researchers’ work because it aims to develop ideas
A journal by Neto and Akhtar (2013, p. 83-89) indicated that the fruits and flowers
of kerson leaves are toxic. Through leaf disc immersion methodology the researchers found
out that the kerson fruits and flowers has the potential for development as commercial
The researchers wants to determine if the kerson leaves extract is also effective in
killing Golden Apple Snail which can also be related to larvae that is an insect.
Sibi G. (2012) stated that studies were carried out to determine the phytochemical
extracts of leaf, bark and fruits were prepared and phytochemical analysis of the parts
revealed the presence of glycosides and flavonoids as the major biologically active
compounds. The broad antimicrobial activity suggests the use of M. calabura as a source
of new bioactive of the development of drugs against human and plant anthogens.
This study will enable the researchers to determine if its leaves also possess
glycosides and flavonoids that are major biological active compounds found in some
pesticides.
According to Buhian and Puzon (2016, p. 682-685), there are different levels of
antimicrobial activity that was exhibited by the leaf and stem extracts against Pseudomonas
Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans (C. albicans), with minimal activity against
Escherichia coli. Phytochemical screening revealed that there are sterols, flavonoids,
alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins in the leaf extract and no triterpenes were
present.
native and widely cultivated in warm areas of the Asian region, including Malaysia.
Various parts of this tree have several documented medicinal uses. Moreover, flowers of
tranquilizer, tunic and for the treatment of headache, whereas roots are employed as
Literature shows that, the fruit, leave and root are used as medicine or part of food. The
fruits can be processed into jams and the leaves can be used for making tea. Earlier studies
have revealed flavones, flavanones, flavans, and birlavans to be the major constituents of
this species, some of which have displayed anti-platelet aggregation ad cytotoxic activities
This research study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the water extract
of root, leaves and fruit of were evaluated for their antioxidant activity.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Burns and Grove (2003:195) define a research design as “a blueprint for conducting
a study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with the validity of the
findings”. Parahoo (1997:142) describes a research design as “a plan that describes how,
when and where data are to be collected and analyzed”. Pilot et al. (2001:167) define a
research design as “the researcher’s overall for answering the research question or testing
outcomes of each factors and subjects that will be used in the experiment.
Research Locale
The experiment will be conducted in Brgy. Dampigan, Sta. Rita, Samar. The
researchers chose Brgy. Dampigan in the reason that the Kerson leaves are abundant in this
place. The Golden Apple Snail will also be taken from the same place.
Research Instrument and Materials
3. Mortar and pestle- used to pound the leaves to extract its juice.
The research is mainly focused on developing natural pesticide out of kerson leaves
Procedure
First, gather and prepare all the needed materials for the experiment. And pound
the kerson leaves using the mortar and pestle to get its extract. Then, filter it with a strainer
to separate the juice from the leaves. After that, put the extracted juice in the spray bottle
in different levels of concentration and add water. Lastly, shake the bottle to mix it well.
B. Expirementation
After making the pesticide, the researchers prepared five set ups for the experiment:
Statistical Treatment
To interpret the data effectively, the researcher will employ the following statistical
treatment. The percentage, weighted mean and T-test are the tools used to interpret data.
1. Percentage
FORMULA: % = F / N x 100
% is the percentage
F is the Frequency
FORMULA: X = Fx / N
F is the Frequency
A.
Figure 1. The mortality rate of 100% extract of Kerson (M. calabura) leaves
The mortality rate of 100% extract of Kerson (M. Calabura) leaves is 0% based on
the graph above. It means that there were no golden apple snail was killed and the
Based on the graph above the mortality rate of 75% extract and 25 % of water is
100 %. This means that all GAS was killed and this concentration is effective in killing
GAS.
C.
The graph shows that the 50 % of water and 50 % extract of Kerson (M. Calabura)
leaves is 40 %. There were 2 GAS killed and this concentration is partially effective.
D.
The 25 % extract and 75 % of water from the product has 0 % mortality rate. This
means that there were no GAS was killed and the concentration is not effective in killing
GAS.
II. (Insert Statistical Treatment Here)
the pesticide out of Kerson (M. Calabura) leaves with 75% extract and 25% water.
III. (List down the components of the Kerson Leaves Extract here)
The pesticide made by the researchers was found safe for humans. Unlike
the commercial pesticides, the pesticide made out of kerson leaves extract has no
chemical called pyrethroid that are found on commercial pesticides that can cause
suffocation to humans who can inhale it. The pesticide made by the researchers has
Conclusions
2. 75% extract and 25% water is the most effective concentration in killing
GAS;
Recommendations
deliberation.
1. Further studies be conducted to test the effectivity in other pests aside from
GAS.
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Documentation
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