HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY

HARVESTING IN PHOTOVOLTAIC BY USING SA-MPPT

A PROJECT REPORT PHASE I

Submitted by

ASHWATHI R - 951018415003

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN

POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES

INFANT JESUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

NOVEMBER 2019

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY HARVESTER IN

PHOTOVOLTAIC BY USING SA-MPPT” is the bonafide work of “ASHWATHI.R
[951018415003]” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr. M. RAMANATHAN M.E., Mr. M. RAMANATHAN M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of EEE Department of EEE

Infant Jesus College of Engineering Infant Jesus College of Engineering.

Keelavallanadu-6282 851 Keelavallanadu-628 851

ii
 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project “HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY HARVESTING

IN PHOTOVOLATIC BY USING SA ALGORITHM” is the bonafide record work
done by following students under our guidance during the year 2019 in partial
fulfillment for the award of Master of Engineering in Power Electronics and Drives
conducted by Anna University, Chennai.

ASHWATHI.R - 951018415003

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for project viva-voce examination held at Infant Jesus

College of Engineering, Keelavallanadu for Anna University examination
on………………………..

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

iii
 ABSTRACT

Photovoltaic cells require of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

algorithms to ensure the amount of power extracted is maximized. True seeking,
duty cycle control MPPT algorithms are a simple and straightforward solution
that can provide high tracking efficiency. In these algorithms the duty cycle is
traditionally modified to reach a new steady state prior performing a new MPPT
iteration. Therefore, the MPPT update period must be larger than the converter’s
settling time to reach a new steady state, which limits the dynamic tracking
performance. This project proposes a Simulated Annealing based Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique designed for photovoltaic (PV) systems
experiencing partial shading conditions. Simulated Annealing (SA) has been
applied to PV MPPT and is very effective at locating global maxima with limited
implementation complexity. The proposed method performs faster convergence
speed, higher tracking accuracy and continuously tracking of the Maximum
Power Point (MPP) under climate changes when compared with the existing
system of Direct MPPT method. This work produces the simulation results of
proposed MPPT algorithm. The simulation of Solar PV using SA algorithm is
carried out using MATLAB software.

iv
 ஆய் வுசுருக்கம்

பிரித்ததடுக்கப் பட்ட சக்தியின் அளவு அதிகரிக்கப் படுவதத

உறுதிதசய் ய ஒளிமின் னழுத்த கலங் களுக்கு அதிகபட்ச பவர்
பாயிண்ட் டிராக்கிங் (எம் .பி.பி.டி) வழிமுதைகள்
தததவப் படுகின் ைன. உண்தமயான ததடல் , கடதம சுழை் சி
கட்டுப் பாடு எம் .பி.பி.டி வழிமுதைகள் ஒரு எளிய மை் றும்
தேரடியான தீர்வாகும் , இது அதிக கண்காணிப் பு தசயல் திைதன
வழங் கும் . இே்த வழிமுதைகளில் , புதிய MPPT மறு தசய் தகதயச்
தசய் வதை் கு முன் , ஒரு புதிய ேிதலயான ேிதலதய அதடய
கடதம சுழை் சி பாரம் பரியமாக மாை் றியதமக்கப் படுகிைது.
ஆதகயால் , எம் .பி.பி.டி புதுப் பிப் பு காலம் புதிய ேிதலயான
ேிதலதய அதடவதை் கு மாை் றி அதமக்கும் தேரத்தத விட
தபரியதாக இருக்க தவண்டும் , இது மாறும் கண்காணிப் பு
தசயல் திைதனக் கட்டுப் படுத்துகிைது. பகுதி ேிழல்
ேிதலதமகதள அனுபவிக் கும் ஒளிமின் னழுத்த (பி.வி)
அதமப் புகளுக்காக வடிவதமக்கப் பட்ட உருவகப் படுத்தப் பட்ட
அனீலிங் அடிப் பதடயிலான அதிகபட்ச பவர் பாயிண்ட் டிராக்கிங்
(எம் .பி.பி.டி) நுட்பத்தத இே்த திட்டம் முன் தமாழிகிைது. பி.வி
எம் .பி.பி.டி-க்கு சிமுதலட்டட் அனீலிங் (எஸ்.ஏ)
பயன் படுத்தப் பட்டுள் ளது மை் றும் வதரயறுக்கப் பட்ட தசயலாக்க
சிக்கலுடன் உலகளாவிய அதிகபட்சத்ததக் கண்டறிவதில்
மிகவும் பயனுள் ளதாக இருக்கிைது. முன் தமாழியப் பட்ட முதை,
விதரவான ஒருங் கிதணப் பு தவகம் , அதிக கண்காணிப் பு
துல் லியம் மை் றும் காலேிதல மாை் ைங் களின் கீழ் அதிகபட்ச பவர்
பாயிண்டின் (எம் .பி.பி) ததாடர்ச்சியான கண்காணிப் தப
தை் தபாதுள் ள தேரடி எம் .பி.பி.டி முதையுடன் ஒப் பிடும் தபாது
தசய் கிைது. இே் த தவதல முன் தமாழியப் பட்ட எம் .பி.பி.டி
வழிமுதையின் உருவகப் படுத்துதல் முடிவுகதள
உருவாக் குகிைது. எஸ்ஏ வழிமுதைதயப் பயன் படுத்தி தசாலார்
பி.வி உருவகப் படுத்துதல் மாட்லாப் தமன் தபாருதளப்
பயன் படுகிைது.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our hearty thanks to Almighty and our Beloved parents for
the successful completion of our project.

We take this opportunity to thank the managing trustee and our late
chairman Mr.B.Stephen M.Sc., M.Ed., D.S.M., for his kind encouragement.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our respected directors

Mr.S.Anand. M.E.(Ph.D), and Dr.S.Allwin.M.E., M.B.A., Ph.D., who provide
us constant encouragement.

We express our gratitude to our beloved principal Dr.S.Allwin.M.E.,

M.B.A., Ph.D., for his valuable support offered to us .

We extend our sincere thanks to Mr. M. Ramanathan.M.E., HOD of EEE

department for his valuable guidance and valuable suggestions.

We express our profound gratitude and sincere thanks to our faculty guide
Mr. M. Ramanathan M.E., Assistant professor of EEE for his valuable
guidance, construction criticism and support offered during this period of project.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our project coordinator Mr. M.

Ramanathan M.E., We thank all our faculty members of EEE Department,
Infant Jesus college of Engineering and technology for their constant support and
encouragement throughout our course.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iv

ஆய் வுசுருக்கம் v

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATION x

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM 1

1.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC 2

1.2.1 Growth of a solar cell implementation 3

1.3 SOLAR PANEL 5

1.3.1 Solar cell structure 5

1.3.2 Working of solar panel 6

1.4 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING 8

1.4.1 MPPT Placement 10

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11

3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 18

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 18

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 19

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 3.3 MODELLING OF SOLAR PV MODULE 20

3.4 DC-DC CONVERTER 22

3.4.1 Types of Dc-Dc Converter 22

3.4.2 Boost Converter 22

3.5 SIMULATED ANNEALING (SA) 24

3.5.1 Optimization Based On SA Algorithm. 24

3.5.2 Procedure for SA Algorithm 25

3.5.3 Pseudo Code for SA Algorithm 26

3.5.4 Implementation of SA Algorithm 26

3.5.5 Acceptance Criteria 26

3.5.6 SA Algorithm 28

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30

4.1 SIMULATION PLATFORM 30

4.1.1 Block Set Power System 32

4.1.2 Sophiscated Blocks Manage

Diagram Interpretation 32
4.2 SIMULINK MODEL AND RESULTS 34

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 40

5.1 CONCLUSION 40

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 40

6 REFERENCES 41

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. CAPTION PAGE NO.

1.1 SOLAR PV PANEL 5

1.2 CROSS SECTION OF A SOLAR CELL 6

1.3 SOLAR PANEL WORKING 7

1.4 TYPICAL P-V CURVE FOR A

SOLAR PANEL 9

3.1 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM 20

3.2 PV ARRAY CONFIGURATION 21

3.3 BOOST CONVERTER 23

4.1 LIBRARY BROWSER FOR SIMULINK 31

4.2 WINDOW FOR MODEL USING FUNCTIONAL

BLOCK 31

4.3 SIMULINK MODEL FOR PROPOSED PV SYSTEM 35

4.4 SA MPPT CONTROL 35

4.5 GATE PULSE 36

4.6 PV VOLTAGE 36

4.7 INPUT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT 37

4.8 ISOLATION 37

4.9 OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT 38

4.10 POWER AND EFFICIENCY 38

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ABBREVIATION EXPANSION

MPPT Maximum power point tracking

PV Photovoltaic

SA Simulated Annealing

GW Gigawatts

STC Standardized Test Conditions

Wp Watts Peak

AC Alternating Current

DC Direct Current

RTU Remote Terminal Unit

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition

QFD Quality Function Development

DPP Differential Power Processing

TF Tracking Factor

P&O Perturb and Observe

AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process

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 CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM

Energy harvesting, the collection of small amounts of ambient energy to

power wireless devices, is a very promising technology for applications where
batteries are impractical, such as body sensor networks and inaccessible remote
systems. Energy harvesting sources are those available in the surrounding
environment; which has the potential to provide energy for powering in full or in
part sensor networks in smart spaces. Energy harvesting sources can be classified
into two groups according to characteristics of its source:

 Natural sources are those available readily from the environment such as
sun light, wind, and geothermal heat.
 Artificial sources are those generated from human or system activities.
They are not part of the natural environment. Examples are human motion,
pressure on floors/shoe inserts when walking or running, and system
vibration when operating.
Energy harvesting (also known as energy scavenging) is the conversion of
ambient energy present in the environment into electrical energy for use in
powering autonomous electronic devices or circuits. Whilst it is identical in
principle to large-scale renewable energy generation such as wind turbines, the
amount of energy produced is much smaller, being typically tens of micro watts
to a few watts. Energy harvesting can be used to provide an alternative to, or at
least to augment, batteries. Whilst batteries are low cost, they contain a finite
amount of energy and require periodic replacement or recharging. The disposal
of batteries is also an environmental concern and, as autonomous
systems proliferate, this concern can only grow. Batteries are also a limitation

1
in smart fabrics applications, since conventional batteries are rigid bulky items
that must be removed before washing.

1.2 PHOTOVOLTAICS
Photovoltaic (PV) is the name of a method of converting solar
energy into direct current electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit
the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon commonly studied in physics and
photochemistry. Photovoltaic system employs solar panels composed of a
number of solar cells to supply usable solar power. The process is both physical
and chemical in nature, as the first step involves the photoelectric effect from
which a second electrochemical process takes place involving crystallized atoms
being ionized in a series, generating an electric current. Power generation from
solar PV has long been seen as a clean sustainable. Energy technology which
draws upon the planet’s most plentiful and widely distributed renewable
energy source – the sun. The direct conversion of sunlight to electricity occurs
without any moving parts or environmental emissions during operation. It is well
proven, as photovoltaic systems have now been used for fifty years in specialized
applications, and grid-connected PV systems have been in use for over twenty
years.

Solar PV is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important
renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100
countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes
integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building
(either building-integrated photovoltaic or simply rooftop).

In 2014, worldwide installed PV capacity increased to at least

177 gigawatts (GW), sufficient to supply 1 percent of global electricity demands.
Due to the exponential growth of photovoltaic, installations are rapidly
approaching the 200 GW mark – about 40 times the installed capacity of
2006. China, followed by Japan and the United States, is the fastest growing

2
market, while Germany remains the world's largest producer (both in per capital
and absolute terms), with solar contributing about 7 percent to its annual domestic
electricity consumption.

1.2.1 GROWTH OF SOLAR CELL IMPLEMENTATION

Solar photovoltaic is growing rapidly and worldwide installed capacity

reached at least 177 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2014. The total power output
of the world’s PV capacity in a calendar year is now beyond 200 TWh of
electricity. This represents 1% of worldwide electricity demand. More than
100countries use solar PV. China, followed by Japan and the United States is
now the fastest growing market, while Germany remains the world's largest
producer, contributing more than 7% to its national electricity
demands. Photovoltaic is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most
important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity.

Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a

number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used
for photovoltaic include mono crystalline silicon, polycrystalline
silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium
selenite/sulfide. Copper solar cables connect modules (module cable), arrays
(array cable), and sub-fields. Because of the growing demand for renewable
energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has
advanced considerably in recent years.

Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean

energy technology which draws upon the planet’s most plentiful and widely
distributed renewable energy source – the sun. The technology is "inherently
elegant" in that the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity occurs without any
moving parts or environmental emissions during operation. It is well proven, as

3
photovoltaic systems have now been used for fifty years in specialized
applications, and grid-connected systems have been in use for over twenty years.

Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged
tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can
deliver, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or
solar panels.

Photovoltaic power capacity is measured as maximum power output under

standardized test conditions (STC) in "Wp" (Watts peak). The actual power output
at a particular point in time may be less than or greater than this standardized, or
"rated," value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather
conditions, and other factors. Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are
typically under 25%, which is lower than many other industrial sources of
electricity.

Simulated Annealing (SA) is a probabilistic technique for approximating

the global optimum of a given function. Specifically, it is a metaheuristic to
approximate global optimization in a large search space. It is often used when the
search space is discrete. For problems where finding an approximate global
optimum is more important than finding a precise local optimum in a fixed
amount of time, simulated annealing may be preferable to alternatives such as
gradient descent.

Battery storage was already used in the early days of direct current electric
power. Where AC grid power was not readily available, isolated lighting plants
run by wind turbines or internal combustion engines provided lighting and power
to small motors. The battery system could be used to run the load without starting
the engine or when the wind was calm. Battery systems connected to large solid-
state converters have been used to stabilize power distribution networks.

4
1.3 SOLAR PANEL

Fig 1.1 Solar PV panel

Solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels (also known as "PV panels")
are used to convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy
called "photons", into electricity that can be used to power electrical loads.

Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications

including remote power systems for cabins, telecommunications
equipment, remote sensing, and of course for the production of electricity by
residential and commercial solar electric systems.

1.3.1 Solar Cell Structure

A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into
electricity. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage
to generate electric power. This process requires firstly, a material in which the
absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state, and secondly, the
movement of this higher energy electron from the solar cell into an external
circuit. The electron then dissipates its energy in the external circuit and returns
to the solar cell. A variety of materials and processes can potentially satisfy the
requirements for photovoltaic energy conversion, but in practice nearly all

5
 photovoltaic energy conversion uses semiconductor materials in the form of a p-
n junction.

Fig 1.2 Cross section of a solar cell

The basic steps in the operation of a solar cell are:

 the generation of light-generated carriers;

 the collection of the light-generated carries to generate a current;
 the generation of a large voltage across the solar cell; and
 the dissipation of power in the load and in parasitic resistances.

1.3.2 How Do Solar Panels Work?

Solar panels collect clean renewable energy in the form of sunlight and
convert that light into electricity which can then be used to provide power for
electrical loads. Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells which
are themselves composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous (which provides the
negative charge), and boron (which provides the positive charge). Solar panels
6
absorb the photons and in doing so initiate an electric current. The resulting
energy generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows
electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and released into the electric
field generated by the solar cells which then pull these free electrons into a
directional current. This entire process is known as the Photovoltaic Effect. An
average home has more than enough roof area for the necessary number of solar
panels to produce enough solar electricrity to supply all of its power needs excess
electricity generated goes onto the main power grid, paying off in electricity use
at night.

Fig 1.3 solar panel working

In a well-balanced grid-connected configuration, a solar array generates

power during the day that is then used in the home at night. Net
metering programs allow solar generator owners to get paid if their system
produces more power than what is needed in the home. In off-grid solar
applications, a battery bank, charge controller, and in most cases, an inverter are

7
necessary components. The solar array sends direct current (DC) electricity
through the charge controller to the battery bank. The power is then drawn from
the battery bank to the inverter, which converts the DC current into alternating
current (AC) that can be used for non-DC appliances. Assisted by an inverter,
solar panel arrays can be sized to meet the most demanding electrical load
requirements. The AC current can be used to power loads in homes or commercial
buildings, recreational vehicles and boats, remote cabins, cottages, or homes,
remote traffic controls, telecommunications equipment, oil and gas flow
monitoring, RTU, SCADA, and much more.

1.4 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING:

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that charge
controllers use for wind turbines and PV solar systems to maximize power output.
PV solar systems exist in several different configurations. The most basic version
sends power from collector panels directly to the DC-AC inverter, and from there
directly to the electrical grid. A second version, called a hybrid inverter, might
split the power at the inverter, where a percentage of the power goes to the grid
and the remainder goes to a battery bank. The third version is not connected at all
to the grid but employs a dedicated PV inverter that features the MPPT. In this
configuration, power flows directly to a battery bank. A variation on these
configurations is that instead of only one single inverter, micro inverters are
deployed, one for each PV panel. This allegedly increases PV solar efficiency by
up to 20%. New MPPT equipped specialty inverters now exist that serve three
functions: grid-connecting wind power as well as PV solar power, and branching
off power for battery charging.

This article about the application of MPPT concerns itself only with PV
solar. Solar cells have a complex relationship between temperature and total
resistance that produces a non-linear output efficiency which can be analyzed
based on the I-V curve. It is the purpose of the MPPT system to sample the output

8
of the PV cells and apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power
for any given environmental conditions. MPPT devices are typically integrated
into an electric power converter system that provides voltage or current
conversion, filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including power
grids, batteries, or motors.

The Figure 1.4 represents the Power vs Voltage curve corresponds to the
solar panels that subjected into various irradiance level.

Figure 1.4 Typical P-V curve for a solar panel.

9
1.4.1 MPPT PLACEMENT
Traditional solar inverters perform MPPT for the entire PV array (module
association) as a whole. In such systems the same current, dictated by the inverter,
flows through all modules in the string (series). Because different modules have
different I-V curves and different MPPs this architecture means some modules
will be performing below their MPP, resulting in lower efficiency.

Some companies (see power optimizer) are now placing maximum power
point tracker into individual modules, allowing each to operate at peak efficiency
despite uneven shading, soiling or electrical mismatch.

Data suggests having one inverter with one MPPT for a project that has
east and west-facing modules presents no disadvantages when compared to
having two inverters or one inverter with more than one MPPT.

10
 CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. M. Abdelhamid, R. Singh, A. Qattawi, M. Omar, and I. Haque,

“Evaluation of on-board photovoltaic modules options for electric
vehicles,” IEEE J. Photovolt., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1576–1584, Nov 2014

This paper presents an overview of different commercial photovoltaic (PV)

module options to power on-board electric vehicles (EVs).We propose the
evaluation factors, constraints, and the decision-making criteria necessary to
assess the suitability of this PV module for this application. The incorporation of
quality function deployment (QFD) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP)
is the decision-making methodology used in this study. Our approach is
innovative and robust in that the evaluation depends upon data collected from PV
manufactures datasheets. Unlike traditional research, a hybrid AHP and QFD
innovative decision making methodology has been created, and current
commercial PV market data for all pairwise comparisons are used to show that
methodology. Using both cooled and uncooled PV modules, best, intermediate,
and worst-case scenarios were used to estimate the driving ranges of lightweight
EVs powered exclusively by bulk silicon PV modules.

2. A. Diab-Marzouk and O. Trescases, “SiC-based bidirectional cuk

converter with differential power processing and MPPT for a solar
powered aircraft,” IEEE Trans. Transport. Electrific., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 369–
381, Dec 2015

A silicon-carbide (SiC)-based dc–dc converter is developed for the solarship, a

manned solar aircraft for supply delivery in remote locations. The concept of
differential power processing (DPP) is utilized to realize a high-efficiency
lightweight converter that performs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to

11
transfer power from the aircraft’s wing-mounted solar array to the high-voltage
lithium-battery bus. The isolated Cuk topology is augmented with an unfolder to
achieve four quadrant operation and minimize the worst-case processed power.
A small-signal model is derived for control design, and it is shown that the
compensation strategy differs significantly based on the operating mode. The
DPP Cuk converter is promising for emerging solar aerospace applications.

3. M. de Brito, L. Galotto, L. Sampaio, G. de Azevedo e Melo, and C.

Canesin, “Evaluation of the main MPPT techniques for photovoltaic
applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 1156 – 1167,
Mar. 2013.
This paper presents evaluations among the most usual maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the
amount of energy extracted from the photovoltaic (PV) panel [tracking factor
(TF)] in relation to the available power, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response, and
use of sensors. Using MatLab/Simulink and dSPACE platforms, a digitally
controlled boost dc–dc converter was implemented and connected to an Agilent
Solar Array E4350B simulator in order to verify the analytical procedures. The
main experimental results are presented for conventional MPPT algorithms and
improved MPPT algorithms named IC based on proportional–integral (PI) and
perturb and observe based on PI. Moreover, the dynamic response and the TF are
also evaluated using a user-friendly interface, which is capable of online program
power profiles and computes the TF.

4. T. Esram and P. Chapman, “Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum

power point tracking techniques,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no.
2, pp. 439–449, Jun. 2007.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) techniques applied to photovoltaic (PV) power system available
until March, 2014. A good number of publications report on different MPPT
12
techniques for a PV system together with implementation. But, confusion lies
while selecting a MPPT as every technique has its own merits and demerits.
Hence, a proper review of these techniques is essential. Since, MPPT is an
essential part of a PV system, extensive research has been revealed in recent years
in this field and many new techniques have been reported to the list since then. In
this paper, a detailed description and then classification of the MPPT techniques
have made based on features, such as number of control variables involved, types
of control strategies employed, types of circuitry used suitably for PV system,
transient response and practical/ commercial applications. This paper is intended
to serve as a convenient reference for future MPPT users in PV systems.

5. M. Elgendy, B. Zahawi, and D. Atkinson, “Assessment of the incremental

conductance maximum power point tracking algorithm,” IEEE Trans.
Sustain. Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 108 –117, jan. 2013.

An efficient, cost-effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is

required to improve the energy utilization efficiency of low power photovoltaic
(PV) systems. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the incremental
conductance MPPT algorithm when employed by a standalone PV pumping
system, using an experimental installation comprised of a 1080-Wp photovoltaic
array connected to a 1-kW permanent magnet dc motor-centrifugal pump set.
Particular focus is given to the evaluation of the two commonly utilized
implementation techniques: reference voltage perturbation and direct duty ratio
perturbation. The influence of algorithm parameters on system behavior is
investigated and the energy utilization efficiency is calculated for different
weather conditions. The performance of the incremental conductance algorithm
is compared to that of the commonly used perturb and observe MPPT algorithm
and the various advantages and drawbacks of each technique are identified.

13
6. J. Kivimki, S. Kolesnik, M. Sitbon, T. Suntio, and A. Kuperman,
“Revisited perturbation frequency design guideline for direct fixedstep
maximum power point tracking algorithms,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 4601–4609, June 2017.

In order to optimize the performance of direct (or perturbative) fixed-step

maximum power point tracking algorithms (e.g. perturb & observe and
incremental conductance), two design parameters – perturbation frequency and
step size – must be selected. The main requirement for perturbation frequency
design is ensuring the period between two successive perturbations is longer than
settling time of photovoltaic generator power transient. According to existing
design guidelines, perturbation frequency should be selected at maximum power
point, corresponding to standard test conditions. However, due to finite resolution
of digital controllers, maximum power region rather than single maximum power
point exists in practice. Therefore, operating point can arbitrarily reside within
this region, belonging either to constant-current or constant-voltage I-V curve
parts. It is shown that photovoltaic generator power transient settling process is
significantly slower in constant current than maximum power region due to
increased value of dynamic resistance. Consequently, perturbation frequency
design should be carried out in constant-current region rather than at maximum
power point. Short-circuit condition should be selected as worst-case design
operation point, where photovoltaic generator dynamic resistance obtains highest
value. Then, perturbation frequency design becomes photovoltaic generator
independent, influenced only by interfacing converter component values.

7. N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimization of

perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 963 – 973, Jul. 2005.

14
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used in photovoltaic (PV)
systems to maximize the PV array output power by tracking continuously the
maximum power point (MPP) which depends on panel’s temperature and on
irradiance conditions. The issue of MPPT has been addressed in different ways
in the literature but, especially for low-cost implementations, the perturb and
observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking algorithm is the most commonly
used method due to its ease of implementation. A drawback of P&O is that, at
steady state, the operating point oscillates around the MPP giving rise to the waste
of some amount of available energy; moreover, it is well known that the P&O
algorithm can be confused during those time intervals characterized by rapidly
changing atmospheric conditions. In this paper it is shown that, in order to limit
the negative effects associated to the above drawbacks, the P&O MPPT
parameters must be customized to the dynamic behavior of the specific converter
adopted.

8. D. Sera, R. Teodorescu, J. Hantschel, and M. Knoll, “Optimized maximum

power point tracker for fast-changing environmental conditions,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2629 –2637, Jul. 2008.

This paper presents a high-performance maximum power point tracker (MPPT)

optimized for fast cloudy conditions, e.g., rapidly changing irradiation on the
photovoltaic panels. The rapidly changing conditions are tracked by an optimized
hill–climbing MPPT method called dP -P&O. This algorithm separates the effects
of the irradiation change from the effect of the tracker’s perturbation and uses this
information to optimize the tracking according to the irradiation change. The
knowledge of the direction of the irradiation change enables the MPPT to use
different optimized tracking schemes for the different cases of increasing,
decreasing, or steady irradiance. When the irradiance is changing rapidly this

15
strategy leads to faster and better tracking, while in steady-state conditions it leads
to lower oscillations around the MPP.

9. R. Haroun, A. E. Aroudi “Impedance matching in photovoltaic systems

using cascaded boost converters and sliding-mode control” in the year
2015.

Switching dc–dc converters are widely used to interface the dc output of

renewable energy resources with power distribution systems in order to facilitate
the use of energy at the customer side. In the case of residential photovoltaic (PV)
applications, high conversion ratio is usually required, in order to adapt the low
output voltages of PV modules to a dc bus voltage, while dealing with the
appropriate impedance matching. In this paper, a system connected to a PV panel
consisting of two cascaded dc–dc boost converters under sliding-mode control
and working as loss free resistors is studied. The modeling, simulation, and design
of the system are addressed. First, an ideal reduced-order sliding-mode dynamics
model is derived from the full-order switched model taking into account the
sliding constraints, the nonlinear characteristic of the PV module, and the
dynamics of the MPPT controller. For this model, a design-oriented averaged
model is obtained and its dynamic behavior is analyzed showing that the system
is asymptotically globally stable.

10. F. Paz and M. Ordonez “Zero oscillation and irradiance slope tracking
for photovoltaic MPPT” in the year 2014.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategies in Photovoltaic (PV) systems

ensure efficient utilization of PV arrays. Among different strategies, the Perturb
and Observe (P&O) algorithm has gained wide popularity due to its intuitive

16
nature and simple implementation. However, such simplicity in P&O introduces
two inherent issues, an artificial perturbation that creates losses in steady-state
operation and a limited ability to track transients in changing environmental
conditions. This paper develops and discusses in detail an MPPT algorithm with
zero oscillation and slope tracking to address those technical challenges. The
strategy combines three techniques to improve steady-state behavior and transient
operation: 1) idle operation on the Maximum Power Point (MPP), 2)
identification of the irradiance change through a natural perturbation and 3) a
simple multi-level adaptive tracking step. Two key elements, which form the
foundation of the proposed solution, are investigated: the suppression of the
artificial perturb at the MPP and the indirect identification of irradiance change
through a current monitoring algorithm which acts as a natural perturbation. The
Zero-oscillation, Adaptive step Perturb and Observe (ZAP& O) strategy builds
on these mechanisms to identify relevant information and produce efficiency
gains. As a result, the combined techniques achieve superior overall performance
while maintaining simplicity of implementation.

17
 CHAPTER – III

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Existing many MPPT techniques with degrees of accuracy and complexity
have been proposed. Hill-climbing techniques, such as Incremental Conductance
(IC) and Perturb and Observe (P&O), are a very popular alternative due to their
flexibility and balance between complexity and accuracy. High tracking
efficiency (fraction of electrical energy absorbed as percentage of the total
available) can be achieved by employing these algorithms in static applications
where irradiance and temperature change slowly. However, the traditional
implementation of these algorithms under rapidly changing environmental
conditions is especially prone to errors, leading to lower extraction efficiencies.
The fast sunshine-to-shade sudden irradiance transient found in moving PV
applications lead to wrong decisions in the traditional hill-climbing method.
The P&O MPPT algorithm is mostly used, due to its ease of
implementation. It is based on the following criterion: if the operating voltage of
the PV array is perturbed in a given direction and if the power drawn from the PV
array increases, this means that the operating point has moved toward the MPP
and, therefore, the operating voltage must be further perturbed in the same
direction. Otherwise, if the power drawn from the PV array decreases, the
operating point has moved away from the MPP and, therefore, the direction of
the operating voltage perturbation must be reversed.
A drawback of P&O MPPT technique is that, at steady state, the operating
point oscillates around the MPP giving rise to the waste of some amount of
available energy. Several improvements of the P&O algorithm have been
proposed in order to reduce the number of oscillations around the MPP in steady
state, but they slow down the speed of response of the algorithm to changing
atmospheric conditions and lower the algorithm efficiency during cloudy days.

18
 Another very popular hill-climbing MPPT algorithm is the incremental
conductance (INC) algorithm. This MPPT algorithm is based on the fact that the
power–voltage curve of a PV generator at constant solar irradiance and cell
temperature levels has normally only one MPP. The INC algorithm compares the
instantaneous conductance of a PV generator with its incremental conductance
and decides whether to increase or decrease a control parameter accordingly.
As for other hill climbing algorithms, two techniques have been utilized in
the literature to implement the INC algorithm. First, reference voltage
perturbation in which a reference value for the PV array output voltage is used as
the control parameter in conjunction with a PI controller to adjust the duty ratio
of the MPPT converter. Second, direct duty ratio perturbation in which the duty
ratio of the converter is used directly as the control parameter. Both the P&O
algorithm and the INC algorithm have been the subject of many investigations in
the literature, but there does not seem to be any general agreement over the
relative merits of either algorithm.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

This project proposes a novel new method of operating SA-MPPT
(Simulated Annealing) algorithms to enable extreme dynamic tracking
improvements while maintaining simple implementation with no requirement of
temperature or irradiance sensing. Simulated annealing modelling of the basic
PWM-based DC-DC topologies has showing fast and predictable transient
response large-signal reliable operation, and reduced reactive components size.
By employing state-plane analysis of the dynamic behavior of the converter, the
necessity of reaching steady state before performing a new MPPT iteration is
eliminated. In this way, no fixed set-point is required and the control law
continuously leads the operating point to the SA-MPPT achieving a dynamic
solution to solve the direct MPPT problem.

19
 Fig 3.1 Proposed block

The complete working of a solar PV array with a load is shown in Fig. 3.1.
Here, the output of the PV panel is supplied to the DC load through a boost
converter. The switching of the boost converter is decided by simulated
annealing algorithm by using the information of charging current.

3.3 Modeling of Solar PV (SPV) Module

For modeling, various techniques are available, but in this work, for
simplicity, a single diode model is taken and shown in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2 PV array configuration

20
 The mathematical formulation of the output current (Ipv) of the PV module
is described as
(𝑉𝑝𝑣 +𝑅𝑠ℎ .𝐼𝑝𝑣 )×𝑞
( ) 𝑉𝑝𝑣 +𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝐼𝑝𝑣
𝑁𝑐𝑠 𝑘𝑇𝑐 𝑎𝑓𝑑
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑎𝑜 [𝑒 − 1] − ______ (1)
𝑅𝑝

Where, Iph is the photovoltaic current. Iɑo is cell reverse saturation current
or diode leakage current. Vpv are the module output voltage. Rsh(0.221Ω) and
Rp(415.5Ω) are equivalent series and parallel resistance, Ncs is the number of
series cells, q is the charge (of an electron) [1.60217646×10-19 C], the Boltzmann
constant is k [1.3806503×10-23J/K], temperature of the cell’s is Tc, ɑfd is ideality
factor of the diode (in general its value is 1≤ɑ≤1.5).
The mathematical details of Iph and Iɑo are described as,
𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑆
𝐼𝑝ℎ = ( 𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝐾𝑖 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )) ______ (2)
𝑅𝑃 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝐼𝑠𝑐 +𝐾𝑖 (𝑇𝑐 −𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )

𝐼𝑎𝑜 = _______ (3)
𝑉𝑜𝑐 +𝐾𝑣 (𝑇𝑐 −𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
( ×𝑞)
𝑁𝑐𝑠 𝑘𝑇𝑐 𝑎𝑓𝑑
𝑒 −1

Where, Isc and Voc are short circuit current and open circuit voltage, Ki and
Kv are coefficient of current (0.0032A/K) and voltage (-0.123V/K), Tc and Tref
are cell’s working and reference temperature (25 ̊C), S and Sref are the working
and reference irradiation (1000W/m2).
3.4 DC-DC CONVERTER
DC-DC converter is an electrical circuit whose main application is to
transform a dc voltage from one level to another level. It is similar to a
transformer in AC source, it can able to step the voltage level up or down. The
variable dc voltage level can be regulated by controlling the duty ratio (on-off
time of a switch) of the converter.

21
3.4.1 TYPES OF DC-DC CONVERTER

There are various types of dc-dc converters that can be used to transform
the level of the voltage as per the supply availability and load requirement. Some
of them are discussed below.

 Buck converter
 Boost converter
 Buck-Boost converter

3.4.2 BOOST CONVERTER

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that
steps up voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its
output (load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at
least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage
element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage
ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are
normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input (supply-
side filter). Power for the boost converter can come from any suitable DC sources,
such as batteries, solar panels, rectifiers and DC generators. A process that
changes one DC voltage to a different DC voltage is called DC to DC conversion.
A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater than
the source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes called a step-up converter
since it "steps up" the source voltage. Since power must be conserved, the output
current is lower than the source current.

22
 Fig 3.3: Boost Converter

The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of
an inductor to resist changes in current by creating and destroying a magnetic
field. In a boost converter, the output voltage is always higher than the input
voltage.

(a) When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor in
clockwise direction and the inductor stores some energy by generating a magnetic
field. Polarity of the left side of the inductor is positive.

(b) When the switch is opened, current will be reduced as the impedance is
higher. The magnetic field previously created will be destroyed to maintain the
current towards the load. Thus the polarity will be reversed (means left side of
inductor will be negative now). As a result, two sources will be in series causing
a higher voltage to charge the capacitor through the diode D.

If the switch is cycled fast enough, the inductor will not discharge fully in
between charging stages, and the load will always see a voltage greater than that
of the input source alone when the switch is opened. Also while the switch is
opened, the capacitor in parallel with the load is charged to this combined voltage.
When the switch is then closed and the right hand side is shorted out from the left
hand side, the capacitor is therefore able to provide the voltage and energy to the
load. During this time, the blocking diode prevents the capacitor from discharging

23
through the switch. The switch must of course be opened again fast enough to
prevent the capacitor from discharging too much.

3.5 SIMULATED ANNEALING

The Simulated Annealing (SA) method is a powerful optimization

technique and it has the ability to find near global optimum solutions for the
optimization problem. SA is applied in many power system problems. However,
appropriate setting of the control parameters of the SA based algorithm is a
difficult task and the speed of the algorithm is slow when applied to a real power
system. SA is a method for finding a good solution to an optimization problem.
If you're in a situation where you want to maximize or minimize something, your
problem can likely be tackled with simulated annealing. Simulated Annealing
(SA) is motivated by an analogy to annealing in solids. The algorithm in this
paper simulated the cooling of material in a heat bath. This is a process known as
annealing. If you heat a solid past melting point and then cool it, the structural
properties of the solid depend on the rate of cooling. If the liquid is cooled slowly
enough then large crystals will be formed, However the liquid is cooled quickly
(quenched) the crystals will contain imperfections. Metropolis’s algorithm
simulated the material as a system of particles. The algorithm simulates the
cooling process by gradually lowering the temperature of the system until it
converges to a steady, frozen state.

The travelling salesman problem is a good example: the salesman is

looking to visit a set of cities in the order that minimizes the total number of miles
he travels. As the number of cities gets large, it becomes too computationally
intensive to check every possible itinerary.

3.5.1 Optimization Based On Simulated Annealing Algorithm

Simulated annealing (SA) is a probabilistic technique for approximating

the global optimum of a given function. Specifically, it is a metaheuristic to
24
approximate global optimization in a large search space. It is often used when the
search space is discrete (e.g., all tours that visit a given set of cities). For problems
where finding an approximate global optimum is more important than finding a
precise local optimum in a fixed amount of time, simulated annealing may be
preferable to alternatives such as gradient descent. The name and inspiration
come from annealing in metallurgy, a technique involving heating and controlled
cooling of a material to increase the size of its crystals and reduce their defects.
Both are attributes of the material that depend on its thermodynamic free energy.
Heating and cooling the material affects both the temperature and the
thermodynamic free energy. The simulation of annealing as an approach that
reduces a minimization of a function of large number of variables to the statistical
mechanics of equilibration (annealing) of the mathematically equivalent artificial
multi atomic system. Simulated annealing interprets slow cooling as a slow
decrease in the probability of accepting worse solutions as it explores the solution
space. Accepting worse solutions is a fundamental property of metaheuristic
because it allows for a more extensive search for the optimal solution.

3.5.2 PROCEDURE FOR SA ALGORITHM

1. Generate a random solution

2. Calculate its cost using defined cost function
3. Generate a random neighboring solution
4. Calculate the new solution's cost
5. Compare them:
o If 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 < 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 : move to the new solution
o If 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 > 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 : maybe move to the new solution
6. Repeat steps 3-5 above until an acceptable solution is found or you reach
some maximum number of iterations.

25
3.5.3 PSEUDO CODE FOR SA ALGORITHM
The following pseudo code presents the simulated annealing heuristic as
described above. It starts from a state s0 and continues to either a maximum
of 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 steps or until a state with energy of 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 or less is found. In the process,
the call neighbour(s) should generate a randomly chosen neighbour of a given
state s; the call random (0, 1) should pick and return a value in the range [0,
1], uniformly at random. The annealing schedule is defined by the
call temperature(r), which should yield the temperature to use, given the
fraction r of the time budget that has been expended so far.

 Let s = s0
 For k = 0 through 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 (exclusive):
 T ← temperature(𝑘⁄𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
 Pick a random neighbor , 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ← neighbour(s)
 If 𝑃(𝐸(𝑠), 𝐸(𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤 ), 𝑇) ≥ random (0, 1), move to the new state:𝑠 ← 𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤
 Output: the final state s
3.5.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF SA ALGORITHM
The Simulated Annealing algorithm is implemented as follows:
 1. Select a local search scheme
 2. Determine the cooling schedule
 3. Understand the result
3.5.5 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The law of thermodynamics state that at temperature, t, the probability of
an increase in energy of magnitude, δE, is given by

P(δE) = exp(-δE /kt)...............................................(3.1)

Where k is a constant known as Boltzmann’s constant.

26
 The simulation in the Metropolis algorithm calculates the new energy of
the system. If the energy has decreased, the system moves to this state. If the
energy has increased then the new state is accepted using the probability returned
by the above formula. A certain number of iterations are carried out at each
temperature and then the temperature is decreased. This is repeated until the
system freezes into a steady state. This equation is directly used in simulated
annealing, although it is usual to drop the Boltzmann constant as this was only
introduced into the equation to cope with different materials. Therefore, the
probability of accepting a worse state is given by the equation

P = exp(-c/t) > r..........................................................(3.2)

Where
c = the change in the evaluation function
t = the current temperature
r = a random number between 0 and 1

The probability of accepting a worse move is a function of both the

temperature of the system and of the change in the cost function. This was shown
in the lectures and a spreadsheet is available from the web site for this course
which shows the same example that was presented in the lectures. It can be
appreciated that as the temperature of the system decreases the probability of
accepting a worse move is decreased. This is the same as gradually moving to a
frozen state in physical annealing. Also note, that if the temperature is zero then
only better moves will be accepted which effectively makes simulated annealing
act like hill climbing. The simulated annealing is effective as the efficiency can
be increased by this algorithm and global limit with maximum power harvesting
can be implemented in this technique. The working is completely utilised when
it is implemented in the PV solar cells. Simulated annealing interprets slow
cooling as a slow decrease in the probability of accepting worse solutions as it

27
explores the solution space. Its main advantages over other local search methods
are its flexibility and its ability to approach global optimality. Simulated
annealing can deal with highly nonlinear models, chaotic and noisy data and
many constraints. At each iteration of the simulated annealing algorithm, a new
point is randomly generated. The distance of the new point from the current point,
or the extent of the search, is based on a probability distribution with a scale
proportional to the temperature. The algorithm accepts all new points that lower
the objective, but also, with a certain probability, points that raise the objective.
By accepting points that raise the objective, the algorithm avoids being trapped
in local minima, and is able to explore globally for more possible solutions.
An annealing schedule is selected to systematically decrease the temperature as
the algorithm proceeds. As the temperature decreases, the algorithm reduces the
extent of its search to converge to a minimum.
3.5.6 SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM

1. k = 0;

2. Search (i  j), performance difference;

3. If   0 then accept, else if exp(-/T(k)) > random[0,1) then accept;

4. Repeat 1) and 2) for L(k) steps;

5. k = k+1;

6. Repeat 1 – 4 until stopping criterion is met

The following figure represents the flow chart of the simulated annealing

algorithm.

28
FLOWCHART OF SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM

29
 CHAPTER – IV

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.1 SIMULATION PLATFORM

Simulink is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing

dynamical systems. It supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in
continuous time, sampled time, or a hybrid of the two. Systems can also be multi
rate, i.e., have different parts that are sampled or updated at different rates [2].
For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building
models as block diagrams, using click-and-drag mouse operations. With this
interface, you can draw the models just as you would with pencil and paper (or
as most textbooks depict them). This is a far cry from previous simulation
packages that require you to formulate differential equations and difference
equations in a language or program. Simulink includes a comprehensive block
library of sinks, sources, linear and nonlinear components, and connectors. You
can also customize and create your own blocks [2]. Models are hierarchical, the
models are built using both top-down and bottomup approaches the system can
viewed at a high level, then double-click on blocks to go 5 down through the
levels to see increasing levels of model detail. This approach provides insight into
how a model is organized and how its parts interact [2].
After a model is defined, it can simulate, using a choice of integration
methods, either from the Simulink menus or by entering commands in
MATLAB's command window. The menus are particularly convenient for
interactive work, while the command-line approach is very useful for running a
batch of simulations. Using scopes and other display blocks, the simulation
results can see while the simulation is running. In addition, the parameters can be
changed and immediately see what happens, for "what if" exploration. The

30
simulation results can be put in the MATLAB workspace for post processing and
visualization [2].
Model analysis tools include linearization and trimming tools, which can
be accessed from the MATLAB command line, plus the many tools in MATLAB
and its application toolboxes. And because MATLAB and Simulink are
integrated, you can simulate, analyze, and revise your models in either
environment at any point [2].

Figure 4.1 Library Browser for Simulink

Figure 4.2 Window for model using functional block

31
4.1.1 BLOCKSET POWER SYSTEM
The Power System Block Set or SimPower System (after renamed) had just
introduced to the modeling environment of Simulink by Mathworks. The Power
System Block Set provides tools for modeling and simulating electrical power
systems within Simulink using the standard notations for electrical circuits. Its
block library contains blocks that represent standard components found in
electrical power networks. It is easily to incorporate electrical systems and
controllers into complex system models.

4.1.2 SOPHISCATED BLOCKS MANAGE DIAGRAM

INTERPRETATION
The blocks in the Power System Block Set provide methods that interpret
diagram connectivity in a topological manner. This capability allows us to model
electrical systems without worrying about the directionality of signals and
currents. You can create electrical Simulink diagrams on the computer just as you
would on paper [3]. The Power System Block Set allows scientists and engineers
to build models that simulate power systems. The blockset uses the Simulink
environment, allowing a model to be built using click and drag procedures. Not
only can the circuit topology be drawn rapidly, but the analysis of the circuit can
include its interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines.
This is possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with
Simulink’s extensive modeling library. Because Simulink uses MATLAB as the
computational engine, MATLAB’s toolboxes can also be used by the designer
[4].
The block set libraries contain models of typical power equipment such as
transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics. These models are proven
ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is based on the experience of the
Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Quebec, a large

32
North American utility located in Canada. The capabilities of the block set for
modeling a typical electrical grid are illustrated in demonstration files [4].

4.1.3 SIMULATE IT
The Power System Block set is completely integrated with Simulink at the
block level. Combining Power System and other Simulink blocks creates a unique
environment for multi-domain modeling and controller design. This environment
allows the combination of electrical, power-electronic, mechanical, hydraulic,
and other systems models [3].
For time-domain simulation, the Power System Block set takes advantage
of Simulink’s powerful variable-step integrators and zero-crossing detection
capabilities to produce highly accurate simulations of power system models. In
addition, you have access to all of the block building and masking features,
allowing you to build more complex components from electrical primitives [3].

4.1.4 AREA OF THE POWER SYSTEM BLOCK SET

Power system networks
• RLC branches and loads
• Pi section lines
• Linear and saturable transformers/td
• Surge arresters
• Breakers
• Mutual inductances
• Distributed parameter lines
• AC voltage and current source
• DC voltage sources
Electric machinery
• Complete and simplified models of synchronous machines
• Asynchronous machines

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• Permanent magnet synchronous machines
• Excitation systems
• Hydraulic turbines
• Governors
Power electronics
• Diodes
• Simplified and complex thyristors
• GTOs
• Switches
• MOSFETs
• IGBT
Control and measurement blocks
• Voltage and current measurements
• RMS measurements
• Active power calculations
• Timers
• Synchronized 6-pulse generators

4.2 SIMULINK MODEL AND RESULTS

The proposed system model that is designed in MATLAB 2014a Simulink
platform. The designed circuits were drawn and simulated using MATLAB
Simulink and Sim power system toolboxes. Gate pulses are generated using
PWM generator. Output voltages can be boosted using boost converter for
starting specific values of the intensity provided by the input source. The
following figure 4.3 shows the overall simulation diagram.

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Fig 4.3 Simulink model for proposed PV system

Fig 4.4 SA MPPT Control

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Fig 4.5 Gate pulse

Fig 4.6 PV voltage

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Fig 4.7 Input voltage and current

Fig 4.8 Insolation

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Fig 4.9 Output voltage and current

Fig 4.10 Power and efficiency

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 This work is mainly focusing about the SA based MPPT due to its
outperforming capabilities when compared to other system. The efficient results
obtained from the SA-MPPT is shown in the above figures

The above response is showing the maximum power achieved response in

SA-MPPT implementation.

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 CHAPTER – V
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 CONCLUSION
This project introduced a novel approach for performing duty-
cycle MPPT in photovoltaic energy harvesting applications: the simulated
annealing MPPT. The solar panel was designed with the help of MATLAB
simulation software. The panel is interfaced with the DC-DC converter and the
converter is boosting the voltage up to maximum efficiency of 79.2% for the
existing Direct MPPT algorithm. The proposed simulated annealing algorithm is
designed accordance the principles of the maximum power point tracking
strategy. The proposed algorithm responses to achieve global power point
tracking in solar panels. The proposed algorithm tracking the maximum power
form the solar panels and making an efficient boot conversion with 95% system
efficiency.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

This project is designed with the help of MATLAB simulation
software. The future scope of the project is to design and implement the
simulated project in a hardware kit and analyze the differences in the
performance .The simulated annealing may be replaced with Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) based technique for improving their performance.

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