DEFORESTATION

Research Skills for Business, Section A, Dr.Abdul Waheed

 Duaa Zahra
 Sohail Asad Khan
 Nasrullah Sultani
 Asfandyar Nazim
 Nouman
 Deforestation
Duaa Zahra, Sohail Asad Khan, Nasrullah Sultani, Asfandyar, Nouman -
University of Central Punjab (Business school), 2019
Summary
The year 2011 is ‘The International Year of Forests’. This designation has generated momentum
bringing greater attention to the forests worldwide. Forests cover almost a third of the earth’s land
surface providing many environmental benefits including a major role in the hydrologic cycle, soil
conservation, and prevention of climate change and preservation of biodiversity (Sheron, 2011).
Forest resources can provide long-term national economic benefits. For example, at least 145
countries of the world are currently involved in wood production (Anon, 2010). Sufficient
evidence is available that the whole world is facing an environmental crisis on account of heavy
deforestation. For years remorseless destruction of forests has been going on and we have not been
able to comprehend the dimension until recently. Nobody knows exactly how much of the world’s
rainforests have already been destroyed and continue to be razed each year. Data is often imprecise
and subject to differing interpretations.
Only 2% of China’s forests remain intact and only 0.1 percent of these surviving forests and
properly protected. The rest are threatened by plantations, in Hainan and Yunnan, for example
indigenous trees are felled to make way for fast growing ecouptus plantations, which are used to
make paper pulp, unfortunately through they both contain trees plantation and ancient forests are
not the same in terms of topology. Ancient forests are crucial to biodiversity and provide habitats
for many native species of animals and plants.
They also store millennium North of carbon, which is released as carbon dioxide (a greenhouse
gas) when the trees are logged. Logging alone, much of it illegal accounts for the less of more than
32 million acres of our planets natural forests every year, according to the nature conservancy.
Not all deforestations is intentional. Some deforestation may be driven by a combination of natural
processes and human interests. Wildfire burn large sections of forest every year, for example and
although fire is a natural part to the forest life cycle, subsequent overgrazing by livestock of
wildlife after a fire can prevent the growth of young trees.
Forests still cover about 30 percent of the earth’s surface, but each year about 13 million hectares
of forest (approximately 78,000 square miles) – an area roughly equivalent to the state of Nebraska,
or four times the size of Costa Rica are converted to agricultural land or cleared for other purposes.
Of that figure, approximately 6 million hectares (about 23,000 square miles) is primary forest,
which is defined in the 2005 global forest resources assessment as forests of native species where
there are no clearly visible indication of human activities and where the ecological processes are
not significantly disturbed.
However, it is obviously that the area of tropical rain forest is diminishing and the rate of tropical
rain forest increased environment destructions escalation worldwide, despite increased
environment activities and awareness our forest in Nigeria is gradually diminishing at 3.3 percent
every year.
 Problem statement
Deforestation is important issue that causes trees to be cut down to provide man land which affects
oxygen and carbon levels around the world. It affects oxygen and carbon levels around the world
and it is causing trees to be cut down at about 3-6 billion trees a year around the world in rainforests
such as the Amazon and more. The indiscriminate felling of trees in our forest and the attitude of
the people towards our forest has necessitated a massive scale and the people seem to be unaware
of its consequences. Hence, this study has objectives to identify the factors contributing towards
deforestation.

Research objectives
 To study effect of modernization on deforestation.
 To study effect of increasing population on deforestation.

Research questions
 To what extent modernization has effect on deforestation?
 To what extent increasing population can affect the deforestation?

Variables
1) Deforestation Dependent
2) Modernization Independent
3) Increasing population Independent
 Theoretical framework
Aspects
There are 3 aspects of Theoretical framework:
 Arrows
 Relation
 Reason

Diagram

Modernization

DEFORESTRATION

Increasing
population

Arrows
 In first independent variable “modernization”, the arrow sign is towards the dependent
variable “Deforestation”.
 In second independent variable “increasing population”, the sign of arrow is towards the
dependent variable “Deforestation”.

Relation
 Modernization Deforestation +ive relation (Direct)
 Increasing population Deforestation +ive relation (Direct)
Reasoning

 In first condition of relation, the relation between modernization and deforestation is

positive relation which is direct relation among these two. This means that by increasing
one variable the other variable is also increased. If we increase the modernization then
deforestation also increased because when people are modernized and move towards
cities, then cut forests to increase the cities because of making many homes. They need a
lot of land to build homes. Results support modernization theory, indicating that the level
of urbanization has a curvilinear effect on the rate of deforestation.(Karen, Social
Determinants of Deforestation in Developing Countries: A Cross-National Study,
1998). So, when we increase the deforestation, the modernization also increased.
 In second condition of relation, the relation between increasing population and
deforestation is positive relation which is direct relation among these two. This means
that by increasing one variable the other variable is also increased. If we increase the
population then deforestation also increased because for many people we need much land
that they can live easily. In support of neo-Malthusian theory, population growth results
in higher rates of deforestation. (Karen, Social Determinants of Deforestation in
Developing Countries: A Cross-National Study, 1998). So, similarly when we increase
the deforestation the population also increased.

Hypothesis Development
1. Modernization has positive relation on deforestation.
2. Increasing population has positive relation on deforestation.
Research strategy
Sampling Procedure
1. Cross Sectional
Our data is Cross sectional because we don’t have the same sample but measuring them at
different points in time. We will be selecting data of 10 years.
2. Researcher Interference
We will be using observations of the deforestation, modernization and increasing population.
Changes will be studied of yearly differences and impacts. Qualitative data will be collected.
The following assignment discusses the various constructs and dimensions, along with the
elements within those dimensions, on the topic of “Deforestation”.
 Deforestation
Development
 Development effect the deforestation?
 Are People tending more toward development?
 World is developing?
 Does People are cutting tress to build cities?

Climate change
 Climate change effecting deforestation?
 Climate change is increasing?
 People are behind reason of climate change?

Increasing population
Less Education
 Is less education direct effect on increasing population?
 Can we educate people?

Un-Awareness
 No awareness cause more population?
 High numbers of people are un-aware?
 Can we aware people about increasing population?

Modernization
Known to Fashion
 People are more fashioned nowadays?
 People are becoming more modernized?
 People are moving easily towards new fashion?

Increasing trend
 Trend is increasing day by day?
 People move quickly toward new trends?
 Methodology
The following segment of our research aims to adequately collect the required data. “A research
design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims
to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure” (Bonds-Raacke and
Raacke, 2012) .
The following questionnaire (provided on the next page) will provide constructive feedback
along with calculable data to us, about the various hypotheses covered in the previous heading.
The questionnaire shall be distributed across various marked regions of the city of Lahore,
varying in both economic and socio-cultural patterns, a sample of 100 individuals shall be
selected per region, and answers shall be averaged out from them.
 Questionnaire
Name: ------------------------ Gender: ---------------------------
Mark according to your choice. Try not to be neutral.
Variables Can't say Strongly Disagree Agree Strongl
disagree y agree
Development effect the
deforestation?
Are People tending more
toward development?
World is developing?
Does People are cutting
tress to build cities?
Climate change effecting
deforestation?
Climate change is
increasing?
People are behind reason of
climate change?
Is less education direct
effect on increasing
population?
Can we educate people?
No awareness cause more
population?
High numbers of people
are un-aware?
Can we aware people
about increasing
population?
People are more fashioned
nowadays?
People are becoming more
modernized?
People are moving easily
towards new fashion?
Trend is increasing day by
day?
People move quickly
toward new trends?
 Measures
Population
Since population is an all-around characterized gathering of people or articles having
comparable attributes, for our examination we would consider students and teachers as our
population.

Sample Size
As Sample is a little part that means to mirror the characteristics of the entire out of the
previously mentioned population of students and teachers, our sample size would be of 100
students and 100 teachers.

Sampling Design
As the components in our examination don't have any likelihood to be picked up as test
subject, our research depends on our abstract judgment, so we will go with non-probability
sampling. The main benefit of using non-probability is that it is really easy to use and is
mostly used when it’s impossible to conduct probability sampling.

Convenience and purposive (judgmental) sampling

We will be using purposive sampling and the type Expert sampling. Purposive sampling, also
known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling
technique. Non-probability sampling focuses on sampling techniques where the units that are
investigated are based on the judgment of the researcher. There are a number of
different types of purposive sampling, each with different goals. We will be using Expert
sampling because our research needs knowledge from experts with experience in the
particular field.

Respondents
Since our variables are linked to the information about deforestation, our respondents will be
the students and teachers because they possess the experience and knowledge over the field.
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