Unit-1 Java

Introduction to OOP and
Java Fundamentals
Unit 1
Syllabus
1 Review of OOP
2 Objects and classes in Java
3 Defining Classes & methods, Constructors
4 Access Specifiers, Static Members
5 Finalize method – Strings, Arrays
6 Packages, Java Documents
7 Comments
Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

Introduction
vKey points to be remembered
q Unlike C++, Java is a fully object oriented
language. i.e., In java, everything has to be
written inside classes.
Profound effect
Introduction
vJava Environments
q Java software is available as JDK (Java
Development Toolkit) version 1.0 or 1.1 or 1.2…
1.7
q Development environments
ØJava Workshop
ØBorland JBuilder
ØVisual Java (VJ++)
ØNetBeans
ØEclipse
ØWeb sphere etc.,

Features
v Java Features
q Apart from object oriented it provides various
features for internet programming
1. Architectural Neutral
2. Robust
3. Reliable, Safe and secure
4. Simple and easy to learn
5. Distributed
Features
v Architectural Neutral
q Java gained huge popularity due to its platform
independence.
q It is a high performance cross platform

language
q Java programs can run on any client machine

on the internet without doing any changes in
the source code of program.

Features
q Java is executed in 2 stages:
Ø it is compiled at the developers end
Ø uploaded on the server where it is
interpreted again and executed
q Java is compiled and converted to something

called byte code (.class files).
q “Byte code” is a series of instructions in the

form of bytes. These instructions are not
specific to any machine but are written for
JVM.
Features
q One can make the web page using HTML and call
the “.class” file inside it. This web page is then
transported over internet
q At the client side, the corresponding web page is

accessed by Java enabled web browser
q So when a web page is accessed, the java program

embedded inside the HTML document begins to
run with the help of JVM.

Features
Rejected
Java Security
Program check
Class lib
loaded
Java
Compiler Interpreted
001100
Rejected
010001
101101 Exception Handled
010101
Executable code
Features
v Robust
q Most of the programs are leads to failure if there is
no focus paid on memory management or
exceptional behavior of the program.
q For Ex.: Sometimes certain exceptional conditions

like “File not found” are encountered when you
expect the file to be present.
q As a result program collapses !!!
q These issues are specially dealt in Java using

“Garbage Collection” and “Exception Handling”.

Features
v Robust
q In garbage collection,
Ø Automatic
Ø a daemon thread is used in freeing the objects
which are not being referenced
q Through exception handling,

Ø Any unexpected behavior of the program can be
handled thro the piece of code
Features
v Reliable, Safe and Secure
q Java program is capable of being transported over
internet and running on anybody’s machine.
q Issue: But how does the receiver ensure that the

incoming program does not cause any harm?
Always don’t download the information from the known source

Cos’ it may be possible that downloaded program may access
System files & deletes the important files

Features
v Reliable, Safe and Secure
q In order to make Java as Reliable, it does not allow
the program coming from the internet and running
in the browser easily – follows authentication –
called “Applet”
q Though the pointers introduce immense flexibility

and power in writing programs. Java has
eliminated the use of pointers completely. This
makes java programs are very safe i.e., hacking the
system resources is not there
Features
v Simple and easy to learn
q Java will be very simple once the basics of OOPs
are clear
v Powerful
q Java unleashes the its power thro the classes in
the library
q Inclusion of these classes and OOPs concept in

the program will enable the user to have flexible &
powerful program

Features
v Distributed
q Java objects can be distributed across the internet.
These objects can be included in java program
Platform Independence
JAVA COMPILER
(translator)
JAVA BYTE CODE

(same for all platforms)
JAVA INTERPRETER
(one for each different system)
Windows 95 Macintosh Solaris Windows NT

Java Development Kit
v Key points to be remembered
q javac - The Java Compiler
q java - The Java Interpreter
q jdb - The Java Debugger
q appletviewer - Tool to run the applets
q javap - to print the Java bytecodes
q javaprof - Java profiler
q javadoc - documentation generator
q javah - creates C header files
Java Application
Save the name of the file
as class name with
“.java” extension
import java.lang.*;
public class Class_name{
public static void main(String a[]){
----
- - - - needed statements- - -
----
}
}

Java Application
q main() is qualified with public – so that main() is
visible outside the program – traced by compiler/
interpreter
q “static” keyword is given so that JVM can access

the main method without instantiating the class
contain main()
OOP
q Issues with C
q Is C++ a completely OOP?
q Why OOP
q OOP Paradigm
q Features of OOP
q OOP Concepts
Ø Class
Ø Abstraction
Ø Encapsulation
Ø Inheritance
Ø polymorphism
10

OOP
v Is C++ a completely OOP?
q No
q It is possible write C++ program without using

Object-oriented methodology
OOP
v Why OOP?
q Example: Assemble
Ø your own PC
Ø car
Each and every parts are reusable
11

OOP
v Why OOP?
q How about software
Ø Can you assemble a software application by
picking up a routine?
Ø Will your program runs after having duplicate

copy?
o For procedural language, reusability can not be done
o Have to Re-invent the wheel
OOP
v OOP Paradigm
q OOP is introduced to solve the problems of
procedural approach
q The data used in this approach can not flow freely

around the system, where attribute and behavior
of the data is tied that operate on it & protects it
from the modification from outside functions/
classes
q OOP allows decomposition of problem into objects
q OOP paradigm can be pictured as:
12

OOP
v OOP Paradigm Object B
Data Data
Object A
Communication
methods methods
Object C
methods
Data
OOP
v Features of OOP
q Program is divided into objects
q Emphasis is on data rather than procedure
q Data is hidden and can not be accessed by

external methods/classes
q Objects may communicate with each other thro’

methods
q New data & methods can be easily added
q Follows bottom-up approach
13

OOP
Procedural Programming OOP

Executes series of Problem is dealt as a
procedures sequentially collection of objects
Top-down programming Bottom-up programming
approach approach
Major focus is on Focus is on objects
procedures or functions
Reusability is not possible Data reusability is the main
feature
Data hiding is not possible Data hiding is possible by

making it into private
OOP
v OOP Concepts
q OOP is introduced to solve the problems of
procedural approach
q They are:
1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data Abstraction & Encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism
6. Dynamic Binding
7. Message Communication
14

OOP Concepts
v Objects
q “Object” is a basic runtime entity of object-
oriented system
q It is a instance of the class
q For example: It represents a table of data or an

item that the program has to handle
Ø Person name, bank account number etc.,
q Note: Before writing the program, a programmer

must decide what would be the needed objects in
a program.
OOP Concepts
v Class
q “Class” is a collection of Similar objects
q Examples: Train, Classroom etc.,
Train Engine, Boogies are the data members

of the class “Train”
15

OOP Concepts
v Class
q Class is a “Blue print” that says how to build an
object
q In a class, set of needed data members & the code

to handle the data can be enclosed within a class
of user defined type.
q Once the class is created, one can add new data

members belongs to that class
OOP Concepts
v Class
Prototype
class class-name {
//members of a class
public static void main(String s[ ]){
// - - - -
// needed statements
// - - - -
}
};
16

Class Vs. Object
v Class
q Class is a “Blue print” that says how to build an
object
q It defines state placeholders and behaviors
common to all the objects
v Object
q Runtime entity
q It can be instantiated (created) from the class
Class Vs. Object

q To create an instance of the class, use the “new”
operator followed by the invocation of constructor
Ex:
test t1 = new test();
Returns the reference to the newly created object
17

Class Vs. Object
q To access the object of the class, use the “.”
notation followed by the invocation of constructor
Ex:
test t1 = new test();
t1.name=“Third CSE B”;
t1.total=57;
t1.display();
Examples
v Do it yourself
1. Write a simple java Program to print “name and
age of the person”
2. Program to find area of circle
3. Program to compute arithmetic operations
4. Program to compute length & perimeter of

rectangle
18

Abstraction
q It is the act of representing essential features
without including the background details or
explanations
q It is the process of extracting needed details and

excluding the unwanted details for the program
q Example: Getting a car driving license
Encapsulation
q Striking feature of OOP
Insulated data
q Enclose all in a single unit
q Wrapping up of data and methods into a single

unit is called “encapsulation”
q It is the process of binding the data and functions

in a single unit
q Encapsulation enables data hiding
19

Encapsulation
q Encapsulated data (private) can not be easily
accessible by other methods/ functions. Only
those functions wrapped in the class can access it
q i.e., an object will have both data & methods in a

single unit
q Example?
Inheritance
q It is the process of sharing attributes and
operations among classes based on a hierarchical
relationship
q It is the process by which objects of one class

acquire the properties of objects of another class.
It supports the concept of hierarchical
classification.
q Facilitates “reusability” since all the attributes and

behavior of the main class are available to its
subclass & new features can be included
20

Inheritance
q Java supports only Single Inheritance and Multiple
Interfaces
q It uses “extends” keyword for inheritance
Inheritance
v Example 1
q Assume you have 2 classes namely A and B.
q Inheritance is a mechanism which allows a class A

to inherit the properties of a class B. We say “A
inherits from B”
Ø Thus objects of class A will have access to
attributes & methods of class B without need to
redefine them
q If class A inherits from B, then B is referred as

“Super class” of A. And A is referred as
“Subclass” of B
21

Inheritance
v Example 1
q Super classes are also referred as “Parent Class”
or “Base Class”
q Sub class is also referred as “Child Class” or

“Derived Class”
Inheritance
v Example 2
q Consider a company dealt with the hardware.
Assume this item is classified into 3 sub-classes
namely Printer, Stationery and floppy disk
q Now all the sub-classes have common attributes

such as: itemno, description, rate and reorder
level.
22

Inheritance
Item
v Example 2
Itemno
Description
Rate
reorderlevel
Printer
Type Capacity
Size
Pagesperminute Size
Stationery Floppy disk
Polymorphism
q Important feature of OOP
q It’s a greek term that means “the ability to take

more than one form”
q It is the ability of a method or an operation to

behave differently for different objects
q Example 1: Behavior of a student with friends &

teachers
23

Polymorphism
v Example
Item No: 1000051

Description: HP Printer
Printer Rate: Rs.10,500
Type: Laser
Pages per min: 8
show
Item No: 1001151

Description: 3M FD
Floppy Disk
Rate: Rs.215
Capacity: 1.44 MB
Size: 3.5 inch
Polymorphism
q It allows an entity to take a variety of
representations
q Extensively used in implementing Inheritance
24

Polymorphism
Shape
Draw()
Circle object Box object Triangle object
Draw(Circle) Draw(box) Draw(triangle)
A single function name can be used to handle different arguments. i.e.,

Using a single function name to perform various types tasks is referred
As “Function Overloading”
Dynamic Binding
q “Binding” is the process of linking a procedure
call to the code to be executed in response to the
call.
q 2 types:
1. Static Binding
2. Dynamic Binding
q Dynamic binding is also referred as “Late Binding”
q It means the code associated with the given

procedure call is not known until the time of the
call at runtime
25

Dynamic Binding
Shape
Draw()
Circle object Box object Triangle object
Draw(Circle) Draw(box) Draw(triangle)
Each object has its own draw() method. For every successive invocation
the draw() will be refined for each class. During run time,
the code matching the object under the current reference will be called
Message Passing
q An OOP allows the user to create a program with
objects
q Message Passing facilitates the communication

between objects. i.e., object can communicate with
one another by sending and receiving information
q Example:
compute.add(10,20);
26

OOP - Applications
q OOP is a one of programming buzzword using
which one can solve any type of complex
problems
q Applications
Ø Real Time Systems
Ø Simulation and Modeling
Ø Object Oriented databases
Ø Hypertext, Hypermedia and expertext
Ø AI and Expert Systems
Ø Neural Networks and parallel Programming
Ø CIM/CAD system
Classes & Objects

v Class
q Collection of similar objects
q It has data members and the methods that act

upon these data members
q It is a User defined data type. It should be viewed

as template thro the use of “Object”
27

Classes & Objects
v Class
General Form
class class-name{
type1 data1;
:
typeN dataN;
return-type method1([argList1]){
}
:
:
}
Classes & Objects

v Class Creation
q Keyword “class” indicates the name of the class
being declared – should follow the naming
conventions of identifiers
q data1 . . .dataN are the needed data members of

the class
q method1 . . methodN are the methods / functions

used to handle those data members
q Example: area and perimeter of rectangle
28

Classes & Objects
v Class Creation
Example
class rectangle{
int length;
int width;
int area(){
return length * width;
}
int perim(){
return 2 * (length + width);
}
}
Classes & Objects

v Object Creation
q It is a instance of a class that retains the structure
and behavior of the class
q Instance of the class can be created as similar to

that of normal variable declaration. Such variables
are called “object / instance” of the class.
q Instantiation: The process of creating a new object

for a class is known as “Instantiation”
29

Classes & Objects
v Object Creation
q Instance of the class can be created by new
operator
rectangle r1=new rectangle();
o Causes the creation of object of type “rectangle” & returns reference

to that object
o “r1” is the object variable – that has structure & behavior of the class
Classes & Objects

v Note
q All the classes in the Java Library are start with
“Uppercase” letters
q All the methods and objects start with “lowercase”

letter
30

Classes & Objects
Classes Objects
System out
String println
DataInputStream readLine
InputStreamReader readInt
Example
Java Program Structure
Documentation Section Suggested

Package statements Optional
Import statements Optional
Interface statements Optional
Class definitions Optional
main method class{
main method definition Essential
}
31

Java Primaries
v Key concepts to be remembered
q This section explains:
Ø Character set
Ø Lexical Issues (Tokens)
o Identifiers
o Literals
o Keywords
o Operators
o Separators
Ø expressions
Command Line arguments

q Command line arguments are the parameters that
are supplied to the program during the invocation
of the program for execution.
q How do you execute a java application?
32

Command Line Arguments
q Execution steps
1. Ensure that the path is been set to the
development environment
2. Compile the java application
3. Execute the java application

q Execution steps
1. Ensure that the path is been set to the
development environment
Ø For Ex. Assume jdk1.6 is installed in c:\ drive
of your own system
Ø Set the path like
“set Path=%path%.;c:\jdk1.6\bin;”
in the environment variables section of the

system
33

q Execution steps
2. Compile the java application
javac filename.java
2. Execute the java application
java filename
We are not supplying any argument

as an input

q If any one wants to supply the input as command
line arguments, it is essential to supply the input
during the program invocation
q Example
java filname 10 20
• Supplying the inputs

• They are considered as arguments
34

q Any argument provided in the command line
argument at the time of invocation will be passed
to the array defined in a main() method
public static void main(String s[ ] ){

q Example
java filname 10 20
S [0] - 10
S [1] - 20
Example ?
35

v Problems
1. Convert the given Fahrenheit temperature to
centigrade temperature
2. Program that reads the radius of the circle and

compute its circumference and area
Strings
q String is a sequence of characters enclosed within
double quotes
q Example:
String name=“SECOND CSE B”;

String cname=“PSNACET”;
36

Strings
q “String” class provides a lot of methods to
perform operations on string such as compare(),
concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(),
compareTo(), intern(), substring() etc.
q String is “Immutable” i.e., it can not be changed

(fixed memory allocation)
q Whenever one makes changes, new instance will

be created
Strings
q “String” object can be created by 2 forms
1. By using literal
2. By new key word
String name = “Second Year CSE B”
For every literal, JVM checks the memory whether

it is already assigned
If exists, it returns the reference to a object

else create the new instance & returns to the object
37

Strings
q To work with String concept, String has predefined
classes & methods; {13 classes, 64 methods}
Classes
String()
String(byte bytes[ ])
String(byte bytes[ ], Charset charset)
String(byte[ ] bytes, int offset, int length, Charset charset)
String(String original)
String(StringBuffer buffer)
Strings
Methods
int length() int lastIndexOf(int ch)
String concat(String str) int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
Int indexOf(int ch) int lastIndexOf(String str)
Int indexOf(int ch, int from) int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex)
Int indexOf(String str) String substring(int beginIndex)
String intern() String substring(int beginIndex, int
endIndex)
int indexOf(String str,
char[] toCharArray()
int fromIndex)
boolean isEmpty() String toLowerCase()
38

Strings
Methods
int length() returns the length of this string
String concat(String str) concatenates the specified string to the end
of this string
Int indexOf(int ch) returns the index within this string of the
first occurrence of the specified character.
Int indexOf(int ch, int returns the index within this string of the
from) first occurrence of the specified character,
starting the search at the specified index.
Int indexOf(String str) returns the index within this string of the
first occurrence of the specified substring
String intern() This method returns a canonical
representation for the string object.
Strings
Methods
int indexOf(String str, int This method returns the index within this
fromIndex) string of the first occurrence of the
specified substring, starting at the specified
index.
boolean isEmpty() This method returns true if, and only if,
length() is 0.
int lastIndexOf(int ch) This method returns the index within this
string of the last occurrence of the
specified character
int lastIndexOf(int ch, int This method returns the index within this
fromIndex) string of the last occurrence of the
specified character, searching backward
starting at the specified index.
39

Strings
Methods
int lastIndexOf(String This method returns the index within this
str) string of the rightmost occurrence of the
specified substring.
int lastIndexOf(String This method returns the index within this
str, int fromIndex) string of the last occurrence of the
specified substring, searching backward
starting at the specified index.
String substring(int returns a new string that is a substring of
beginIndex) this string
String substring(int
returns a new string that is a substring of
beginIndex, int
this string.
endIndex)
Strings
Methods
char[ ] toCharArray() converts this string to a new character
array.
String toLowerCase() converts all of the characters in this String
to lower case using the rules of the default
locale
String converts all of the characters in this String
toLowerCase(Locale to lower case using the rules of the given
locale) Locale.
String toString() returns the string itself
40

Strings
Methods
static String returns the string representation of the char
valueOf(char c) argument.
static String returns the string representation of the

valueOf(double d) double argument.
static String returns the string representation of the float

valueOf(float f) argument.
Example?
StringBuffer
q “StringBuffer” is a peer class of “String” that
provides much of the functionality of strings.
q String creates the strings of fixed length but

“StringBuffer” creates flexible length that can be
modified interms of length and content
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(“STRING”);
41

StringBuffer
q “StringBuffer” class is used to create a mutable
String
Constructors
StringBuffer() Creates empty String Buffer with the
initial capacity of 16
StringBuffer(String) Creates a String object with the
specified String
StringBuffer(int) Creates empty String Buffer with the
specific capacity
StringBuffer
Methods
setCharAt(n, ‘X’) Modifies the “n” th character to X
append(String) Appends the specified string
Inserts the specified String at nth
insert(n,String)
position
Returns the allocated capacity of
capacity()
Stringbuffer object
Returns the actual length of the
length()
string object
Set the length of StringBuffer
setLength()
object
42

StringBuffer
q “StringBuffer” class is used to create a mutable
String
Methods
reverse() Used to reverse the String
capacity() Used to return the current capacity
length() Used to return the actual length of
the string
substring()
Used to separate the String
Access Specifiers
q “Access Specifier” is a concept that helps one to
restrict the access to members of the class
q Offers 4 types
Ø public
Ø default (no specifier or friendly access)
Ø protected
Ø private
43

Access Specifiers
v public
q The set of variables or functions declared as
“public” will be accessible by other parts of a
program
q One can define a class / method /variable using

“public” keyword
Access Specifiers
v public
public class test{

public int a, b;
// Needed statements
}
}
44

Access Specifiers
v public
public class test{

// Needed statements
}
}
public class sample{ Error

// publicis
Class “sample” intpublic,
a, b; should be declared in a file
}
named “sample.java”
public class sample{
^
Access Specifiers
v Friendly access
q In many programs, programmer may failed to set
of variables or functions declared as “public”. At
this instant still the members will be accessible to
other classes in the program
q i.e., when no access specifier is specified, the

member defaults to the limited version of public
accessibility is known as “friendly access”
45

Access Specifiers
v public Vs. friendly access
q “public” specifier lets the members to be visible in
all the classes, regardless of their packages
q While the “friendly access” makes the members

visible to the same package but not in other
packages
Access Specifiers
v protected
q This visibility lies between “public” and “friendly
access”
q In general it is needed when there is a inheritance

involved
q Data and function members can be accessed by

its child classes
q Non-member methods can not access the

protected data
46

Access Specifiers
v private
q This visibility has higher degree of protection
q Members of the class will be accessible only by

the same class
q They can not be inherited. So it can not be used by

its child class
q If a method declared as private it will be used as

“final”
Access Specifiers
Private
Accessibility Public Protected Friendly private
protected
Same class Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sub-class in same
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
package
Other classes in the
Yes Yes Yes No No
same package
Sub-classes in other
Yes Yes No Yes No
packages
Non subclasses in
Yes No No No No
other packages
47

Access Specifiers
v Thumb rule
Use When
public If the field is to be visible everywhere
protected If the field is to be visible everywhere in the
current package & sub-classes in other
packages
default If the field is to be visible everywhere in the
current package
private protected
If the field is to be visible only in subclasses
private If the field is not to be visible everywhere

except its own class
Constructors
Data member
class personal{
String name;
int age;
void getDetails() throws Exception{
DataInputStream di = new DataInputStream(System.in);
name = di.readLine();
age=di.readInt();
}
}
class profile{
Function member
public static void main(String s[ ]) throws Exception{
personal p = new personal();
p.getDetails();
} Here, member function getdetails() can be accessed via
} the instance of class “personal” like p.getDetails() where by
Data can be assigned
48

Constructors
q Here, member function of personal class is used
to assign the values to its data member
q So the values for the data member of the class can

be assigned only after the instance creation of the
appropriate class
class profile{
public static void main(String s[ ]) throws Exception{
personal p = new personal();
p.getDetails();
}
}
Constructors
q These functions can not be used to initialize the
member variables at the time of creation
q Example: Implementation of Stack
With reference to technical definition, some part of object

may require initialization before it can be used
49

Constructors
q Java allows objects to initialize themselves when
they are created. This automatic initialization is
performed thro’ the use of a “constructor
function”
q “Constructor” is a member function or a method

that has the same name as that of class
q Note: Constructor is optional
Constructors
v Synonym
q “Constructor” is a method which are used to
initialize object automatically when the instance of
the appropriate class is created
q “Constructor” is a special member function whose

task is to initialize the objects of its class when it
is created automatically
q It is referred as constructor cos’ it constructs the

values of data member of the class
50

Constructors
v Characteristics of a constructor:
q Name of the constructor must be same as the
name of the class for which it is being used
q It should not return a value not even a void
q They are invoked automatically when the objects

of its class is created
q They can not be inherited, though a derived class

can call the base class constructor
Constructors
v Types
1. Default Constructor
2. Parameterized Constructor
3. Copy constructor
4. Multiple Constructors in a class
51

Constructors
v Default Constructor
q A constructor that accepts no parameters is called
“Default Constructor”
q Example: Area and perimeter of the rectangle
Constructors
v Default Constructor
class assign{ “assign()” is default constructor
double length, width; that accepts no arguments
assign(){
length=2.0;width=3.0;
}
double area(){
return ½* length * width;
}
Invokes the default constructor
}
& initialize the values
class rectangle{
assign a=new assign();
double res = a.area();
}
}
52

Examples
v Do it yourself
q Implement a java application using default
constructor to:
1. Compute arithmetic operations among 2
positive integers
2. Find area and perimeter of the circle
3. Compute push and pop operations in a stack
4. Compute insert and delete operations in a
Queue
Constructors
v Parameterized Constructor
q A constructor that can take arguments for its
initialization are referred as “Parameterized
Constructor”
q Example: Area and perimeter of the rectangle
53

Constructors
v Parameterized Constructor “assign()” is a parameterized constructor
class assign{ Coz’ that takes arguments for initialization
double length, width;
assign(double l, double w){
length=l;width=w;
}
double area(){
return ½* length * width;
}
Invokes the parmeterized constructor
}
& initialize the values
class rectangle{
assign a=new assign(2.0,3.0);
double res = a.area();
}
}
Examples
v Do it yourself
q Implement a java application using constructor to:
1. Create a class called employee that will have
the following attributes. Employee no., name,
address, dob, hiredate. The class must have the
following methods also;
a) A constructor that accepts nothing and initializes
all numeric attributes with “0” and string with null
b) A constructor that accepts all attribute values
c) A method called display() that displays all the
attributes
d) A method called changeAddress(String address)
that changes the address of an employee
54

Examples
v Do it yourself
2. Write a program that accepts numeric command
line arguments and adds all of them. For example,
if the argument list is: 100,100,134,150,300,200
Polymorphism
Polymorphism
Compile Time Run Time

Polymorphism Polymorphism
Operator Function
Virtual Function
Overloading Overloading
55

Polymorphism
v Function Overloading
q “Overloading” refers to the use of same thing for
different purposes
q Java permits overloading of functions.
q This means that one can use the same function

name to create functions that perform a variety of
different tasks
Function Polymorphism
Polymorphism
q i.e., Using the concept of “Function Overloading”,
one can design a family of functions with one
function name but with different argument list.
q Here, the function would perform different

operations depending upon the argument list in
the function call
q The correct function to be invoked is determined

by checking the number and type of the arguments
but not on the function type
56

Polymorphism
q Here Java achieves polymorphism thro’ the use of
“Function Overloading”
q i.e., 2 or more functions can share the same name

as long as their parameter declarations are
different.
q In this situation, the functions that share the same

name are said to be overloaded and the process is
referred to as “Function overloading”
Polymorphism
q For the best illustration consider a function
“add()” can handle different types of data:
int add(int a, int b);

int add(int a, int b, int c);
double add(double x, double y);
double add(int x, double y);
Function Prototype
57

Constructor Overloading
q “Constructor overloading” is a technique in which
a class can have any number of constructors that
differ in parameter lists
q Example:
test(int a, int b)
test(double a, double b)
test(double a, double b, double c)
Constructor Chaining
q Consider the scenario where a base class is
extended by its child class. Whenever an object of
child class is created, the constructor of parent
class will be invoked first. This is called
“Constructor chaining”
q Can be done in 2 ways

1. Within the same class – use “this()” keyword
2. Among the base / child classes – use “super()”
keyword
58

Constructor Chaining
v Key points to be remembered: Rules
q The “this()” or “super()” should always be the first
line of constructor
q There should be one constructor without using
“this()” or “super()”
q Chaining can be achieved in any order
Example?
Copy Constructor
q If a constructor accepts a “reference” to its own
class as a parameter. Then it is referred as “Copy
Constructor”
q i.e., this type of constructor takes only one

parameter, which is a reference to the object of the
same class
59

Copy Constructor
class classname{
classname(classname obj){
}
}
One class object is passed as an argument
Examples
v Do it yourself
1. Write a program to find the volume of the room
using copy constructor
60

Array
q “array” is a collection of similar type of elements
that have contiguous memory location.
q Java array is an object the contains elements of

similar data type. It is a data structure where we
store similar elements. We can store only fixed set
of elements in a java array.
q Array in java is index based, first element of the

array is stored at 0 index
Array
61

Array
q Merits
1. Code optimization – retrieve / sort the data
easily
2. Random access – can get the data at any index
position
q Demerits
1. Size is limited - one can store fixed size of
elements ; does not grow at run time
Array
q Types
1. Single dimensional array
2. Multi dimensional array
Arrays will have declaration, instantiation and initilalization
62

Array
v One dimensional array
Syntax
datatype[ ] var;
or
datatype [ ]var;
or
datatype var[ ];
Array
Syntax
datatype var[ ];
var = new datatype[size];
instantiation
For initialization, use loop structure
63

Array
Syntax
datatype var[ ]={data1, data2,..}
Declare,
instantiation and
intialize
Examples
v Do it yourself: Write a program
1. To read and print the n elements using an array
2. To display the sum and average of n elements
3. To sort the given elements in ascending order
64

Array
v Multi dimensional array
Syntax:
Declare
datatype[ ][ ] var;
or
datatype [ ][ ]var;
or
datatype var[ ][ ];
Array
Syntax:
instantiate
datatype var[ ];
var = new datatype[row][column];
instantiation
65

Array
v Multi dimensional array
Syntax:
Initialization
a[0][0]=1;
a[0][1]=2;
a[0][2]=3;
a[1][0]=4;
a[1][1]=5;
int a[ ][ ]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
a[1][2]=6;
a[2][0]=7;
a[2][1]=8;
a[2][2]=9;
Arrays
q “Arrays” is a static block – available in “java.util”
package. It permits arrays to be viewed as list
q This class has various built-in methods for

manipulating arrays like sorting / searching
Object
Arrays
66

Arrays
q During the implementation of problem, one may
need to perform following tasks like:
Ø Fill an array (store)
Ø Sort an array
Ø Binary search in an array
“Arrays” class has static methods using which

one can perform above functions
Example:
int a[ ] = {10, 2, 5};
Arrays.sort(a)
Arrays
Methods
sort(array[ ]) Used to sort in ascending order
sort(double[ ]) Sort the array of doubles in asc. Order
sort(char[ ]) Sort the array of char in asc. Order
fill(arr[ ], obj) Fills an array with an object value
fill(double[ ], Fills each elements of double with

double) specified double value
Fills each elements of int with specified
fill(int [ ], int)
int value
67

Static Members
q 2 members
1. Data member
2. Function member
Both members can be qualified with “static”
Static Members
Data member
class person{
char name[20];
int age;
void getdetails(void){ }
void display(void){ }
};
Function member
68

Static Data Members
q Similar to the concept followed in C++.
q A variable can be declared as “static”
Static Data Members

v Characteristics of Static Data Member
q Java Instance variables are given a separate
memory for storage. If there is a need for a
variable to be common to all the objects of a single
class then the static modifier should be used in
the variable declaration.
q Static member will be stored in a permanent

memory location i.e., static storage
q Only one copy of the member is created for the

entire class & is shared by all the members of that
class
69

Static Data Members
q It is visible only to that class but its lifetime is the
entire program
q If needed, the objects of the same class can

modify its static variables
q Static data member can be accessed by static

methods also.
q A constant member can also be defined with

“final” “static” key word to make it as common to
the entire program
Static Data Members

q When a programmer fails to initialize the static
variables, they will be initialized to default values
when the object of its class is created
q i.e.,
Ø Boolean – false
Ø Numeric – 0
Ø String – null
70

Static Data Members
q Static variable can be referenced “.” operator by
any one of the following form
classname.staticvariable;
or
objectname.staticvariable;
Static Data Members

v Use of Static Data Member
q Mainly used to:
Ø Maintain values common to the entire class i.e.,
global
Ø Only one copy will be retained
Example?
71

Static method
q A function or method of a class can also be
qualified with “static”
q So, it is not essential to create an object of the

class in order to invoke a static method
q Static method can be invoked in the following form
classname.staticmethodname([arguments]);
or
objectname.staticmethodname([arguments]);
Static method
v Properties of a static method
q Static method can invoke or access to only other
static members (functions /variables) declared in
the same class
q They can not refer “this” and “super” keywords
q Static method can be declared like:
static returntype methodname(parameters){

}
72

finalize method
q Similar to main() method, finalize() method is a
special method
q Provided by Java “Object” class used by

“Garbage Collection system”
q “finalize()” method used to check the code and

removes those objects which are not being
referred for long time i.e., reclaim the object
q It does last chance for any object resources to

perform cleanup activity
finalize method
q For the best illustration, consider one have written
a Java program to access database and file
system (nonobject resources).
q During the execution of program, object of java

program will be associated with these non-object
resources in the memory.
q If these access is not used for long time, the

memory occupied by these resources must be
reclaimed for other purposes
73

finalize method
q In Java, garbage collection is default but it
reclaims the memory spaces associated with the
instance objects used in the program. It will not
reclaim the nonobject references.
q To do this, use “finalize()”
finalize method
q Write “finalize()” method in a class if it holds one
or more nonobject resources
q Before removing these objects, java run time

environment invokes the finalize()
74

finalize method
q “finalize()” method is defined as protected in
“java.lang.Object” class. It must be overrided
when we use.
q This method is not automatically chained. It is

essential to call finalize() method of super class
explicitly.
q It is called once by Garbage collection thread

before reclaiming
finalize method
q Any exception thrown by “finalize()” method will
be taken care by GC thread
q There is one more way to invoke finalize() method

by:
System.runFinalization()
Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization()
or
System.gc();
or
System.getRuntime().gc();
75

finalize method
Skeleton
@Override
protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
// do cleanup activity
Packages
q Java Package is a mechanism for organizing java
classes
q It is defined as a mechanism for grouping of

related types such as:
Ø Classes
Ø Interfaces
Ø Enumerations
Ø Annotions
76

Packages
q Similar to the idea like storing the files under some
directories / folders
q Example
Ø Assume one is writing a java programs and not
allowed to store under some directory
Ø Instead, you are permitted to store under single

directory – it will be difficult to rename the files /
store the files
Packages
q Use
Ø To prevent naming conflicts
Ø To control access
Ø To make searching
q Package Examples
Package remarks
java.lang Bundles the fundamental classes
java.io Bundles the classes for input and output
functions
77

Packages
q i.e., all the needed classes are arranged/defined
under some directory
q Programmer can create their own package to

bundle their own classes / interfaces under some
directory
q It is advisable to organize / group related classes

created by you
Packages
v Creating your own package
q To create own package, one must understand the
access levels / specifiers with respect to package
78

Packages
q For the best illustration, consider an example of 2
classes.
Ø The stack class which implements the stack
(basic operations)
Ø The callStack class which will call the stack
class (only invocation)
Important class which does the basic operations of a program
Use it as a “package”
Packages
q Similar to handling a directory in the system
q To create own package
package packagename;
Directory name where the basic operation of program

exists
79

Packages
v Constraints to execute your own package
q With reference to example, one need to create 2
programs
Ø The stack class which implements the stack
(basic operations) Ex.: Stack.java
Ø The callStack class which will call the stack

class (only invocation) Ex. CallStack.java
Packages
programs
Ø In “Stack.java”, first statement should be the
package statement which defines the class
belongs to which package.
package packagename;
q “No main()” will be there for an execution

q i.e., Stack.class is a package belongs to the
package “packagename”
80

Packages
programs
Ø In “CallStack.java”, first statement should be
the import statement which is used to perform
instantiation.
import packagename.*;
q i.e., Stack.class is a package belongs to the

package “packagename”
Packages
v Steps to execute your own package
1. Create needed Java programs (2 or many) with the
constraints. Example: stack
2. Create 2 folders / directories in the system
Example: c:\test\my
3. Copy the class file which promotes the basic

operation to a folder that is used as “package”
Example: copy to “my” folder
81

Packages
v Steps to execute your own package
4. Copy the class file which calls/invokes the basic
operation to a other folder
Example: copy to “test” folder
5. Execute the invocation program Ex.: execute

program in test folder
Packages
v Note
q Packages may not be visible to other folders. To
make it visible during the execution of program, it
is essential to set the path setting to the java
environment
82

Packages
C:\test\my C:\test
package my; import my.*;
public Class Stack{
Stack(int size){ public class CallStack{
--- public static void main(String a[]){
---
} Stack s=new Stack(5);
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
public void push(int item){ s.push(i);
--- ---
} ---
public int pop(){ for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
--- System.out.println(s.pop());
} }
} }
83

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Unit-1 Java

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Introduction to OOP and

2 Objects and classes in Java

3 Defining Classes & methods, Constructors

4 Access Specifiers, Static Members

5 Finalize method – Strings, Arrays

6 Packages, Java Documents

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q It is a high performance cross platform

q Java programs can run on any client machine

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q Java is compiled and converted to something

q “Byte code” is a series of instructions in the

q At the client side, the corresponding web page is

q So when a web page is accessed, the java program

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q For Ex.: Sometimes certain exceptional conditions

q As a result program collapses !!!

q These issues are specially dealt in Java using

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q Through exception handling,

q Issue: But how does the receiver ensure that the

Always don’t download the information from the known source

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q Though the pointers introduce immense flexibility

q Inclusion of these classes and OOPs concept in

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

JAVA BYTE CODE

Windows 95 Macintosh Solaris Windows NT

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q “static” keyword is given so that JVM can access

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q It is possible write C++ program without using

Each and every parts are reusable

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

Ø Will your program runs after having duplicate

q The data used in this approach can not flow freely

q OOP allows decomposition of problem into objects

q OOP paradigm can be pictured as:

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q Emphasis is on data rather than procedure

q Data is hidden and can not be accessed by

q Objects may communicate with each other thro’

q New data & methods can be easily added

q Follows bottom-up approach

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

Procedural Programming OOP

Data hiding is not possible Data hiding is possible by

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q It is a instance of the class

q For example: It represents a table of data or an

q Note: Before writing the program, a programmer

q Examples: Train, Classroom etc.,

Train Engine, Boogies are the data members

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

q In a class, set of needed data members & the code

q Once the class is created, one can add new data

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

Class Vs. Object

Returns the reference to the newly created object

Dr.A.Thomas Paul Roy, Assistant Professor, PSNACET. Email: pauli.dgl@gmail.com

2. Program to find area of circle