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Provides necessary space for each Concerned with moral character and places
communicative partner to contribute to the more weight or value on the dignity of an
relationship individual and a humanity’s task of caring for
Is interpersonal space that nourishes the very one another
thing that keeps persons together It emphasizes character as opposed to duty or
interpersonally-relationship consequence
SITUATIONAL OR CONTEXTUAL ETHICS It is the mass production of messages or
information that is intended to reach a large
There is no absolute approach to situations, amount of people
each situation should be addressed as different Uses mass media such as newspapers, TV,
from each other radio, books, etc.
Every problem should be evaluated in its
particular context or situation MASS COMMUNICATION ETHICS
1. The Discussion Style When doing business in a high context culture such as
- Verbally direct Mexico, Japan or Middle East, you might encounter the
- Less emotionally expressive following:
- Direct, rational arguments, limit the
- Misunderstanding when exchanging
expression of personal feelings
information
- European-American, Australian,
- Impression of a lack of information
Northern European
- Large amount of information is provided in a
2. The Engagement Style
non-verbal manner, e.g. gestures, pauses, facial
- Highly direct
expressions
- Emotionally expressive
- Emphasis on long term relationships and loyalty
- African American, Southern Europe,
- ‘Unwritten’ rules that are taken for granted but
Cuba, Nigeria, Russia (Hammer 2009)
can easily be missed by strangers
3. The Accomodation Style
- Shorter contracts since less information is
- Low on directness
required
- Low on emotional expressiveness
- Sensitive to people’s feelings and When doing business in a low context culture such as
considerate of others’ Germany, Switzerland or the US, you might find the
- Body language, tone, words following:
- Mexico, Native American, Somalia,
Japan, Thailand - All meaning is explicitly provided in the message
4. The Dynamic Style itself
- Emotionally expressive - Extensive background information and
- Less direct explanations are provided verbally to avoid
- Arab Middle Eastern, Pakistan misunderstandings
TITLE: Cross-Cultural Communication Styles: - People tend to have short-term relationships
High and Low Context - People follow rules and standards closely
Author: Matthew Maclachlan - Contracts tend to be longer and very detailed
Date: Feb 12, 2010
The concept of high context and low context High Context
refer to how people communicate in different
- Indirect and implicit messages
cultures. Differences can be derived from the
- Polychronic
extent to which meaning is transmitted through
- High use of non-verbal communication
actual words used or implied by the context.
- Low reliance on written communication
HIGH CONTEXT - Use intuition and feelings to make decisions
- Long-term relationships
Implies that a lot of unspoken information is - Relationships are more important than
implicitly transferred during communication. schedules
Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Japan, Middle East - Strong distinction between in-group and out-
group
Low Context GOLDILOCKS EFFECT: not too close, not too far,
just right
- Direct, simple and clear messages Technology let us present the self as we want to
- Monochromic be. We get to edit/delete/retouch
- Low use of non-verbal communication Human relationships are rich, messy and
- High reliance on written communication demanding and technology clears/edits that
- Rely on facts and evidence for decisions
Small sips of connection don’t work for learning
- Short-term relationships
about each other, to know and understand each
- Schedules are more important than
other
relationships
We use conversations with each other to learn
- Flexible and open
how to have conversations with ourselves
MODULE 2 Flight from conversation can compromise our
capacity for self-reflection
Essays: Technology appeals to us most when we are
most vulnerable; we’re lonely but we’re afraid
“Flight from Conversation” by Sherry Turkle of intimacy
“Communication and Globalization – A We turn to technology to help us feel
Challenge for Public Policy” by Marc Raboy connected in ways we can comfortably control
“I share, therefore I am” – We use technology
Ted Talk:
to define ourselves by sharing our thoughts and
“Connected, but Alone” by Sherry Turkle (from feelings even as we’re having them
the essay) You end up isolated if you don’t cultivate the
“Wiring a Web for Global Good” by Gordon capacity for solitude – the ability to be
Brown separated to gather yourself
“How Social Media Can Make History” by Clay Technology is making a bid to redefine human
Shirky connection
WIRING A WEB FOR GLOBAL GOOD (GORDON BROWN) HOW SOCIAL MEDIA CAN MAKE HISTORY (CLARY
SHIRKY)
KEY POINTS:
Media landscape in which innovation is
The power of the moral sense combined with happening everywhere and moving from one
technology can change the world; fairness and spot to another
responsibility across generations; creating Curious asymmetry: the media that’s good at
institutions creating conversations is no good at creating
We can use today’s interconnectedness to groups and the media that’s good at creating
develop our shared global ethic and work groups is no good at creating conversations
together to confront the challenges of poverty,
security, climate change and the economy BIG CHANGES
The power to organize and take collective
1. The internet is the first medium that has native
action to deal with the problem or an injustice
support for groups and conversation at the
that we want to deal with
same time
Global challenges that need global solutions
o Phone: one to one
and the creation of a truly global society
o TV/Book: one to many
CONNECTED BUT ALONE (KELLY TURKLE) o Internet: many to many patterns
2. As all media gets digitized, the internet also
Technology are little devices that are becomes the mode of carriage for all other
psychologically powerful – They don’t only media - every form of media is right next door
change what we do; they change who we are to every other medium
Being alone together 3. Members of the former audience can now also
People want to customize their lives; control be producers and not consumers
over where they put their attention Media is global, social, ubiquitous and cheap.
Audience can talk back. Former consumers are
now producers. Audience can talk directly to Interconnectedness of the people in a global
one another. There are more amateur than scale (Henson, 2018)
professionals.
IMPACT (2 major, another 2)
FLIGHT FROM CONVERSATION (KELLY TURKLE)
Global connection in a virtual world require
We expect more from technology and less from people to understand
one another and seem increasingly drawn to Dynamics of long distance
technologies the illusion of companionship Impact of culture on manners, body language,
without the demands of relationship communicating with people on the other side
through technology
3 POWERFUL FANTASIES OF DEVICES
OTHER
1. That we will always be heard
2. That we can put our attention whenever we Virtual Communication
want it to be o Anytime, anywhere without actual face
3. That we never have to be alone time
Video Conference Calls
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION – A
o See virtually even though far apart
CHALLENGE FOR PUBLIC POLICY (MARC RABOY)
SOCIAL MEDIA
A key feature of globalization is the systematic
integration of private transnational industry in Web-based and mobile communication
discriminating processes Let’s people interact with each other and build
networks
GLOBALIZATION DEFINED:
DIFFERENT FORMS / CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
1. The diminishing sovereignty of natural states
2. The increasing integration of the world 1. Collaborative Projects (Wikipedia, blogs,
economy microblogs)
3. The technologically-based shrinking of time and 2. Content Communities (youtube)
space 3. Social Networking Sites
4. The passing of received ideas about identity 4. Virtual Game worlds (World of Warcraft)
o Emergence of new cultural 5. Virtual Social Worlds
hybridizations, diasporic communities 6. Other technology
and a delinking of cultural issues from o Picture sharing (instagram, snapchat,
geographic territories pinterest)
5. The emergence of new locally-based network o Vlogs
6. The establishment of a new framework for o Wall posting
global governance o Email
o Instant messaging
3 POSSIBLE APPROACHES TO INTERNET REGULATION
o Music-sharing (soundcloud)
a. A self-regulating market o Crowdsourcing
b. National regulation o Voice over IP
c. International regime
7C (Richman, 2010)
4 MODELS TO THE REGULATION ACCESS TO
1. Communicating – conveying information
COMMUNICATION
2. Cause-support – solve societal problems and
a. The Libertarian Model raise awareness messages, support groups
b. Self-regulation aimed to help calamity
c. The closed cub or top-down institutional model 3. Competitive – participation in competition,
d. The long march through the institutions contests, judging process, announcement of
winners in social media
GLOBALIZATION
4. Communication research – topics can be further oOther media – means of production are
studied from different social media based typically government or corporate
resourced database for online or internet-based ownership
research 5. Usability
5. Connecting others – matches people together o Social media – modest skills; anyone
based on similar interests (dating sites) with can operate tools of social media
trained moderator for civil participation o Other media – requires specialized skills
6. Client Service – social media can be a place and training
where people market goods, file complaint 6. Immediacy
(shopee, lazada) o Social media – virtually instantaneous
7. Community Service – social media can create a high speed
sense of community by “connecting others” by o Other media – long time lag between
using shared interests to build communities media and messages
without a third-party platform 7. Permanence
o Social media – can be altered
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA immediately by comments, editing,
deleting
1. Presence – the event to which users know if
o Other media – cannot be altered once
others are available
created
2. Sharing – the extent to which users exchange,
distribute and receive content PROPER USES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
3. Identity – the extent to which users reveal
themselves 1. Know your intentions
4. Relationships – the extent to which users relate 2. Be your authentic self
to each other 3. If you tweet, be kind
5. Conversation – the extent to which users 4. Offer random tweets of kindness
communicate with each other 5. Experience now, share later
6. Groups – the extent to which users are ordered 6. Be active, not reactive
to form communities 7. Respond with full attention
7. Reputation – the extent to which users know 8. Use mobile social media sparingly (less)
the social standing of others and content 9. Practice letting go
10. Enjoy social media
SOCIAL MEDIA COMPARED TO OTHER MEDIA
1. Quality
o Social Media – high variance of quality
from very high to low or abusive form
o Other Media – mediated by the
medium like quality control in
publishing
2. Reach
o Social Media – more decentralized with
multiple points
o Other Media – centralized framework
for media infrastructure
3. Frequency
o Social media – no determined
frequency using social platforms
o Other media – programmed frequently
like a TV program or news production
4. Accessibility
o Social media – generally available to
public at little or no cost