1.

Public administration can be defined in two ways - as a field of study and practice.
As a study, it is a wide discipline which borrows heavily from political and social
sciences and seeks to train policy makers and future administrators in the ins and outs
of government decision making. As a practice, it is the totality of activities (analysis of
data, determination of societal problems, managing budget, formulation,
implementation and evaluation of policies) undertaken by the government with the end
goal of delivering public service through projects, programs and public policies.
Administration is considered public if its main goal is to benefit the general population.
Furthermore, its publicness can be emphasized by differentiating it from private
administration.

Public administration Private administration

Aim Service delivery to the public Profit

Interaction with the public Subject to their demands and Very little; affairs are kept within
criticism the company

Accountable to Public Stockholders and owners

Measure of performance Public satisfaction Profit

Provides Services and goods open to all Services and goods that can be
bought

There is a need to study the theory and practice of public administration because
we are the center of the system within which it operates. As a member of society, we
can help make our city a better place to live if we are equipped with leadership,
problem solving skills and are knowledgeable in how the local government operates.
We can also utilize this in the larger scale and take part in the country’s legislation or
work in any government agency. Administration offers a range of knowledge from
different fields and therefore offers flexibility. It is applicable even in the private sector
where there is a need to interact with and manage people. The bottomline is - a public
administrator can make an impact wherever he or she ends up working.

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Approach/Theory Features Strengths Weaknesses

1. Classical - Decentralization of - Tasks are easier to - Sees individuals as

organization functions and creation of complete because they lazy and selfish
theories “specialties” are well defined
- Very rigid and stiff
- Division of labor - Employees’ way of running things
responsibilities and
- Command is maintained expectations of them - Motivates people to
by central bureaucracy are clearly defined work for monetary
benefits only
- Structure: heirarchical
- Employees’ creativity
(command is taken by and innovative skills
level, from top to bottom) are not practiced
a) Scientific - “One best way” of doing
management by - Demands of work
things means work can be - Economic efficiency intensified which
Frederick Taylor efficient and waste of is highlighted lowered worker morale
resources are minimized
- Gave skilled and - Worsened ongoing
- Work can be done intelligent workers a conflicts between labor
“scientifically” change to get higher unions and
wages management
- Standardization of best
practices - Eradicated delays, - Workers were viewed
resource wastage and as machines
bodily strain of workers
b) Administrative - Organizations should be - Role of managers are
management by designed using a formal defined and sets a - Ignored human
Henry Fayol structure with clear lines of clear direction for the desires and needs in
authority organization the workplace
- Required that managers - Improves - Human error is not
should be skilled and organizational taken into
focused on their roles in efficiency and consideration in work
overseeing people and employee productivity performance
resources using quantitative
methods
- Incidence of - Strict adherence to
c) Bureaucratic - Organization is governed rules and procedures
by a set of explicit and conflicting or
management by results in inefficiency
objective policies and overlapping jobs are
Max Weber (red tape)
procedures minimized
- Utilization of human - Employees become
- Organization is arranged resistant to change or
by level of authority (top to resources are
optimized new techniques
bottom)
- Promotion is done on - Human factor is
- Decisions are made neglected
rationally with no personal the basis of
factors involved performance, merit and - Employees are
expertise unable to grow and use
- Each office functions their initiative
according to specialization - Consistency in
and sphere of competence, outputs
therefore labor is divided
2. Neo-Classical -Recognized the - Creates workers that - Employees may
organization importance of human are fulfilled and become too social with
theories productive others

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 behaviour and relations in - Minimizes employee - Decisions are swayed
the workplace turn-over rates as they by personal opinions
are more invested in and emotions, instead
- Productivity is directly the organization of facts and figures
proportional to workers’
morale - Increased employee - More difficult for
satisfaction management to lay off
- Views individuals as poorly-performing
distinct social beings with employees
aspirations and desires
- Was seen as a way of
- Workers are permitted to manipulation and
participate in the decision - Employees gain
stability, identity and exploitation of workers
a) Human making process
relations satisfaction with their - Over-simplified
movement by - Man is motivated by jobs human as social
Elton Mayo and social needs like a sense of beings, without taking
Mary Parker security, merit, morale and - Employees contribute
more effectively in into account their
Follett belongingness and not by complexity and
monetary incentives reaching the goals of
the organization differences in needs
- Presence of “informal and desires
leaders” is acceptable and - The workplace
became a more - This approach alone
offers a certain degree of was not able to solve
effectiveness employee-friendly
environment managerial problems
- Clear channels of of previous theories
reciprocal communication
between worker and
b) Behavioral executive must be - Scope is very limited,
sciences established - Improved the thus, may not be
movement by dynamics within applicable to
- Emphasized the use of organizational groups governmental activities
scientific procedures to
study human behavior - Emphasis on training - Does not offer
within organizations and development of techniques to predict
staff human behavior, which
- Empirical studies were is the central concept
applied to gain more - Workers benefited of this approach
ground and heavily from incentive and
borrowed on social rewards for good
sciences such as performance
psychology and
anthropology
- Administration is
influenced by human
sentiments, biases and
perception

3. Modern or - Integration of classical - Management is more - Overrates one area

integrative and behavioral approaches
organization in organization
theory
- Organization is an open
system which has to adapt
to environmental changes
- Refinement and
perfection of management
socially responsible to while devaluating
employees, another
customers, suppliers
and shareholders - Predisposes
supervisors of different
areas to conflict as
they fight for survival

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 4. Development - Focused at helping third- - Promotes - Western methods of
administration world countries or globalization and administration may not
developing nations attain fosters a healthier be applicable or
growth relationship between effective to developing
nations countries
- Policies, projects and
programs are aimed at - Main focus is poverty - Fosters dependency
improving social and reduction of third-world nations
economic conditions. on foreign aid
5. New Public - Main theme: change - Main objective is - Described as too
administration towards a client-oriented upholding public radical, anti-
administration with non- interest while meeting management and anti-
bureaucratic structures moral and ethical theoretic
and participatory decision standards
making - Does not provide
- It is public service that actual solutions for
- Aimed to fix the disparity extends beyond self achieving goals
between social classes interest
and de-alienate the less
privileged through social
equity and justice

6. New public - Shift to a more business - Leads to more cost- - Focuses too much on
management and oriented approach where effective transactions “numbers” instead of
reinventing people are viewed as the general good
government by clients or customers - Presence of
Osborne and improvement in quality - Doesn’t allow checks
Gaebler - Endeavored to solve of service to satisfy to take place, therefore
economic problems in the customer satisfaction compromising
1970s using a government goal accountability
that “works better but costs
less”
7. Good - Goal is to achieve - Poverty reduction is - “Good” is very
governance governance that will benefit at the heart of good subjective and open to
the largest number governance many interpretations,
creating confusion
- Not only concerned with - Increases the
administration, but also confidence of people - Does not guarantee
aims to reach human towards its government to solve poverty or
development developmental
problems
- Key elements:
transparency,
accountability,
predictability and
participation

Good governance and new public administration are very much applicable to
the present Philippine political context as these concepts revolve around ethical and
moral approaches in solving problems in society. The biggest problem we have with
Philippine governance is one which is both immoral and unethical - corruption. It is the
root of poverty, social disparity and crime, and is mainly the reason why we have not
achieved economic development after so long. I believe that an administration which
is anchored on honesty, integrity and social equity will be the first step in creating a
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government that will eradicate the very basic and long-standing problems of a third-
world Philippines.

2.

Impact of ASEAN on theory of PA in the Philippines

The ASEAN summit will enrich the study of public administration by offering new
concepts and learnings to this relatively new field, driving from the experiences that
the country will have once the summit is concluded. The study of administration was
only introduced in the 1950s in the Philippines and is heavily influenced by American
bureaucracy. It will be exciting to integrate the concepts and method of southeast
Asian style of administration to Philippine governance and see how it will change the
country’s administration. For instance, Asian leadership gives more emphasis on
heirarchy and respect for authority which limits the workers to being directed by the
supervisor, rather than forge his own path. This is reminiscent of the classical
approach to administration and can be seen by the way we call our supervisors by Sir
or Madam while Westerners prefer to use first names when addressing everyone,
even their bosses. Asian leadership is also known to be less aggressive than its
Western counterpart, often going for the safer choice that will guarantee success but
prefers a straight-forward leader who just gets to the point and is less interpersonal.

Perhaps we could inculcate in our future administrators and policy makers the
leadership qualities and administrative style of Lee Kwan Yew or teach them about the
failure of the Indonesian way of curbing drug use so we can improve the drug war in
our country. Whatever lessons that we derive from our interaction with our Asian
neighbors, we can apply them to improve the study of Philippine public administration.

Impact of ASEAN on practice of PA in the Philippines

ASEAN integration will drive the Duterte administration to invest on the

improvement of information and communication technology as Asia is pushed to
become a global communications hub. The Philippines is a leader in business process
outsourcing and ironically, bestowed with one of the slowest internet speeds in the
world. This status will be maintained unless broadband and telecommunication
structures are improved. The government will also have to improve and construct

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additional infrastructures such as highways, airports and bus terminals to
accommodate the expected influx of tourists. Customs must harmonize its laws with
other member states to allow goods to move more freely between countries. This will
allow businesses engaged in manufacturing garments, footwear, textiles, food and
electronics to thrive. Consequently, the government will have to review its stance on
environmental preservation as more factories are created to cope with the demand of
increased production of goods. Once economic developent is achieved, sustainable
development must follow. There will also be more investment opportunities for foreign
companies in our country but it will not be materialized unless the Duterte
administration repeals the 1987 Constitution which restricts foreign investments. We
can also expect immigration laws to be changed to accommodate the presence of
foreign employees in the Philippine workforce.

3.

Theories of Development Concepts

Classical model or
economic development
Sustainable development
Social development
Human development
- Otherwise known as growth-led development which bases its
success to increase in GNP
- Seeks to address (1) poverty, (2) unemployment and (3) inequality
- May result in environmental degradation and increased disparity
between the rich and poor
- Growth that does not compromise the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs by caring for the environment and conservation
of earth’s finite natural resources
- Pro-people, pro-jobs and pro-nature
- Seeks to address increasing threats to human survival created by
global warming, acid rain, depletion of resources, rapid population
growth and warfare
- Focuses on people, their total development and improvement in their
quality of life
- Seeks to address poverty, social injustice and unemployment
- Concerned with expanding the richness of human life, rather than
simply the richness of the economy by giving people more freedom
and opportunities
- Seeks to find an alternative to growth-led development and to go
beyond GDP

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 The Duterte administration is utilizing the classical model or growth-led economic
development which is focused on the eradication of poverty, unemployment and
inequality; is measured by the overall gross national product; and relies on
industrialization as its main strategy. If there’s one thing that the Duterte and Aquino
administration can agree on, it is the effectivity of the previous administration’s
strategies on improving the Philippine economy. Our country’s GDP grew by a
whopping 6.5% during Aquino’s time and the Duterte plans to adopt and improve the
former’s economic policies using the “build, build, build” strategy. The government will
spend 8-9 trillion pesos on infrastructure projects. With this, they hope to decrease
poverty from 21.5% in 2015 to 13-15% and increase GDP to 7.4%, all by 2022. The
primary focus is the development of modern transport systems, roads, bridges,
airports and seaports. Railways will also be created, the bulk of which, will be in Luzon.
Improvements in the existing MRT and LRT lines by modernizing the trains, increasing
their capacity and extending their reach are also underway. Also part of his agenda
are the strengthening of social protection programs (conditional cash transfer) and the
implementation of reproductive health law to protect the poor against economic
instability. As a developing country, this administration is expected to rely heavily on
economic development to attain growth while environmental protection becomes
secondary. Thus, sustainable development is far from the country’s reach as of the
moment.

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 References

Bersin, J. (2014, November 25). Leadership in Asia. It's Different. Retrieved November
11, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/josh-bersin/leadership-in-asia-its-
di_b_6221418.html

Camus, M. R. (2017, January 27). Duterte's 'build, build, build' strategy. Retrieved
November 11, 2017, from http://business.inquirer.net/223560/dutertes-build-build-
build-strategy

Schumacher, H. (2016, January 8). ASEAN Economic Integration: Effect on sectors.

Retrieved November 11, 2017, from http://www.philstar.com/cebu-
business/2016/01/08/1540433/asean-economic-integration-effect-sectors

UNDP. (2015). Human Development Reports. Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/what-human-development