Regression

Dependency of continuous variable on quantitative variables called regression. In regression dependent variable should
be continuous while independent variable may be discrete or continuous. E.g yield depends upon fertilizer. (both are
continuous and quantitative)

Anova
Dependency of continuous variable on qualitative variables called Anova. In Anova dependent variable should be
continuous. E.g yield depends upon verities.

Ancova
Dependency of continuous variable on qualitative and quantitative variables called Ancova. In Ancova dependent
variable should be continuous. E.g yield depends upon verities and fertilizer.

Analysis of Variance (Anova)

Decomposition of total variation into meaningful and distinct components.

Assumption of Anova.
1. Normality
2. Independency
3. Treatment should be qualitative

Experiment
An experiment is a planned inquiry to discover new facts, or to confirm or deny the results of previous investigations.

Design/ Layout
Allocation of treatment to the experimental unit is called design

Experimental Design
An experimental design is a set of rules by which the treatments to be used in an experiment are assigned to the
experimental units.

Treatment
A treatment is a procedure whose effect on the experimental material is to be measured.

Block
A group of homogenous experimental units is called a block.

Factor
A particular class of related treatments is often called factor.

Experimental Unit
An Experimental Unit (EU) is the smallest of experimental material on which treatments is applied independently to
the experimental unit.

Sampling unit
A sampling unit is the smallest part of the experimental unit on which the observations are taken.
Replicate Repetition of the treatments or a treatment appears more than once in an experiment, the treatment is said
to be replicated.

Experimental error
Experimental error is the variation among experimental units, which have been treated alike.
Aspects of Experimental Design
1. Treatment Design / Structure
2. Error Control Design
3. Sampling or Observational Design

Treatment Design/ Structure

1st we decide the nature of the treatments, it should be qualitative or quantitative, structured or structured less. It is
related to the treatments. If you know the treatments design it will help you to select the appropriate design.

Error control Design

In error control design, experimental material have arranged in such a way that minimized the experimental error. CRD,
RCBD and LS Design are the error control design.

Sampling/ Observational Design

In sampling design we decide the sampling units or which observations are taken for the experiment.

Basic Principles of Experimental Design

1. Randomization of treatments
2. Replication of treatments
3. Local control of variation among experimental units

Randomization
The allocation of treatments to the experimental units in such a way that each unit has an equal chance of receiving any
treatment is called randomization.

Replication
Repetition of the treatments or a treatment appears more than once in an experiment, the treatment is said to be
replication.

Local control
It means only blocking. We have to divide the field into block to minimize the extraneous source of variation. The
purpose of local control is to make the experimental design more efficient.

Basic Experimental Designs

1. Completely Randomized Design
2. Randomized complete block design
3. Latin square design

Completely Randomized Design

This design is useful when the experimental units are homogenous, more flexibility in that design, that is the variation
among experimental units is small. In that design there is no restriction in randomization and every experimental unit
has equal chance of receiving any treatment. For this design any number of treatments and any number of units per
treatment may be used. Moreover the number of units per treatment needs not to be equal such design is used in
laboratory experiments

Randomized complete block design

The completely randomized design is used when the experimental material is heterogeneous in one direction, but there
are situations when there is relatively large variability in the experimental material and it is possible to make blocks in
such a way that the experimental units within a particular block are relatively homogenous and between block
heterogeneous. The treatments are assigned at random to the experimental units within each block which means the
randomization is restricted within blocks. The main object blocking is to reduce the variability among experimental
units within a block as much as possible and to maximize the variation among blocks. Randomized complete block
designs are commonly used in agriculture experiments when the fertility and other sail factors shown variability across
field.

Latin Square Design

When the experimental material is heterogeneous in two directions. It becomes necessary to remove these two sources
of variation simultaneously. This can be achieved by simultaneous blocking of experimental units in two mutually
perpendicular directions, celled rows and columns. The design used in these situations in called Latin square design.
Since each row and each column is a complete block, so each treatment must appear once and only once in each row
and each column.
Factorial experiments:

Factorial experiments permit the experimenter to evaluate the combined effect of two or more factors simultaneously.
Information obtained from factorial experiments is more complete than that obtained from a series of single factor
experiments in the sense that factorial experiments also evaluate interaction effect which is impossible in single factor
experiments.
One disadvantage of factorial experiment is that it is difficult to handle large number of factors or levels because in this
case size of the experiment becomes very large. For example a factorial experiment with 6 factors each at three levels
requires 216 experimental units for single replicate of this experiment, for such experiment it is difficult to find large
amount of homogeneous experimental material. Also in presence of higher order interactions the interpretation of
results becomes more complex.
Simple effects:- A simple effect is the difference (in responses) between two levels of a factor for a certain level of
other factor(s) i.e. it measure the variation among different levels of a factor for a specific level of other factor.
Main effect:- A main effect is the average of simple effects of a factor. So it measures variations among various levels
of a factor. Main effect of a factor is denoted by the letter of that factor.
Interaction Effects:-The interaction measures the change in response of different levels of a factor over the levels of
other factors.
Two factors are said to interact, when a change in one factor produces a different change in the response at one level
of another factor than at other level of this factor.
Simple, main and interaction effects
Example(1):-

a1 a2 Simple effects of A

b1 30 32 32-30=2
36 44
b2 44-36=8

Simple effects of B 6 12

Main effect of factor A=Average of simple effects of factor A=5

Main effect of factor B=Average of simple effects of factor B=9
As the simple effects of factor A are different at different levels of factor B (2 & 8) so the two factors are not independent
i.e they interact with other.
General ANOVA TABLES (For Factorial Experiments)
First two columns of ANOVA table for 2 and 3 factors factorial experiments
CRD
2-Factor 3-factor
S.O.V D.F S.O.V DF
A (a-1) A (a-1)
B (b-1) B (b-1)
AB (a-1)(b-1) C (c-1)
Error ab(r-1) AB (a-1)(b-1)
AC (a-1)(c-1)
BC (b-1)(c-1)
ABC (a-1)(b-1)(c-1)
Error abc(r-1)
TOTAL abr-1 TOTAL abcr-1
RCBD
2-Factor 3-factor
S.O.V D.F S.O.V DF
Block (r-1) Block (r-1)
A (a-1) A (a-1)
B (b-1) B (b-1)
AB (a-1)(b-1) C (c-1)
Error (ab-1)(r-1) AB (a-1)(b-1)
AC (a-1)(c-1)
BC (b-1)(c-1)
ABC (a-1)(b-1)(c-1)
Error (abc-1)(r-1)
TOTAL abr-1 TOTAL abcr-1
LS Design
2-Factor 3-factor
S.O.V D.F S.O.V DF
Row (r-1) Row (r-1)
Column (r-1) Column (r-1)
A (a-1) A (a-1)
B (b-1) B (b-1)
AB (a-1)(b-1) C (c-1)
Error (ab-2)(r-1) AB (a-1)(b-1)
AC (a-1)(c-1)
BC (b-1)(c-1)
ABC (a-1)(b-1)(c-1)
Error (abc-2)(r-1)
TOTAL abr-1 TOTAL abcr-1
Split Plot Design
In the factorial experiments, there are certain situations where it becomes difficult to handle all the combinations of the
different levels of the factors. This may be because of the following reasons
i):-Nature of the factors may be such that one factor requires larger experimental units than another factor. For example,
if the two factors are sowing methods and nitrogen levels, as sowing method require large machinery, so it require large
experimental units as compare to the nitrogen that can be applied to the smaller units.
ii):-It may be that new factors have to be introduced into an experiment, which is already in progress.
iii):-Greater accuracy may be required for one factor as compare to other factor. For example, if we want to compare
two factors varieties and fertilizer and more precision is required for fertilizers, then varieties would be in large units
and fertilizers would be in the smaller units.
The design used in such situations is called split plot design.
General ANOVA for 2 and 3 factors split plot design

CRD RCbD

2-Factor 3-factor 2-Factor 3-factor

S.O.V D.F S.O.V DF S.O.V D.F S.O.V DF
Block (r-1) Block (r-1)
A (a-1) A (a-1) A (a-1) A (a-1)
E1 a(r-1) E1 (a-1)(r-1) E1 (a-1)(r-1) E1 (a-1)(r-1)
B (b-1) B (b-1) B (b-1) B (b-1)
AB (a-1)(b-1) AB (a-1)(b-1) AB (a-1)(b-1) AB (a-1)(b-1)
E2 a(b-1)(r-1) E2 a(b-1)(r-1) E2 a(b-1)(r-1) E2 a(b-1)(r-1)
C (c-1) C (c-1)
AC (a-1)(c-1) AC (a-1)(c-1)
BC (b-1)(c-1) BC (b-1)(c-1)
ABC (a-1)(b-1)(c-1) ABC (a-1)(b-1)(c-1)
E3 ab(c-1)(r-1) E3 ab(c-1)(r-1)
TOTAL abr-1 TOTAL abcr-1 TOTAL abr-1 TOTAL abcr-1
Ls Design
2-Factor 3-factor
S.O.V D.F S.O.V DF
Row (r-1) Row (r-1)
Column (r-1) Column (r-1)
A (a-1) A (a-1)
E1 (a-2)(r-1) E1 (a-2)(r-1)
B (b-1) B (b-1)
AB (a-1)(b-1) AB (a-1)(b-1)
E2 a(b-1)(r-1) E2 a(b-1)(r-1)
C (c-1)
AC (a-1)(c-1)
BC (b-1)(c-1)
ABC (a-1)(b-1)(c-1)
E3 ab(c-1)(r-1)
TOTAL abr-1 TOTAL abcr-1

Nested Design
In certain multifactor experiments the level of one factor (e.g factor B) are similar but not 2-Factor
identical for different levels of another factor (e.g factor A). Such an arrangement is called S.O.V D.F
A (a-1)
a Nested Design with the levels of factor B nested under the levels of factor A. B(A) a(b-1)
Error ab(r-1)
Hidden Replication TOTAL abr-1
In 24 Factorial experiment with single replicate factor B is not significant and all interactions involving B are
negligible, we may discard B from the experiment so that the design becomes a 23 factorial experiment in A, C and D
with two replicates called hidden replication.