Lecture 11: State Variable Analysis

By: Koay Fong Thai

fongthai.koay@kdupg.edu.my,ftkoay@gmail.com
 Learning Outcomes:

1. Signals and Systems CO1 : Analyse electric circuits using

network graphs.

2. Network Equations CO2 : Perform signal classification,

through Topology signal modelling and convolution.

CO3 : Compute network parameters

3. State Variable Method for two-port networks.
for RLC Circuits
CO4 : Solve for the time and
frequency behaviour of electric
circuits using Laplace Transform and
4. Laplace Transform state variable analysis.

CO5 : Synthesize one-port networks

5. Two-Port Networks and filters.

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 Input(s) System Output(s)

Network analysis:
1. Ohm’s Law + KCL + KVL
2. Branch current analysis → Mesh analysis → matrix form
→ fundamental loop analysis*
3. Nodal voltage analysis → Nodal analysis → matrix form
→ fundamental cut-set analysis*
4. State variable analysis**
5. Laplace transform
Excitation/driving functions → time domain response.
*require an understanding of network topology
**require an understanding of state and state variable
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EUE3263: CO4 EUE3263: CO4
State Variable Analysis of RLC Networks Circuit Analysis using Laplace Transform
1a Concepts of state and state variables. Introduction to Laplace transform (s-
1a
Formulation of state and output domain) and its properties.
1b equations of simple RLC networks Inverse Laplace transform and method
1b
using state-transition matrix. of partial fraction.
Transfer function of state and output Circuit analysis using Laplace
1c
equations in s-domain 2a transform: resistor, capacitor and
inductor models.
Applications of Laplace transform to
2b
first and second order networks.
Concept of poles, zeros and transfer
3a
function.
Frequency response in s-domain and
3b
Bode diagrams.

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Drawbacks of transfer function analysis:
 Transfer function is defined under zero initial
conditions.
◦ It does not give any idea about the internal state of the
system.
 Transfer function approach can be applied only to
linear time invariant systems.
 It cannot be applied to multiple input multiple
output systems.
 It is comparatively difficult to perform transfer
function analysis on computers.

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1. An internal structure of the system is given, in addition
to the input–output model.
▪ Thus, a state-variable model is more general than an input–
output model, such as a transfer function.
2. Most numerical-integration algorithms are based on this
type of model.
▪ Hence, a state model is usually required for the numerical
solution of the system equations by a digital computer.
3. The modeling of nonlinear systems using state variables
is a relatively simple extension for linear systems.
▪ Consequently, the digital-computer integration of nonlinear
differential equations is rather easily performed.
4. Certain system analysis and design procedures have
been developed on the basis of state-variable models.
▪ For example, many optimal system-design procedures require a
state model.
William M. Siebert - Circuits, Signals,
and Systems-The MIT Press (1985) 6
 Concepts of state and state variables.

 Formulation of state and output equations of simple

RLC networks.

 State transition matrix.

 Transfer function of state and output equations in

s-domain.

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 The state of a system is the behaviour of the
system for a time t>t0 which is described by:
◦ the knowledge of the minimum set of variables (state
variables) at time t=0, AND
◦ the knowledge of the inputs at time t≥t0.

 State variables are the variables which fully

describes a dynamic system at a given instant of
time.
Input System Output
Variables Variables

State
Variables 8
 The state variables describes the future state of a
system, given:
◦ Present state
◦ Excitation input(s)
◦ Equations describing the dynamics.

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 Every (CT) system has an order.

 If the system is described by:

◦ a single differential equation (D.E.),
order of the system = order of D.E..
◦ a system of differential equations,
order of the system is  (orders of D.E.s).

 No. of state variables required = order of system.

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 State variables can be considered as vectors,
defining a location in state space.
 n state variables, n dimensional state space.

 State space: A space whose coordinates axes

consist of the x1 axis, x2 axis, .., xn axis, where
x1, x2, .., xn are state variables.

 State space equations: considers 3 types of

variables involved in the modeling of dynamic
system, i.e. input variables, output variables, and
state variables.

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 The state of a system is described by a set of 1st
order d.e.s in terms of the state variables (x1, x2,
…, xn).

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 A: State matrix; B: input matrix;
 C: Output matrix; D: direct transmission matrix

Analysis and design via state-variable models

require the use of matrix mathematics. 13
The standard form for the state equations of a LTIC system:

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 Concepts of state and state variables.

 Formulation of state and output equations of simple

RLC networks.

 State transition matrix.

 Transfer function of state and output equations in

s-domain.

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R,L,C Models

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 State variables are
usually the variables
describe the energy
state of the system.

 Therefore,

 is the
total initial energy of
the system.

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 KCL at the junction:

 KVL from the junction:

 Output of the system:

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 Substituting x1 and x2 in all
equations and re-arrange:

 Output is coined as:

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If given R=3, L=1, C=0.5,

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By KVL, two unknown variables

two unknown variables

Substitute in 1 and 2 yields:

Making two unknown variables
to state variables (states)*: 1

Rearrange:
where xi(t) is the common
notation for state variables.

*there is a procedure how to select

state variable for a system.
2

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An equation that relates the The state equations of the
system output to the state circuit in a vector-matrix
variables is required. format:
The output equation is:

To simplify the notation,

overdot is used, example:

Therefore, the state equations:

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 It is possible to specify the state of this system by
two state variables, the capacitor voltage vC (t) and
the inductor current iL (t).

 The forcing function iin (t ) and the initial state of

the system determine how the system will move
through state space.

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 The state equations:

 The output equations express the responses of the

system as linear combinations of the state
variables and the excitations.
 In this case, if vout(t ) and iR(t ) is chosen as the
responses, the output equations are

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System equations

Output equations

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 Concepts of state and state variables.

 Formulation of state and output equations of simple

RLC networks.

 State transition matrix.

 Transfer function of state and output equations in

s-domain.

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 **note: in this topic,
❑ u(t), U(s) is input.
❑ x(t), X(s) is state.

Applying Laplace Transform, include initial conditions,

sX(s)–x(0-) = AX(s) + BU(s)

Re-arrange: [sI – A]X(s) = BU(s) + x(0-)

X(s) = [sI – A]–1[BU(s) + x(0-)]

[sI – A]–1 is designated as (s)

X(s) = (s) [BU(s) + x(0-)]

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 **note: in this topic,
❑ u(t), U(s) is input.
❑ x(t), X(s) is state.
X(s) = (s) [BU(s) + x(0-)]

X(s) = (s)BU(s) + (s) x(0-)

Applying inverse Laplace Transform,

x(t) = (t)Bu(t) + (t) x(0-)

(t) is called as state transition matrix because it

describes how the system transitions from one state to another.

−1 −1
 (t ) = e = L [( sI − A) ]
At
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 Concepts of state and state variables.

 Formulation of state and output equations of simple

RLC networks.

 State transition matrix.

 Transfer function of state and output equations in

s-domain.

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 Applying Laplace Transform, omit initial conditions,

+ DU(s)
Re-arrange:
X(s) = [Y(s) – DU(s) ]/C

Substituting Y(s) to X(s) to obtain transfer function:

+D

This H(s) can be a vector transfer function, can be

**note: in this topic,
used on systems with multiple inputs and outputs
❑ u(t), U(s) is input.
❑ x(t), X(s) is state. 32
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