Int. J. Adv. Appl. Math. and Mech.

4(3) (2017) 22 – 31 (ISSN: 2347-2529)

IJAAMM
Journal homepage: www.ijaamm.com

International Journal of Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

A short note on Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon

Research Article

Dasari Naga Vijay Krishna∗

Department of Mathematics, Narayana Educational Instutions Machilipatnam, Bengalore, India

Received 19 November 2016; accepted (in revised version) 21 December 2016

Abstract: In this article we study the metric properties of Floor van Lemoen’s cyclic Hexagon.
MSC: 97K30 • 68R10
Keywords: Floor van Lemoen’s cyclic hexagon • Bretschneider’s theorem • schur’s inequality

© 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

1. Introduction

Let G be the centroid of triangle ABC and AD, B E ,C F are the medians of the triangle (where D, E and F lies on
the sides BC ,C A and AB ) which divides the triangle ABC into six sub triangles. Several years ago, Floor van Lamoen
discovered that the six circumcenters of these sub triangles are concylic. That is the six circumcenters of these sub tri-
angles form a cyclic hexagon see Fig. 1 (for the recognition sake let us call this cyclic hexagon as a Floor van Lamoen’s
Cyclic Hexagon). This was posed as a problem in the American Mathematical Monthly [1] and was solved in [2–5]. In
this note we study the metric properties of Floor van Lamoen’s cyclic hexagon such as lengths of sides, diagonals and
their related properties.

2. Notation and background

Let ABC be a non equilateral triangle. We denote its side-lengths by a, b, c angles A, B,C its area by ∆ and its
classical center centroid as G. Let AD, B E ,C F are the medians whose lengths are m a , m b and m c respectively and
G divides each median in the ration 2:1. Let S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , S 5 , and S 6 are the circumcenters of the sub triangles
∆AF G, ∆GF B, ∆BGD, ∆DGC , ∆CGE and ∆EG A respectively (see Fig. 2). Clearly S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 is a Floor van Lam-
oen’s Cyclic Hexagon. LetR, Ψ and Λ are the circumradius, perimeter and area of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon
respectively.
We adopt the following notations for the various angles in the triangle
∠B AD = A 1 , ∠D AC = A 2 , ∠ AC F = C 1 , ∠F C B = C 2 , ∠C B E = B 1 and ∠F B A = B 2
∠ ADB = D 1 , ∠ ADC = D 2 , ∠C E B = E 1 , ∠B E A = E 2 , ∠ AF C = F1 and ∠B FC = F2
And it is clear A = A 1 + A 2 , B = B 1 + B 2 , C = C 1 +C 2 and D 1 + D 2 = E 1 + E 2 = F 1 + F 2 = 1800
And we use
q ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ 3q ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
Vhexag on = 5 m a 2 m b 2 + m b 2 m c 2 + m c 2 m a 2 − 2 m a 4 + m b 4 + m c 4 = 5 a2b2 + b2c 2 + c 2 a2 − 2 a4 + b4 + c 4
4
The following formulas are well known [6]

∗ E-mail address: vijay9290009015@gmail.com

 Dasari Naga Vijay Krishna / Int. J. Adv. Appl. Math. and Mech. 4(3) (2017) 22 – 31 23

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

abc
(a) ∆ = 4R where R is circumradius of ∆ABC

(b) 4m a 2 = 2b 2 + 2c 2 − a 2 , 4m b 2 = 2a 2 + 2c 2 − b 2 , and 4m c 2 = 2a 2 + 2b 2 − c 2

(c) 4 m a 2 + m b 2 + m c 2 = 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢

(d) 16 m a 4 + m b 4 + m c 4 = 9 a 4 + b 4 + c 4
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢

(e) 16 m a 2 m b 2 + m b 2 m c 2 + m c 2 m a 2 = 9 a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢

(f ) 9a 2 = 8m b 2 + 8m c 2 − 4m a 2 , 9b 2 = 8m a 2 + 8m c 2 − 4m b 2 and 9c 2 = 8m a 2 + 8m b 2 − 4m c 2
81a 2 b 2 = 80m a 2 m b 2 + 32m b 2 m c 2 + 32m c 2 m a 2 − 32m a 4 − 32m b 4 + 64m c 4
81b 2 c 2 = 80m b 2 m c 2 + 32m c 2 m a 2 + 32m a 2 m b 2 − 32m b 4 − 32m c 4 + 64m a 4
81c 2 a 2 = 80m c 2 m a 2 + 32m a 2 m b 2 + 32m b 2 m c 2 − 32m c 4 − 32m a 4 + 64m b 4
24 A short note on Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon

1
(g) ∆2 = 16
¡ 2 2
2a b + 2b 2 c 2 + 2c 2 a 2 − a 4 − b 4 − c 4
¢
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
¡∆ =2 9 2m
¡ ¢
a m b + 2m b m c +¢2m c m a − m a − m b − m c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
¡m a 4 m b +4 m b m4 ¢c + m c m a 2= Vhexag on − 18∆
m a + m b + m c = 2Vhexag on − 45∆2
a b + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 = 16
¡ 2 2 ¢ 2 2
9 Vhexag on − 32∆
32
¡ 4 4 4
¢ 2 2
a + b + c = 9 Vhexag on − 80∆

a b c
(h) In any triangle ABC, = = = 2R (sine rule)
sin A sin B sinC
(i) In any triangle ABC, a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A, b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2c a cos B, c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cosC (cosine rule)

(j) 2bc cos A = b 2 + c 2 − a 2 = 49 5m a 2 − m b 2 − m c 2

¡ ¢

2c a cos B = c 2 + a 2 − b 2 = 94 5m b 2 − m c 2 − m a 2
¡ ¢

2ab cosC = a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = 49 5m c 2 − m a 2 − m b 2
¡ ¢

3. Preliminaries

We use the following lemmas in proving the results related to Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon.

Lemma 3.1.
If R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are the circumradii of the triangles ∆AF G, ∆GF B, ∆BGD, ∆DGC , ∆CGE and ∆EG A whose
circumcenters are S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , S 5 and S 6 respectively then
cm a m c
GS 1 = AS 1 = F S 1 = R 1 = (1)
6∆
cm b m c
GS 2 = B S 2 = F S 2 = R 2 = (2)
6∆
am a m b
GS 3 = B S 3 = DS 3 = R 3 = (3)
6∆
am c m a
GS 4 = C S 4 = DS 4 = R 4 = (4)
6∆
bm b m c
GS 5 = C S 5 = E S 5 = R 5 = (5)
6∆
bm a m b
GS 6 = AS 6 = E S 6 = R 6 = (6)
6∆

∆
Proof. We are familiar with the fact about centroid G is [∆AGB ] = [∆BGC ] = [∆CG A] = .
3
∆
It implies [∆AGF ] = [∆F GB ] = [∆BGD] = [∆DGC ] = [∆CGE ] = [∆EG A] =
6
2 1 c
AG.GF.AF 3 m a 3 mc 2
cm a m c
Now using (a), for ∆AGF, R 1 = = =
4 ∆6 2∆
6∆
3
Which completes the proof of (1). Similarly we can prove (2) to (6).

Lemma 3.2.
If A 1 , A 2 , B 1 , B 2 , C 2 , C 3 , D 1 , D 2 , E 1 , E 2 , F 1 and F 2 are the angles in the triangle as prescribed in section 2 then

9c 2 + 16m a 2 − 4m c 2 3m a 2 + m b 2 − m c 2
cos A 1 = = (7)
24cm a 3cm a
9b 2 + 16m a 2 − 4m b 2 3m a 2 + m c 2 − m b 2
cos A 2 = = (8)
24bm a 3bm a
9a 2 + 16m b 2 − 4m a 2 3m b 2 + m c 2 − m a 2
cos B 1 = = (9)
24am b 3am b
9c 2 + 16m b 2 − 4m c 2 3m b 2 + m a 2 − m c 2
cos B 2 = = (10)
24cm b 3cm b
9b 2 + 16m c 2 − 4m b 2 3m c 2 + m a 2 − m b 2
cosC 1 = = (11)
24bm c 3bm c
9a 2 + 16m c 2 − 4m a 2 3m c 2 + m b 2 − m a 2
cosC 2 = = (12)
24am c 3am c
 Dasari Naga Vijay Krishna / Int. J. Adv. Appl. Math. and Mech. 4(3) (2017) 22 – 31 25

9a 2 + 4m a 2 − 16m b 2 2 mc 2 − mb 2
µ 2
9a + 4m a 2 − 16m c 2
¶ ¡ ¢
cos D 1 = − cos D 2 = =− = (13)
12am a 12am a 3am a
2 m a − mc 2
¡ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
µ ¶ ¢
9b + 4m b − 16m c 9b + 4m b − 16m c
cos E 1 = − cos E 2 = =− = (14)
12bm b 12bm b 3bm b
2 mb − m a 2
¡ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
µ ¶ ¢
9c + 4m c − 16m a 9c + 4m c − 16m b
cos F 1 = − cos F 2 = =− = (15)
12cm c 12cm c 3cm c
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
sin A 1 = , sin A 2 = , sin B 1 = , sin B 2 = , sinC 1 = , sinC 2 = (16)
cm a bm a am b cm b bm c am c
2∆ 2∆ 2∆
sin D 1 = sin D 2 = , sin E 1 = sin E 2 = , sin F 1 = sin F 2 = (17)
am a bm b cm c

Proof. Consider ∆AF G, using cosine rule we have,

2 2
c2
AF 2 + AG 2 − F G 2 4 + 4m9a − m9c
cos A 1 = =
2 2c 32 m a
¡ ¢¡ ¢
2AF.AG

Further simplification gives

9c 2 + 16m a 2 − 4m c 2
cos A 1 = (18)
24cm a

Now by replacing 9c 2 using (f ), (18) can be further simplified to get (7)

In the similar manner we can prove (8) to (12).
Now for (13), we apply cosine rule for the angles F 1 , F 2 of the triangles ∆AF G and ∆B FG respectively.
Using (f ), and using the fact F 1 + F 2 = 180◦ (straight angle) and with little algebra we can prove conclusion (13).
Similiarly we can prove (14), (15).
Now for (16), (17) we use Lemma 3.1 and sine rule for the triangles ∆AF G, ∆GF B, ∆BGD, ∆DGC , ∆CGE and ∆EG A.

Lemma 3.3.

2 2
Vhexag on > 27∆

Proof. We know that, for any real x, y and z, x 2 + y 2 + 2

¡ z 4> x y +4 y z + zx.
If we consider x = m a , y = m b and z = m c then m a + m b + m c 4 > m a 2 m b 2 + m b 2 m c 2 + m c 2 m a 2 .
2 2 2
¢ ¡ ¢

Using (g), the above inequality rewritten as

2 2 2 2
2Vhexag on − 45∆ > Vhexag on − 18∆

It implies
2 2
Vhexag on > 27∆

Hence proved.

4. Main theorems

Theorem 4.1.
If S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 is a Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then

c 2 m c m c 2m a 2 + 2m b 2 − m c 2
¡ ¢
S1S2 = = (19)
4∆ 9∆
a 2 m a m a 2m b 2 + 2m c 2 − m a 2
¡ ¢
S3S4 = = (20)
4∆ 9∆
b 2 m b m b 2m c 2 + 2m a 2 − m b 2
¡ ¢
S5S6 = = (21)
4∆ 9∆
26 A short note on Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon

Proof. Clearly from ∆AGB , the line S 1 S 2 acts as the perpendicular bisector of F G at P (See Fig. 2), So

S 1 S 2 = S 1 P + S 2 P = S 1G sin (∠S 1GP ) + S 2G sin (∠S 2GP ) (22)

Since S 1 , S 2 are circumcenters of the triangles ∆AGF, ∆BGF . We have ∠S 1GP = 90 − ∠G AF = 90 − A 1 and ∠S 2GP =
90 − ∠GB F = 90 − B 2 . By replacing these in (22), we get

S 1 S 2 = S 1G sin (90 − A 1 ) + S 2G sin (90 − B 2 ) = S 1G cos (A 1 ) + S 2G cos (B 2 ) (23)

Further simplification of (23) using Lemma 3.1, Lemma 3.2 and (f ), gives conclusion (19). In the similar manner we
can prove (20), (21).

Theorem 4.2.
If S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 is a Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then

m b 2b 2 − c 2 − a 2 m b m c 2 + m a 2 − 2m b 2
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
S2S3 = = (24)
12∆ 9∆
m c 2c − a 2 − b 2
¡ 2
m c m a 2 + m b 2 − 2m c 2
¢ ¡ ¢
S4S5 = = (25)
12∆ 9∆
m a 2a 2 − b 2 − c 2 m a m b 2 + m c 2 − 2m a 2
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
S6S1 = = (26)
12∆ 9∆

Proof. Clearly from the quadrilateral F GDB, the line S 2 S 3 is acts as perpendicular bisector of BG at Q (Fig. 2), So

S 2 S 3 = S 2Q + S 3Q = S 2G sin (∠S 2GQ) + S 3G sin (∠S 3GQ) (27)

Since S 2 , S 3 are circumcenters of the triangles ∆BGF, ∆BGD.

We have ∠S 2GQ = 90 − ∠B FG = 90 − F 2 and ∠S 3GQ = 90 − ∠GDB = 90 − D 1 .
By replacing these in (27), we get

S 2 S 3 = S 2G sin (90 − F 2 ) + S 3G sin (90 − D 1 ) = S 2G cos (F 2 ) + S 3G cos (D 1 ) (28)

Further simplification of (28) using Lemma 3.1, Lemma 3.2 and (f ), gives conclusion (24). In the similar manner we
can prove (25), (26).

Theorem 4.3.
If S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 is a Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then
ma
S1S3 = S4S6 = Vhexag on (29)
9∆
mb
S3S5 = S6S2 = Vhexag on (30)
9∆
mc
S5S1 = S2S4 = Vhexag on (31)
9∆

Proof. By angle chasing we can show that ∠S 1GS 3 = 180 − (∠S 1G A + ∠S 3GD) = F 1 + B 2 and ∠S 1 S 2 S 3 = ∠S 1 S 2G +
∠S 3 S 2 G = F 2 + B 1 .
Hence ∠S 1 S 2 S 3 + ∠S 1GS 3 = F 2 + B 1 + F 1 + B 2 = 180 + B.
Consider the quadrilateral S 1 S 2 S 3G. We apply Bretschneider’s theorem for the quadrilateral S 1 S 2 S 3G, we get

S 1 S 3 2 .GS 2 2 = S 1 S 2 2 .GS 3 2 + S 2 S 3 2 .GS 1 2 − 2S 1 S 2 .GS 3 .S 2 S 3 .GS 1 cos (∠S 1 S 2 S 3 + ∠S 1GS 3 )

By replacing GS 2 , S 1 S 2 ,GS 3 , S 2 S 3 ,GS 1 using Lemma 3.1, Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.2, the above equation can be
rewritten as
¶ Ã ¢2 ! µ ¶ Ã ¢2 ! µ
c 2 mb 2 mc 2 m c 2 2m a 2 + 2m b 2 − m c 2 a 2 m a 2 mb 2 m b 2 m c 2 + m a 2 − 2m b 2 c 2 m a 2 mc 2
µ ¡ ¡ ¶
2
S1S3 = +
36∆2 81∆2 36∆2 81∆2 36∆2
à ! à !
m c 2m a 2 + 2m b 2 − m c 2 ³ am a m b ´ m b m c 2 + m a 2 − 2m b 2 ³ cm a m c ´
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
−2 cos (180 + B )
9∆ 6∆ 9∆ 6∆

By replacing cos (180 + B ) = − cos B and using (j), the above equation can be further simplified as
 Dasari Naga Vijay Krishna / Int. J. Adv. Appl. Math. and Mech. 4(3) (2017) 22 – 31 27

729c 2 ∆2
µ ¶
¢2
S1S32 = 9a 2 2m a 2 + 2m b 2 − m c 2
¡
ma 2
¢2
+ 9c 2 m c 2 + m a 2 − 2m b 2 + 4 2m a 2 + 2m b 2 − m c 2 m c 2 + m a 2 − 2m b 2 5m b 2 − m c 2 − m a 2
¡ ¡ ¢¡ ¢¡ ¢

By replacing 9c 2 , 9a 2 and using (f ), the above equation can be rewritten as

ma 2 ¡ ¡ 2
S1S32 = 5 m a mb 2 + mb 2 mc 2 + mc 2 m a 2 − 2 m a 4 + mb 4 + mc 4
¢ ¡ ¢¢
81∆ 2

ma
Further simplification gives S 1 S 3 = Vhexag on
9∆
ma
Similarly by considering the quadrilateral S 4 S 5 S 6G we can prove S 4 S 6 = Vhexag on .
9∆
ma
So S 1 S 3 = S 4 S 6 = Vhexag on
9∆
Which completes the proof of (29). In the similar manner we can prove (30) and (31).

Theorem 4.4.
If S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 is a Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then
m a mb mc
S1S4 = S2S5 = S3S6 = (32)
3∆

Proof. By angle chasing we can show that

∠S 1GS 4 = 180 − ∠S 4GD + ∠S 1G A = 180 − (90 −C 2 ) + (90 − F1 ) = 180 − F1 +C 2 = F2 +C 2 = 180 − B

Now by applying cosine rule for the triangle S 1GS 4 , we get

S 1 S 4 2 = S 1G 2 + S 4G 2 − 2S 1G.S 4G cos(∠S 1GS 4 ) (33)

By replacing GS 1 and GS 4 in (33), using Lemma 3.1 and further simplification gives

m a 2 mc 2 ¡ 2
S1S42 = c + a 2 + 2c a cos B
¢
2
(34)
36∆
m a mb mc
Using (f ) and (j), (34) can be further simplified to get S 1 S 4 = .
3∆
m a mb mc
Similarly we can prove S 2 S 5 = S 3 S 6 = .
3∆
m a mb mc
Hence, S 1 S 4 = S 2 S 5 = S 3 S 6 = .
3∆
That is the three diagonals of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon are equal.

Theorem 4.5.
The three diagonals S 1 S 4 , S 2 S 5 , and S 3 S 6 of Floor van Cyclic Hexagon are never concurrent.

Proof. Let us prove this Theorem using indirect method of proof. If such Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon exists
then it follows S 1 S 2 . S 3 S 4 . S 5 to S 6 = S 2 S 3 . S 4 S 5 . S 6 S 1 .
That is if we want prove the three diagonals are concurrent ([7, 8] ) it is enough to prove

S1S2 . S3S4 . S5S6 = S2S3 . S4S5. S6S1

By replacing the values of S 1 S 2 , S 2 S 3 , S 4 S 5 , S 5 S 6 and S 6 S 1 , using Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.2, we get
" ¢#" ¢#" ¢#
m c 2m a 2 + 2m b 2 − m c 2 m a 2m b 2 + 2m c 2 − m a 2 m b 2m c 2 + 2m a 2 − m b 2
¡ ¡ ¡

9∆ 9∆ 9∆
" ¡ 2 ¢#" ¢#" ¢#
2 2
m c m a + m b 2 − 2m c 2
¡ 2
m a m b 2 + m c 2 − 2m a 2
¡
m b m c + m a − 2m b
=
9∆ 9∆ 9∆

It implies

mc 2 ma 2 ma 2
µ ¶µ ¶µ ¶
2 2 2 2 2 2
m a + 2m b − mb + mc − mb + mc −
2 2 2
= m c + m a − 2m b 2 m a 2 + m b 2 − 2m c 2 m b 2 + m c 2 − 2m a 2
¡ 2 2
¢¡ ¢¡ ¢
(35)

Clearly there dosen’t exist such m a , m b and m c which which can satisfies (35) Which concludes that the three diagonals
are never concurrent.
28 A short note on Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon

Remark 4.1.
It is clear that from Theorem 4.1 to Theorem 4.4, there exist such a reference triangle which two of circumcenters of 6
subtriangles coincide with each other.
In particular from Theorem 4.2, if the pair of circumcenters (S 2 , S 3 ) or (S 4 , S 5 ) or (S 6 , S 1 ) are coincide with each
other, it could happen only when the set of quadruple points (B, F,G, D), (C , D,G, E ), (E ,G, F, A) are concyclic. From
that we have 2b 2 = a 2 + c 2 or 2c 2 = a 2 + b 2 or 2a 2 = c 2 + b 2 . There are many interesting properties of p such refer-
3
ence triangles. We simply mention that it is similar to its own triangle of medians. Specifically, m a = a, m b =
p p 2
3 3
b and m c = c.
2 2

Theorem 4.6.
If S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 is a Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then

Perimeter of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon:

1 £
Ψ= (m a + m b + m c ) (m a m b + m b m c + m c m a ) − m a 3 + m b 3 + m c 3 + 3m a m b m c
¡ ¢¤
(36)
3∆
Area of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon:

36∆2 − m a 4 + m b 4 + m c 4
¡ ¢ 
Λ=



108∆




2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
¡ ¢
45∆ − 2 m a m b + m b m c + m c m a  
=



108∆ 


2 4 4 4
¡ ¢ 
64∆ − a + b + c

= (37)
192∆ 


2
¡ 2 2 2 2 2 2
¢ 
40∆ − a b + b c + c a 

=



96∆ 



2 2
81∆ − 2Vhexag on



=


108∆

Proof. From Theorem 4.1, Theorem 4.2 and further simplification gives conclusion (36).
Now for (37) we proceed as follows:
Let P,Q, R, S, T and U are the foot of perpendiculars drawn from G to the sides of hexagon(Fig. 2). Clearly area of
cyclic hexagon S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 is

Λ = [S 1GS 2 ] + [S 2GS 3 ] + [S 3GS 4 ] + [S 4GS 5 ] + [S 5GS 6 ] + [S 6GS 1 ] (38)

Clearjy the points P,Q, R, S, T and U are the foot of perpendiculars drawn from G to the sides of hexagon S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6
and they are the mid points of the lines GF,GB,GD,GC ,GE and G A respectively. So (38) equivalently rewritten as

1
Λ= (S 1 S 2 .GP + S 2 S 3 .GQ + S 3 S 4 .GR + S 4 S 5 .GS + S 5 S 6 .GT + S 6 S 1 .GU ) (39)
2
The further simplification of (39) Using (19)-(21), (24)-(26), (d)-(h) gives the conclusion (37).

Theorem 4.7.
2m a m b m c
If R is the circum radius of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then R = Vhexag on
27∆2

Proof. Consider the triangle S 1 S 2 S 3 . By angle chasing we can prove ∠S 1 S 2 S 3 = ∠S 1 S 2G + ∠GS 2 S 3 = B 2 + F 2 .

Now using Lemma 3.1, Theorem 4.1, Theorem 4.2 and (f ), we have

sin (B 2 + F 2 ) = sin B 2 cos F 2 + cos B 2 sin F 2

¸" ¡ 2 ¢# ·
∆ 2 m a − mb 2 3m b 2 + m a 2 − m c 2
· ¸· ¸
2∆
= +
cm b 3cm c 3cm b cm c
2∆
2m a 2 + 2m b 2 − m c 2
£ ¤
=
3c 2 m
c mb
3∆
= (40)
2m c m b
 Dasari Naga Vijay Krishna / Int. J. Adv. Appl. Math. and Mech. 4(3) (2017) 22 – 31 29

Now by applying the sine rule for the triangle S 1 S 2 S 3 , we have

S1S3
R= (41)
2 sin (B 2 + F 2 )
2m a m b m c
Now using (29) and (40), (41) can be further simplified so as to prove R = Vhexag on .
27∆2

Theorem 4.8.
If Ψ is the Perimeter of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then

Ψ m a mb mc
6 S1S4 = S2S5 = S3S6 =
3 3∆
and equality holds when the reference triangle ABC is a equilateral.

Proof. We know by Schur’s inequality, For some non negative real x, y, z and for positive k, we have

x k x − y (x − z) + y k y − z y − x + z k (z − x) z − y > 0
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
(42)

and the equality holds when x = y = z.

If k = 1 then (42) can be written as

x 3 + x 3 + x 3 + 6x y z > x + y + z x y + y z + zx
¡ ¢¡ ¢
(43)

If we replace x, y, z with m a , m b , m c in (43), we get

m a 3 + m b 3 + m c 3 + 6m a m b m c > (m a + m b + m c ) (m a m b + m b m c + m c m a ) (44)

And equality holds when m a = m b = m c . It implies the triangle ABC is an equilateral.

Ψ m a mb mc
By combining (44) and (36), we can prove that m a m b m c > Ψ∆, this implies 6 S1S4 = S2S5 = S3S6 =
3 3∆

Theorem 4.9.
∆
If Λ is the Area of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then Λ 6 and equality holds when the reference triangle ABC is
4
a equilateral.

Proof. We know by Theorem 4.6 and (37),

81∆2 − 2Vhexag
2
on
Λ= (45)
108∆
And using Lemma 3.3, we have
2 2
Vhexag on > 27∆ (46)

By combining (45) and (46), we get

81∆2 − 2Vhexag
2
on 81∆2 − 54∆2 27∆2 ∆
Λ= 6 = =
108∆ 108∆ 108∆ 4
∆
It implies Λ 6 and equality holds when the reference triangle ABC is a equilateral.
4

Theorem 4.10.
If R, Ψ and Λ are the circumradius, perimeter and area of Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon then

m a m b m c > ∆Ψ > 4ΛΨ (47)

2Ψ 8ΛΨ
R > p and R > p (48)
3 3 3 3∆
and equality holds when the reference triangle ABC is a equilateral.
30 A short note on Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon

Fig. 3.

Proof. To prove (47), we combine Theorem 4.8 and Theorem 4.9.

For proving (48), we proceed as follows:
From (47), we have m a m b m c > ∆Ψ > 4ΛΨ. It implies

2m a m b m c 2Ψ 8ΛΨ
2
> >
27∆ 27∆ 27∆2
It further implies

2m a m b m c 2Ψ 8ΛΨ
Vhexag on > Vhexag on > Vhexag on
27∆2 27∆ 27∆2
Using Theorem 4.6, it can be rewritten as

2Ψ 8ΛΨ
R> Vhexag on > Vhexag on
27∆ 27∆2
But by Lemma 3.3, we have
2 2
Vhexag on > 27∆

Hence
2Ψ 2Ψ p 2Ψ
R> Vhexag on > 3 3∆ ⇒ R > p
27∆ 27∆ 3 3

and
8ΛΨ 8ΛΨ p 8ΛΨ
R> 2
Vhexag on > 3 3∆ ⇒ R > p
27∆ 27∆2 3 3∆

Hence proved.

Remark 4.2.
Clearly Theorem 4.1 to Theorem 4.10 are true if the Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon is a convex hexagon and it
can be noticed that Theorem 4.1 to Theorem 4.10 are also true even if the Floor van Lamoen’s Cyclic Hexagon is a self
intersecting hexagon in that order.
 Dasari Naga Vijay Krishna / Int. J. Adv. Appl. Math. and Mech. 4(3) (2017) 22 – 31 31

Acknowledgement

The author is would like to thank an anonymous referee for his/her kind comments and suggestions, which lead to
a better presentation of this paper.

References

[1] F.M. van Lamoen, Problem 10830, Amer. Math. Monthly 2000 (107) 863; solution by the Monthly editors 2002 (109)
396–397.
[2] A. Myakishev, Peter Y. Woo, On the Circumcenters of Cevasix Configurations, Forum Geom. 3 (2003) 57–63.
[3] K.Y. Li, Concyclic problems, Mathematical Excalibur 6(1-2) (2001) available at http://www.math.ust.hk/excalibur.
[4] Nguyen Minh Ha, Another Proof of van Lamoen’s Theorem and Its Converse, Forum Geometricorum 5 (2005) 127–
132.
[5] Nguyen Minh Ha, Another Proof of Floor Van Lamoen’s Generalized Theorem, Global Journal of Advanced Re-
search on Classical and Modern Geometries 3(2) (2014) 62–65.
[6] J.S. Mackay, The triangle and its scribed circles, Proceedings of Edinburg Mathematical Society, volume 1, 1983.
[7] Cartensen, Jens, About hexagons, Mathematical Spectrum 33(2) (2000-2001) 37–40.
[8] http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/360047/euclidean-geometry-diagonals-of-cyclic-hexagon.

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