Large scale experimental investigation on

Mustafa-Pasha mosque
LIDIJA KRSTEVSKA1, LJUBOMIR TASHKOV1, KIRIL
GRAMATIKOV2, RAFFAELE LANDOLFO3, ORESTE
MAMMANA3, FRANCESCO PORTIOLI3 and FEDERICO
MAZZOLANI3
1
Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, University “Ss.
Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, Macedonia
2
Civil Engineering Faculty, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, Mace-
donia
3
University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy

To evaluate the seismic stability of Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Skopje strengthened by an advanced
mixed technology, shaking table tests were carried out on a model in scale 1:6. The investigation
was performed within the activities of the Sixth Framework Program PROHITECH - "Earthquake
Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies". To define the effectiveness
of the proposed strengthening the testing procedure consisted of two main phases: testing of the
original model and testing of the strengthened model. The observed seismic behavior and damage
during each phase of the testing program have been analyzed on the basis of the obtained experi-
mental results.

Keywords Mosque; Shaking Table; Scaled Model; Seismic Stability; Strengthening, Advanced
Mixed Technology, FRP

1. Introduction
Historical heritage protection against earthquakes has been the subject of many investiga-
tions and studies considering the high vulnerability exhibited by the monuments built
many centuries ago under this natural disaster.
The research carried out in many projects dealing with seismic behavior of historic
buildings and monuments has been aimed at evaluation of repair and strengthening tech-
niques. Most of these structures located in the European urban centers are built of stone
masonry walls, usually consisting of multiple leaves, which are characterized by a sub-
stantial presence of voids in the inner leaf and prone to brittle collapse mechanisms. To
evaluate the seismic behavior of historical monuments, most of which have been dam-
aged and restored in the past, two of several important aspects that should be considered
are the following: 1) definition of the dynamic characteristics of the monuments i.e. natu-
ral frequencies, modes of vibration, damping coefficients and soil-structure interaction
and 2) definition of the seismic stability of the monuments by performing shaking table
testing of the scaled models. Ambient vibration measurements have been performed for a
large number of historical monuments by the authors [Krstevska and Tashkov, 1992;
Krstevska et al., 1994, 2007] in the last 30 years The experience from these tests is that, if
the monuments are compact, without large cracks, the measured dynamic properties are
more accurate, while if the monuments are heavily damaged, the frequency content of the
Fourier spectra are more complicated, containing also the frequencies of the independent
segments of the structures. In the case of slender monuments, the dynamic characteristics
depend on the excitation level, while in the case of stiff monuments the ambient vibration
gives reliable results. This conclusion is based on comparison between forced and ambi-
ent vibration measurements performed on the same structures. The ambient vibration
measurements are very often performed to update the mechanical properties used in the
numerical analysis and adapt the analytical response to the experimental one [Pau and
Vestroni, 2008]. Results from investigation of the effectiveness of repair and strengthen-
ing solutions for ancient structures - mosques in seismic areas through examples of real
conservation case studies are also available [Sesigur et al., 2006].
A number of shaking table tests have been performed on masonry walls in order to in-
vestigate the seismic behavior of different types of masonry, [Vasconcelos et al., 2006].
Papers devoted to stone masonry structures in view of possible improvement of their
seismic resistance and durability, based on investigation of many existing structures as
well as large models have pointed-out the effectiveness of some proposed techniques and
methodologies. The polymer grids and fiber mortars enhance the seismic resistance of
stone masonry structures. They also contribute to the durability of historical and other
stone masonry structures, especially in cases of vertical polymer grids combined with fi-
ber lime–cement plaster [Sofronie et al., 2003; Juhasova et al., 2008]. Validation of the
retrofitting technique for masonry structures with glass fiber reinforced polymer strips by
shaking table testing has been performed on a scaled model of a typical tuff masonry
building in Bergamo, Italy [Langone et al., 2006].
Several complex projects related to the problem of seismic stability of historical
monuments in the Balkans have so far been accomplished in IZIIS [Krstevska and Tash-
kov, 1998].
To verify experimentally the methodology for repair and strengthening of Byzantine
churches, a model of St. Nikita church was constructed and tested on the seismic shaking
table in IZIIS [Tashkov et al., 1992; Gavrilovic and Zelenkovska, 1995]. The model was
designed to the scale of 1:2.75, based on the results obtained from laboratory and experi-
mental tests on materials and wall elements. Two types of seismic strengthening were
analyzed [Gavrilovic et al., 2003]. The first approach, the introduction of post-tensioned
steel reinforcement within the walls replaces and augments wood banding that was pro-
vided by the original builders, and was found to improve the structure's seismic response.
The second approach, base isolation, decouples the structure from the ground and is ef-
fective in dissipating and damping the seismic shock to the structure.
Beside experimental investigations of effectiveness of some proposed strengthening
methodologies for different masonry structures and monuments, some shaking table tests
have been performed on scaled models with the aim to estimate the intensity of a past
earthquake as a reason for existing damage to a monument [Boschi et al., 1995; Krstevska
et al., 1996; Kim and Ryu, 2003].
Historical monuments represent structures for which seismic analysis cannot be per-
formed by using seismic design codes for modern buildings. Obtaining of the dynamic
characteristics of the monuments, along with knowing the site seismicity and the charac-
teristics of soil deposits where the monuments are located, is one of the several important
criteria for an appropriate estimation of the seismic resistance of these structures. The re-
sults obtained from the experimental testing could be further used for both numerical
analysis and design of models for seismic shaking table testing. Definition of the actual
state of historical monuments and evaluation of their seismic stability is a qualitative base
for developing and application of an appropriate strengthening methodology, if neces-
sary. Even though the only way to look into the problem for obtaining the best way for
protection is to analyze structure by structure, considering its initial construction and all
the interventions in time related to its repairing, we try to generalize from representative
examples into specific type of monuments.
The experimental investigation presented in this paper - Laboratory Shaking Table
Testing of a Large Scale Model of Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Skopje, has been performed
in the Laboratory of the Institute for Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismol-
ogy - IZIIS in Skopje in the period November - December 2006. The performed testing
was part of the activities within the Sixth Framework Programme PROHITECH - "Earth-
quake Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies"
[Gramatikov et al., 2007; Krstevska et al., 2007, 2008]. The main objective of the testing
was to investigate experimentally the effectiveness of the proposed technology for
strengthening and increasing the seismic resistance of this type of historical monuments
whose typical structural system consists of massive facade walls constructed of stones
and bricks in both directions.

2. Mustafa-Pasha Mosque in Skopje

Mustafa Pasha mosque is one of the most impressive monuments of the Islamic architec-
ture in Macedonia. It was built at the end of the XV century, in 1492. The dimensions of
the main structure in plan are 20x20 meters. The vaulted elements and dome rest on walls
that, with their massive cross sections, sustain compressive stresses due to gravity loads.
To mitigate the effects of regular settlement of the structure, there are hidden wooden
belts incorporated into the walls at several levels. The walls are constructed of stone and
bricks in lime mortar, in a typical style of building, with two faces of brick and stone ma-
sonry and space between filled with a core of rubble set in a great quantity of mortar. The
dome is constructed of bricks in lime mortar. The mosque has a minaret which is very
slender, with spiral staircases built of fine limestone. Its upper part is made of marble and
decorated with ornaments. The appearance of the mosque is given in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 1 View of Mustafa Pasha mosque in Skopje and overall dimensions (m)

2.1. Historical Background of the Monument

The Mustafa Pasha mosque survived the catastrophic Skopje earthquake on 26 July,
1963, with a magnitude of 6.1 according to Richter scale. This happened almost 500
years after the construction of the mosque. The mosque didn't collapse, but it was moder-
ately to heavily damaged. The external walls around the windows, the dome, the minaret
and the roof of the minaret were cracked at several locations, as shown in Fig. 2. Some
repair and strengthening interventions were performed in 1968, five years after the catas-
trophic earthquake. Pre-stressing steel bars were incorporated in the walls connecting the
walls and the portico. Partial repair of the dome of the mosque was done by cement mor-
tar injection, as well as by RC belt at the dome base, as shown in Fig. 3.
The last repair and strengthening intervention started in 2008 and it is still not finished.
The concept of structural strengthening and repair has been selected respecting the mod-
ern requirements related to the protection of historical monuments, by use of new tech-
nologies and materials. The starting point in making the decision about the concept and
especially the selection of the materials for strengthening of the Mustafa Pasha Mosque
was the experimental investigation on the scaled mosque model, which was performed
within the framework of the EU FP6 project PROHITECH (2004-2008) in 2006.
The concept of structural strengthening, aimed at reaching the design level of earthquake
protection, has been selected based on:
1. Investigation of the characteristics of the built-in materials;
2. Investigation of the main dynamic characteristics of the mosque;
3. Shaking table test of the mosque model;
4. Investigation of the soil conditions;
5. Detailed geophysical surveys for definition of the geotechnical and geodynamic mod-
els of the site.
Based on these investigations and the defined seismic parameters, as well as detailed
analysis of the seismic stability of the structure, the solution for structural strengthening
has been accepted. It thoroughly complies with the conservation principles for repair and
strengthening of cultural historic monuments [Mazzolani et al, 2009].

FIGURE 2 Damage of Mustafa Pasha Mosque and minaret after catastrophic Skopje
earthquake, 1963
FIGURE 3 Partial repair of the dome of the mosque by cement mortar injection, as well
as by RC belt at the dome base, 1968

2.2. The Montenegro Earthquake and Damage Consequences to the Historical Build-
ings

The Montenegro earthquake took place on 15 April 1979. It was characterized by a mag-
nitude of 7.0 and peak acceleration of 0.44g. The location of the epicenter as well as the
peak acceleration at different locations are given in Fig. 4. The acceleration, velocity and
displacement histories derived from the N-S component of accelerogram recorded at Pet-
rovac are given on Fig. 5. The pseudo-velocity response spectra derived from the N-S
component of the accelerogram recorded at Petrovac site are given in Fig. 6. Along the
coastal area many structures were damaged, especially the historical stone masonry ones,
as well as the un-reinforced buildings. As to the historical buildings, most of them were
damaged due to collapse of the exterior walls. In the Old city of Kotor the main gate and
massive city wall (20m height and 10m thick) were cracked. In the Petrovac region, the
Gradishta monastery built in 15th century was almost totally destroyed by combination of
strong ground shaking and settlement of the ground. In Ulcinj region, the minaret of the
mosque in the old town was seriously damaged. Some damaged historical masonry build-
ings during this earthquake are shown in Fig. 7.

FIGURE 4 Location of the epicenter and the highest recorded accelerations of the Mon-
tenegro Earthquake of April 15, 1979
FIGURE 5 Acceleration, velocity and displacement histories derived from the N-S com-
ponent of the accelerogram recorded at Petrovac

FIGURE 6 Pseudo velocity response spectra derived from the N-S component of the ac-
celerogram recorded at Petrovac

FIGURE 7 Damage of the historical buildings by Montenegro earthquake, 1979

2.3. Dynamic Characteristics of the Mosque
 In order to define the dynamic characteristics of the mosque, an ambient vibration test
has been performed. The vibrations at selected points of the structure and the minaret
were measured. The obtained Fourier amplitude spectra at the level of the mosque gallery
in both orthogonal directions as well as the spectrum recorded at the terrace of the mina-
ret are presented in Fig. 8. The first natural frequencies of the mosque are 3.0 Hz in 1-1
direction and 3.2 Hz in 2-2 direction and are very clearly expressed on the spectra. The
first natural frequency of the minaret is 1.04 Hz. The corresponding mode shapes are pre-
sented in Fig. 9. For their definition, the vibrations were measured in several points at dif-
ferent levels, as presented in the same figure.
Relat. amplitude

3.0 Direction 1-1

13.8

0 frequency (Hz) 25
Relat. amplitude

3.2
Direction 2-2
10.8

0 frequency (Hz) 25
Relat. amplitude

1.04
Minaret

0 frequency (Hz) 10

FIGURE 8. Fourier amplitude spectra, Mustafa Pasha Mosque

TM

1-1
FIGURE 9. Mode shapes of vibration of Mustafa Pasha Mosque and measuring points

3. Design and Construction of the Mosque Model

The original mosque (prototype structure) consists of three parts: the main structure, the
minaret and the portico (entrance part). The entrance part consists of three domes
supported by columns. The vaults of the domes are connected to the main part of
structure. The minaret is partially incorporated into the wall of the main structure. The
authors were in dilemma how to design the model: to consider all the three parts or only
two parts (the mosque and the minaret). Considering the dimension of shake- table
(5x5m), if all three parts were to be modelled, the geometry scale could be 1/9-1/10,
which is a rather small scale. If only two parts (the mosque and the minaret) were to be
considered, the model could be built in a larger scale (1/6). Finally, it was decided to
adopt the second option as more preferable. This consideration probably affects the actual
behavior of the structure, because the interaction between the portico and the mosque, as
well as the torsional effect of the portico on the mosque cannot be simulated.
The model was constructed in the IZIIS Laboratory. Considering the dimensions in
plan of the prototype structure (20.0/20.0 m) and its height of 22.0 m, the length scale for
the model was adopted to be 1/6. For this scale, the dimensions of the model are 3.3/3.3
m at plan and the height is 3.6m while the height of the minaret is 6.3m. The model has
been designed according to "gravity forces neglected" modeling principle [Moncarz and
Krawinkler, 1981], Table 1, using the same materials as in the prototype structure: stone
(travertine), bricks and lime mortar. Such type of scaled models to be tested on a shake
table can be used in the case when the stresses induced by the gravity loads are small and
negligible with respect to the stresses induced by the seismic forces.
This is the case when the lateral load resisting system consists primarily of shear walls,
which carry a little amount of vertical load except through the boundary elements. This
model allows using of the prototype material, which simplifies the problem of material
modeling.

TABLE 1 Similitude laws

Model type
Scaling True Artifi- Gravity forces neglected* Strain
parameters replica cial mass Any Prototype distortion
 simula- material material
tion
Length lr lr lr lr lr lr
Time tr (lr)1/2 (lr)1/2 lr ( r lr)-1/2
Frequency r (lr)-1/2 (lr)-1/2 (E/ )r1/2 / lr 1/lr ( r lr)-1/2
Velocity vr (lr)1/2 (lr)1/2 (E/ )r1/2 1 ( r lr)1/2
Gravitational ac-
celeration gr 1 1 neglected neglected 1
Acceleration ar 1 1 (E/ )r / lr 1/ lr 1
Mass density r Er/ lr r 1 r Er / lr
Strain r 1 1 1 1 r
Stress r Er Er Er 1 Er r
Modulus of elas-
ticity Er Er Er Er 1 Er
Specific stiffness
(E/ )r lr (E/ )r 1 lr r
Displacement r lr lr lr lr lr r
Force Fr Er lr2 Er lr2 Er lr2 lr2 Er lr2 r
Energy (EN)r Er lr3 Er lr3 Er lr3 lr3 Er lr3 r
2

The slender masonry minaret was also modeled as "gravity force neglected" even
though the gravity stress at the base is almost twice as big compared to stress in the walls.
Because the minaret was incorporated into the wall of the mosque, it was not appropriate
to modify the modeling principle. Perhaps, it was possible to avoid this distortion by add-
ing additional mass at the top of the minaret or use stones of higher density. Besides this
distortion, a good indicator of modeling similarity was the experimentally obtained natu-
ral frequency of the minaret and the mosque of the model by ambient vibration (section
7.1.1). Generally speaking, the "gravity forces neglected" approach can be used if the pay
load capacity of the shake-table is limited, while acceleration scaling factors are satisfied.
For example: in the case of the gravity force neglected approach, the mass ratio is 1,
while the time scaling factor is 1/6 and the acceleration scaling factor is 6; in the case of
gravity force simulation approach, the artificial mass simulation approach requires a mass
ratio 6, time scaling factor (1/6) ½ and acceleration scaling factor 1. But, the model mass
was 350 kN, and the additional mass required was about 2000kN, which is almost impos-
sible considering the pay load of the table 400kN. So, the modeling was adopted accord-
ing to the technical possibilities of the shake table. The consequence of that is some dis-
tortion in simulation of the non-linear behavior of the model.
The design of the model was based also on the results obtained from laboratory ex-
perimental tests on materials as well as wall samples tested to obtain the strength and de-
formability characteristics of the masonry. The compression and shear strength measured
on wall samples were 1.04 MPa and 0.015MPa, respectivelly [Gramatikov et all, 2006].
The model was constructed on an RC foundation with strong hooks at the corners
necessary for lifting and transportation of the model on the shaking table. The walls of the
model were constructed in accordance with the typical Byzantine design: two faces of
stone and brick separated by an infill of stone and brick rubble set in lime mortar, as pre-
sented in Fig. 10. Details related to the materials built in the monument as well as the way
of construction of the masonry of the mosque were provided by the experts of the Insti-
tute for Protection of Cultural Heritage from Skopje. Wooden ties - two beams connected
in transverse direction - were placed in horizontal mortar joints at each second layer.
FIGURE 10. Detail of masonry shear walls

Some details on construction of the walls, minaret and the model of the mosque and its
interior are presented in Fig. 11, while the completed model fixed to the shake table and
ready for testing is presented in Fig. 12.

details of the interior

FIGURE 11. Details on construction of the model of Mustafa Pasha Mosque

FIGURE 12. Completed model ready for testing

4. Description of Testing Equipment

The IZIIS shake table represents a pre-stressed reinforced concrete plate, 5.0 x 5.0 m at
plan, Fig. 13, and provides possibility of simulating different types of dynamic/seismic
load in horizontal and vertical direction, separately or simultaneously. The maximum
mass of the model to be tested on the table is limited to 40 t. The table is supported by
four vertical hydraulic actuators located at four corners, at a distance of 3.5 m in both or-
thogonal directions. In horizontal direction it is controlled by two hydraulic actuators at a
distance of 3.5 m with a total force capacity of 850 KN. The four vertical actuators have a
total force capacity of 888 KN. In order to provide the required power of the actuators,
three inter-connected hydraulic pumps, with a maximum flow of 1,250l/min and a maxi-
mum pressure of 350 x 105 Pa are used. The horizontal and vertical actuators of the table
are supported by a reinforced concrete rigid structure, which is separated from the rest of
the laboratory structure by an expansion joint.
The shaking system controls five degrees of freedom of the table, two translations
and three rotations. The motion of the table along the third axis of translation is prevented
by special hydraulic supports so that one of them controls the force and the other - the
displacement. The analogue control system controls the displacement, velocity, differen-
tial pressure and acceleration of the six actuators. Reverse control is provided by a three-
variable servo control system, which is capable of controlling displacements, velocities
and acceleration, simultaneously. This three-variable control system is a new technologi-
cal solution, which has many advantages. One of these advantages is that under low fre-
quencies, the system provides control in respect to displacements, while for higher fre-
quencies - in respect to acceleration.
For earthquake generation and data acquisition, a modular NI PXI system is used.
The Data acquisition and sequence generation system (DAC) for the shaking table is a
computer based system thet allows simultaneous control of 8 and data acquisition trough
72 channels, storage of the acquired data to a computer recording device (HDD) as well
as signal analysis and graphical presentation of the acquired data.

vertical actuator main control panel

shake table in plan
FIGURE 13. Two component shaking table at the IZIIS' dynamic testing laboratory

5. Applied Testing Procedure and Testing Set-up

The main objective of the testing was to investigate experimentally the effectiveness of
the proposed reversible technology for strengthening and increasing the seismic
resistance of such type of historical monuments. According to that, the seismic shaking
table testing was performed in three main phases, Fig. 14.:
1. Phase 1 - Testing of the original model under low intensity level, with the aim of
provoking damage to the minaret only;
2. Phase 2 - Testing of the model with strengthened minaret under intensive
earthquakes, with the aim of provoking collapse of the minaret and damage to the
mosque;
3. Phase 3 - Testing of the strengthened mosque model until reaching heavy damage.

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

FIGURE 14. The original and strengthened large scale model in the three testing phases
The testing procedure applied to the model consists of several steps:
- Test of the model's dynamic characteristics before and after each seismic testing in
order to check the stiffness degradation of the model produced by micro or macro cracks
during the test;
- Seismic testing by selected earthquake records.
The test of the dynamic characteristics was performed by two methods: ambient vi-
bration and random excitation.
 The seismic investigation of the model was performed by simulating the 1979 Mon-
tenegro earthquake (Petrovac record, N-S component) selected as e representative one,
i.e. characteristic for the site of the monument. According to the similitude requirements,
the original earthquake record was scaled by 6 in time (compressed). Presented in Fig. 15
are the original and the compressed acceleration records of Montenegro Earthquake in
time and frequency domain.
The excitation was applied in horizontal direction. The shake table at IZIIS is two-
component: one horizontal and one vertical; the vertical component was not critical for
the walls and the minaret because the resonant frequencies of the model in vertical direc-
tion cannot be excited by this earthquake, except for the dome. More realistic behavior
could be simulated by simultaneous simulation of horizontal and vertical component.
Considering the testing methods, in the world practice of shake table tests, there are
two strategies:
The first strategy is to use only two earthquake intensities: low, to provoke elastic re-
sponse of the model without damage and high (real) intensity of the selected earth-
quake. This is the right approach if the testing is related to the questions: what will
happen with the structure if realistic earthquake conditions are simulated? Will it be
damaged or not? What is the safety factor of the tested structure? etc.
The second strategy is to use successive increase of the intensities of the earthquake
in several repeated tests. This is the right approach if the testing is related to the ques-
tions: which is the limit elastic state? When and where the first cracks appear? Which
is the non-linear behavior of the structure? How the damage mechanism is developed
and what is the progressive collapse mechanism? What is the ductility factor? What is
the “push-over curve” (seismic force- relative deformation)? etc.
Both strategies mentioned above are correct but they also have some advantages and
disadvantages. The advantage of the first strategy is that a real earthquake that occurred in
the past is applied. But the disadvantage is that no crack mechanism is defined, nor is it
possible to define limit states of elastic and non-linear behavior, progressive crack devel-
opments, etc.
The second strategy fulfills all the requirements regarding successive damage as-
sessment, but it makes some distortion of the actual resistance of the structure because of
the repeated tests. This strategy can be assumed as a realistic case when several fore-
shocks happened before the catastrophic earthquake.
In this study, the considered structure was selected as a typical one on which a
mixed strengthening methodology should be applied. For the purpose of the project, the
most suitable strategy was the second one: successive repeated earthquakes, having the
possibility for successive achievement of all the phases of structural damage.
To follow the dynamic response during the seismic shaking table testing, the model
was instrumented at characteristic points with accelerometers and displacement transduc-
ers for measuring the absolute displacements as well as the relative diagonal deformation
of the walls in the direction of the excitation (in-plane walls). The recorded quantities, the
channel number and the position of the transducers are given in Table 2. The model di-
mensions and instrumentation are presented in Fig. 16.
FIGURE 15. Time histories and FAS of earthquake excitation Petrovac, N-S component

TABLE 2 Instrumentation of the model

Channel Transducer Measured quantity Position
1 Accelerometer acceleration top of the minaret
2 Accelerometer acceleration terrace of the minaret
3 Accelerometer acceleration top of the dome
4 Accelerometer acceleration tambour
5 Accelerometer acceleration tambour
6 Accelerometer acceleration tambour
7 Accelerometer acceleration tambour
8 Accelerometer acceleration mosque
9 Accelerometer acceleration mosque
10 Accelerometer acceleration mosque
11 Accelerometer acceleration mosque
12 Accelerometer acceleration mosque foundation
17 LP abs. displacement top of the minaret
18 LP abs. displacement terrace of the minaret
19 LP abs. displacement top of the dome
20 LP abs. displacement minaret (level of the tambour)
21 LP abs. displacement mosque
22 LP abs. displacement mosque
25 LVDT diagonal deformation in-plane wall
26 LVDT diagonal deformation in-plane wall
27 LVDT diagonal deformation in-plane wall (minaret side)
28 LVDT diagonal deformation in-plane wall (minaret side)
Input LVDT input displacement shaking table
Input Accelerometer input acceleration shaking table
FIGURE 16. Dimensions of the model and instrumentation

6. Applied Methodology for Data Processing and Interpretation

The test data were collected by a data acquisition system to a computer and stored as asci
files. Then, they were plotted by Excel. Fast Fourier Transform of the recorded time
histories was also performed in order to check the model response both in time and
frequency domain. The ARTeMIS software was used for identification of the resonant
frequencies and mode shapes of the model from ambient and random tests as well as
identification of the spatial response of the model during the seismic tests. The damage of
the model and the crack pattern was followed by visual checking of the model after each
test, designating the cracks by different colors and making photos and video records.
Besides the graphic presentation of the time history and FAS spectra at characteristic
points, push-over curves were constructed based on the different intensity level of the
repeated seismic test, within an input acceleration of 0.05g - 1.50g.
7. Experimental Results

7.1. Phase 1-Testing of the Original Model

7.1.1 Initial dynamic characteristics of the model
After placing the model on the shaking table, the dynamic characteristics of the model
were defined by means of the ambient vibration method, measuring the vibrations at 14
points by Ranger seismometers. The Fourier amplitude spectra for the minaret and the
mosque are given in Fig. 17, while the obtained resonant frequencies are given in Table 3.
As can be seen from table 3, the obtained frequency of the minaret of the model is close
to the required one, which confirms from that aspect that the model satisfies the similarity
rules. As far as the main structure is concerned, the model frequency is lower than the re-
quired one, which indicates that the model is “softer” than required, and could be consid-
ered as an “adequate” model with reduced strength characteristics, approaching a “par-
tially true replica” model.

TABLE 3 Initial dynamic characteristics of the model

Model frequency
Structure Prototype f (Hz)
required obtained
Minaret 1.04 6.24 6.35
Mosque 3.0 18.0 12.8

Am p litu d e s p e c tru m - to p o f th e m in a re t

0.08
0.07
6.35
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03 12.8
0.02
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
f(H z )

Am p litu d e s p e c tru m , to p o f th e m o s q u e

0.025

0.02
12.8
0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
f(Hz )

FIGURE 17. Obtained Fourier amplitude spectra - ambient vibration measurements

7.1.2. Performed seismic tests

In this phase the shaking table tests were performed by simulation of the Montenegro-
Petrovac earthquake - N-S component, as well as El Centro earthquake, N-S component.
As mentioned previously, the earthquakes were scaled in time by 6. During this testing
phase, nine tests were performed with intensity of 0.01-0.10 g. The test specification is
given in Table 4 together with some of the response parameters.

TABLE 4 Performed tests in phase 1

Input Acc-
Test no. Excitation acc ch1 Comment
(%g) (%g)
2 Montenegro-Petrovac N-S 1 15
3 El Centro 0.4 7.5
4 Montenegro-Petrovac N-S 2 20 first cracks-minaret
5 El Centro 4 20
6 Montenegro-Petrovac N-S 6 40
7 El Centro 6 30
8 Montenegro-Petrovac N-S 10 70
9 El Centro 9 90

7.1.3. Seismic test results

Testing in this phase was performed with low intensities in order to provoke damage only
to the minaret. Under input intensity of 2%g, test number 4, the first horizontal crack ap-
peared at the base of the minaret. In the next tests with intensities of up to 10%g, damage
to the mosque was observed as well. The reason for this damage was the frequency con-
tent of the applied excitation, which was close to the self frequencies of both the minaret
and the mosque.
The damaged model is presented in Fig. 18 while characteristic response parameters
are presented in Fig. 19. During the last test with input intensity of 10%g the crack in the
minaret was completely developed in the horizontal mortar joint and it can be seen on the
time history of top displacement, CH17, Fig. 18, that the minaret continued to vibrate
completely freely, reaching the max abs. displacement of 9mm, while the max. displace-
ment at the top of the mosque - CH19 was 2.6mm.

the first crack, minaret interior

FIGURE 18. Damage to the minaret (horizontal crack) and the mosque after phase 1
seismic testing
 CH1, acc-top of the minaret CH3, acc-top of the dome

10000 8000
6000
5000 4000
0 2000
0
-5000 -2000
-4000
-10000 -6000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

time(s) time(s)

CH17, abs. displacement, minaret CH19, abs. displacement, dome

10 3
5 2
1
0
0
-5
-1
-10 -2
-15 -3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

time(s) time(s)

FIGURE 19. Some response parameters during the test with input intensity 10%g
7.2. Phase 2- Testing of the Model with Strengthened Minaret

7.2.1. Strengthening of the minaret

After the tests in phase 1, the model of the mosque was repaired by injection of cracks
and the minaret was strengthened by application of a CFRP wrap that was cut to the cor-
responding width and applied upon a layer of epoxy glue. The obtained strips with a
width of 15 cm were placed on four sides along the length of the minaret, in vertical di-
rection, for the purpose of its stiffening. To confine the structure, strips with a width of 10
cm were placed at four levels along the height of the minaret in horizontal direction,
while a strip with a width of 20 cm was placed at its base. Such a strengthening enabled
stiffening of the minaret and increasing of its bending resistance. The strengthening was
applied up to ½ of the height of the minaret, which was probably not the most adequate
solution (full height would be more appropriate). The strips dimensions should also be
calculated (according to the design requirements). Three times increased input accelera-
tion to produce a cracking state probably indicates strong strengthening, producing dam-
age to the corner of the main structure. Anyway, the considered experimental strengthen-
ing can be analytically estimated to obtain rational strengthening. There are, of course,
other strengthening solutions for the minaret such as tuned mass system or pre-stressing
bars along the height. These can be investigated in some other studies.
After the repairing of the mosque and strengthening of the minaret, the model was
ready to be tested in the next phase, Fig. 20.
According to the preliminary analysis of the results obtained during the testing of the
original model, it was decided to continue with seismic testing applying only the accel-
erogram of the Montenegro-Petrovac earthquake, N-S component. The reason of this de-
cision was the fact that, this earthquake is more realistic to happen in this geographic re-
gion and tectonic conditions than El-Centro. On the other hand, the response of the model
under the Montenegro earthquake was more severe than under the El Centro because of
the multi frequency content close to the resonant frequencies of the model.
FIGURE 20. Repaired model and strengthened minaret after phase 1 testing

7.2.2. Performed seismic tests

During this phase of seismic testing, 11 tests were performed with an input acceleration
of 0.2g to 1.5g. The accelerogram of the Petrovac earthquake, N-S component was scaled
by 6 (compressed) as in the phase 1 testing. Presentation of the performed seismic tests
together with the characteristic response parameters of the model - accelerations and dis-
placements during these tests is given in Table 5.

TABLE 5. Performed seismic tests, phase 2

Top Top
Top acc. Top acc. Top acc. Input
Input disp. disp.
(minaret) (dome) (walls) disp. Comment
acc. [g] (dome) (walls)
[g] [g] [g] [mm]
[mm] [mm]
0.20 0.65 0.40 0.27 2.2 2.3 2.2
0.28 0.82 0.60 0.33 3.3 3.3 3.3
cracks to the
0.34 1.70 0.70 0.40 4.0 4.0 4.1
minaret
first cracks
0.42 - 1.00 0.48 4.7 5.0 4.9 to the
mosque
collapse of
0.49 - 0.88 0.65 5.5 6.4 6.0
the minaret
0.53 - 0.90 0.90 6.1 7.5 7.5
0.58 - 1.00 1.00 7.0 8.9 9.3
0.65 - 0.96 1.10 9.1 12.4 12.5
1.05 - 1.10 1.10 11.4 14.7 16.1
1.40 - 0.70 0.80 13.9 18.8 26.4
heavy dam-
1.50 - 0.54 - 15.3 22.0 - age to the
mosque

The first cracks on the minaret were observed under an input intensity of 0.34g while
on the mosque, the initial cracks appeared at 0.42g input intensity. During the next tests,
cracks developed and, at 0.49g input acceleration, the upper part of the minaret totally
collapsed, Fig. 21. The top displacement and the diagonal deformation of one of the in-
plane walls during this test are given in Fig. 22.

FIGURE 21. Collapse of the upper part of the minaret

p h a se 2, top d is placem en t- C H 19 , span7 0

8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
tim e (s)

p h as e 2, L V D T-C H 25, sp an 70

1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
tim e (s)

FIGURE 22. Response of the model during the test with intensity 0.49g

During the subsequent tests, the cracks on the mosque developed and, after the test
with an input acceleration of 1.5g, the mosque model was heavily damaged and the test-
ing was stopped. The cracking mechanism developed through diagonal cracks in the walls
starting from the openings at the upper part of the model and continuing also in the dome.
Permanent diagonal deformations were observed and measured due to developed cracks
in the walls in the direction of the excitation (in-plane walls). The damaged model and
some details of damages are presented in photos, Figs. 23 and 24. It is interesting that one
of the most damaged parts of the mosque was the one where the minaret is inter-
connected with the wall of the mosque. This damage was obviously influenced by the
bending moment produced by intensive vibrations of the strengthened part of the minaret
that remained practically undamaged after the shaking table testing in this phase. Some
representative time histories from the final test with an input intensity of 1.5g are pre-
sented in Fig. 25.

FIGURE 23. Damage to the model

minaret corner

interior

FIGURE 24. Damage to the model - details

input displacement (mm), SPAN 200 phase 2-CH3, top of the dome, span 200

20 10000
15
5000
10
5 0
0 -5000
-5 -10000
-10
-15 -15000
-20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 time(s)
FIGURE 25. Response of the model during the final test with intensity 1.5g

7.2.3 Dominant frequencies of the model after phase 2 testing

After finishing the seismic tests in phase 2, the dominant frequencies of the model were
checked by ambient vibration measurements and the obtained amplitude spectrum at a
point on the top of the dome is given in Fig. 26. The dominant frequency of the spectrum
was 8.6 Hz., which indicates decreasing of the model frequency by about 32%, which
was still far from the collapse state.

8.6
Rel.amplitude

11.4

frequency (Hz) 25

FIGURE 26. Fourier amplitude spectrum - top of the dome, after phase 2 seismic testing

After checking of the frequencies, the minaret was removed and the mosque model
was rebuilt at that part, as shown in Fig. 27. The decision for removing the rest of the
minaret was made because the minaret was already investigated. The next steps of testing
required much stronger shaking to produce collapse of the minaret creating potential
problems for the shake table. Then, the model was strengthened according to the pro-
posed technique.

7.2.4. Strengthening of the Model after Phase2 Testing

 The strengthening consisted of incorporation of horizontal belt courses for the pur-
pose of increasing the integrity of the structure at those levels and providing as better as
possible synchronous behavior of the bearing walls:

FIGURE 27. Rebuilding of the damaged part after phase 2 testing

Incorporation of carbon rods in two longitudinal mortar joints around the four walls at
two levels: the level above the openings and at the top of the bearing walls, immedi-
ately below the tambour. For that purpose, the mortar in the joints was first of all
grooved down to the depth of 1.5 to 2 cm and such an obtained surface was fixed by a
corresponding material (primer). After curing, longitudinal carbon rods were placed in
the joints of each facade of the bearing walls. At both ends, these rods were cantile-
vered for about 25 cm in order that they could cautiously be bent and attached to the
rods of the adjacent walls. Then the grooved part of the joint was filled with epoxy
resin. To strengthen the corners where the carbon rods were bent and had a lower bear-
ing capacity, a carbon strip with a length of 25 cm was placed upon the resin. With the
incorporation of these carbon rods, a horizontal belt course was formed whereby the
tensile resistance of the wall was improved and synchronous behavior of the bearing
walls was achieved.
Formation of a horizontal belt course around the tambour by applying a CFRP wrap
with a width of 10 cm. After the application and the drying of the layer used for fixa-
tion of the masonry (primer), a thicker layer of epoxy glue (~3-4 mm) was applied for
gluing the CFRP wrap upon it. To impregnate the strip, it was cautiously glued to the
lower layer of resin by means of rollers. Finally, another layer of epoxy glue was ap-
plied and the entire surface was treated with the roller again.
Formation of a horizontal belt course at the base of the dome by use of a CFRP wrap.
The procedure for the formation of this belt course was identical to that used for the
tambour except that the wrap had a width of 50 cm, which is probably too much.
The properties of the applied FRP material are presented in Table 6.
The dimensions of the CFRP wrap as well as the carbon strips and rods have been
considered according to the preliminary numerical analysis. However, for the real struc-
ture, more detailed calculations should be performed before final decision about the di-
mensions of these parts.

TABLE 6. FRP material properties declared by manufacturer

 Tensile Ultimate
Nominal dimensions E (GPa)
Strength (MPa) strain
Pultruded car-
7.5 mm2 (cross section) 77 1300 0.018
bon fibre rods
Carbon fibre
0.176 mm (thickness) 240 3800 0.016
sheets
Epoxy resin - >3 >50 0.025

Some details of strengthening of the model are given in the photos in Fig. 28, while
the strengthened model ready for phase 3 seismic testing is given in Fig. 29.

FIGURE 28. Strengthening of the model after phase 2 seismic testing

FIGURE 29. Strengthened model ready for phase 3 seismic testing

7.3. Phase 3- Testing of Strengthened Model

7.3.1 Dominant frequencies of the model
The dominant frequencies of the model were checked by measuring the ambient vibra-
tions at the top of the dome. The obtained values are presented in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Dominant frequencies of the model before and after strengthening

Frequency
State of the model
(Hz)
before testing phase 2 12.8
after testing phase 2, before strengthening 8.6
after strengthening before testing phase 3 9.2

The frequency of 9.2Hz obtained by ambient vibrations was compared to the frequency of
8.6Hz measured after the testing in phase 2 (Fig. 20), i.e. before strengthening. The dif-
ference in the frequencies indicated that, with the strengthening, the resonant frequency
of the model was increased by about 8%, which means that the stiffness of the model was
not completely recovered compared to the state before the testing phase 2, f=12.8Hz.

7.3.2 Performed seismic tests

The tests were performed with an input acceleration ranging between 0.15g and 1.5g as
specified in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Performed seismic tests in phase 3

Scal. Input Top acc. Top acc. Input displac. Top displac. Top disp.
factor acc (dome) (walls) (mm) (dome) [mm] (walls) [mm]
[g] [g] [g]
6 0.14 0.30 0.20 1.5 1.5 1.5
0.18 0.35 0.23 2.0 2.0 2.1
0.25 0.42 - 3.0 3.0 -
0.29 0.50 - 3.5 3.5 -
0.35 0.59 - 4.0 4.3 -
0.38 0.65 - 4.7 5.0 -
0.40 0.75 - - - -
0.42 0.85 0.45 6.8 7.7 7.0
0.67 1.60 - 7.2 8.5 -
0.87 1.70 1.00 10.6 14.0 12.0
0.82 1.55 0.90 10.0 14.4 11.0
0.90 1.70 1.10 11.0 16.0 13.6
0.80 1.3 - 12.6 16.7 -
3 0.20 0.60 - 7.8 13.0 -
0.46 0.93 - 15.0 22.0 -
1.20 1.10 - 25.0 26.8 -
1.50 1.0 - 30.0 40.0 -
2 0.15 0.40 - 8.4 12.0 -
0.75 0.70 - 27.0 35.0 -
1.00 0.80 - 45.0 52.0 -
1 0.35 0.53 - 58.0 75.0 -

The accelerogram of the Petrovac earthquake, N-S component was scaled by 6 (com-
pressed) in the first 15 tests. During the tests with input intensities between 0.15g and
0.40g the model's behaviour was stable, without occurrence of large cracks. In the next 6
tests with an input acceleration of 0.60-0.80g, sliding of the dome took place at a visible
horizontal crack at its base. The increasing of the input intensities during the tests with a
scaling factor of 6 induced intensive vibrations and sliding along the horizontal crack at
the base of the dome as well as and dislocation of the stones due to failure of the mortar
in the joints. Damage to the belt courses was not observed at any level. The acceleration
and displacement recorded at the top of the dome during test with an input intensity of
0.8g are given in Fig. 30.
phase 3-CH3-span 230, sf 6 phase 3-CH19-span 230, sf 6

15000 20
10000 15
10
5000 5
0 0
-5000 -5
-10
-10000 -15
-15000 -20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time(s) time(sec)

FIGURE 30. Response of the model during the test with intensity 0.80g

An interesting information was obtained comparing the response of the model at the
top of the dome and at the top of the walls, i.e. the 'push-over' curves obtained for the
model during testing in phase 2 and testing in phase 3. These curves are presented in Fig.
31. The curves are not directly comparable because the cracks that developed during the
testing in phase 2 were not repaired before the testing in phase 3. It is obvious that the
strength of the model in phase 3 is higher for about 60%, if we consider the level of the
dome.
Additional information is obtained considering the response of the model at the top
level of the walls during the testing phases 2 and 3. As can be seen from the Fig. 31, in
the case of the original model (phase 2), the dome lost its integrity by sliding along the
base of the dome, while the walls still kept their load-bearing capacity. Considering phase
3, the curve shows that the effect of recovering and increasing of the dome strength is
much bigger than the effect in the case of the walls.

FIGURE 31. Push-over curves, comparison for phase 2 and phase 3, for time scaling fac-
tor sf = 6
The different seismic behaviour of the model in phase 2 and 3 can be appreciated also
considering the response in terms of acceleration measured at the top of the shear walls
and of the dome as a function of input acceleration, Fig. 32. As far as phase 2, scaling
factor 6, it can be noted that damage initiation on the dome occurred for input intensity of
0.42g, while cracking on the walls started at 0.65g. In phase 3, the dome lost its integrity
by sliding for input intensity of 0.67g, while the walls keep in the elastic range till input
acceleration of 0.9g.

FIGURE 32. Response of the model: acceleration measured at the top of the shear walls
and of the dome as a function of input acceleration, phase 2 and phase 3

To provoke a more intensive response of the model, a time scaling factor of 3 and an
input acceleration of 0.46-1.5g were used in the next tests. In this series of tests, many
new cracks appeared in the walls as well as on the dome, decreasing the dominant fre-
quency of the model to f=4.4Hz. This frequency value was more than twice lower com-
pared to the initially measured frequency of 9.2 Hz, thus indicating a pre-collapsing state
of the model. During the test with an intensity of 1.2g, an initial crack in the epoxy resin
of the second belt layer occurred. The time histories of some response parameters during
this test are presented in Fig. 33.
The next two intensive tests were performed by a scaling factor of 2, with an input
acceleration of 0.75-1.0g. Progressive cracks appeared, but still without collapse. The
dome was 'moving' intensively, while sliding along the horizontal crack at its base and
relative displacement at its top reached 8 cm. Diagonal deformations of the walls parallel
to the direction of excitation (CH25, CH26, CH27 and CH28) reached 20mm due to the
wall crack opening during vibration.
The final test was performed by a scaling factor of 1, with an input acceleration of
0.35g. This test was actually performed using the real Petrovac earthquake record, with
the real intensity. Heavy damage of many parts of the model was observed: many cracks
developed on the dome and on the walls around the openings. Due to the intensive shak-
ing, one corner of the model was inclined giving rise to damage to the FRP belt in that
part.The characteristic response parameters during the final seismic test are given in Fig.
34. The damaged model and some details of damage are presented in Fig. 35.

p h a s e 3 -C H 1 9 , s p a n 3 0 0 -s f3

30
20
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
-3 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ti m e (s)

p h a s e 3 - C H 2 7 & C H 2 8 , s p a n 3 0 0 - s f 3

6
4
2 C H 2 7
0
- 2
- 4 C H 2 8
- 6
- 8
FIGURE 33. Response of the model during the test with intensity 1.2g, scaling factor 3

phase 3-CH3, span600-sf1 phase 3-CH19, span600-sf1

6000 100
4000
50
2000
0 0
-2000
-50
-4000
-6000 -100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time(s) time(s)

phase 3-CH26, span600-sf1 phase 3-CH28, span600-sf1

20 10
10 5
0
0
-10
-20 -5

-30 -10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time(s) time(s)

FIGURE 34. Response of the model during the final test with intensity 0.35g, scaling
factor 1
FIGURE 35. Damage of the strengthened model in phase 3

8. Conclusions

The shake table test of the model of Mustafa Pasha Mosque was a good experience to
investigate the behaviour of existing similar historical structures under earthquake action.
The idea of the project was to build a large scale model (as large as possible considering
the shake-table capacity), and try to investigate the failure mechanism of this specific
structure. The next step was selection of strengthening solution based on an innovative
advanced mixed technology, which will affect the structure to the least possible extent.
This complex project consisted of two main parts: experimental and analytical one. These
two parts were interactive. The intention of the interactive performance was to facilitate
the project realization and assure compatibility of the numerical analysis and the
experimental results. Several activities have been performed in that respect: seismic
analysis of the original structure, pre-design of the model to a reduced scale of 1/6,
experimental testing, prediction of the model seismic response, comparison between the
experimental and the analytical response of the model, re-analysis of the strengthened
structure, etc. In this paper, the experimental results are presented. The tested model
shows similar behaviour and damage pattern as the original structure which was damaged
during the Skopje earthquake of 1963, which could be considered as a confirmation of the
correctness of the applied modelling technique.
Summarizing the test results, the authors have several comments:
Considering the efforts and the time consumed to perform many tests of the
original and the strengthened model, it seems that we should be satisfied with the
obtained results. Perhaps some assumptions or considerations can be criticized,
but generally, an interesting information has been obtained regarding the
dynamic behaviour of the Mustafa Pasha Mosque and similar historical buildings
in earthquake conditions.
 The applied strengthening technique can be considered as an effective approach.
Of course, for practical purposes, the strengthening elements should be designed
to have appropriate proportions compatible with the original structure to assure
structural continuity. This could be effectively estimated by numerical analysis
based on the obtained experimental results.
The shake-table test of the mosque model should be considered not exactly as the
right approach for definition of the actual behaviour of the mosque, but as a
global approach, which serves as a basis for verification of the numerical results.
In that case, the assumptions made in this testing could be accepted as reasonable.
The applied testing methodology by using a series of tests with increasing
intensity is considered as appropriate because the intention of the test was to
investigate the progressive damage mechanism (first cracks, cracks
developments, pre-collapse state etc). If safety factor is to be defined as the first
priority of the test, one test under considered earthquake should be performed.
Some of the important questions (damage mechanism, damage concentration,
weak points) have been clearly answered by the obtained test results. On the
original model, the damage mechanism in the minaret was: horizontal cracking at
the base, near the contact with the mosque. The damage mechanism in the walls
was characterized by cracks around the openings and diagonal cracks in the
walls. The weakest point is the dome, at the contact with the walls etc.
The model of the mosque was built without the portico. It would probably affect
the realistic simulation of structural behaviour, but this exclusion allowed
building the model to a larger scale (1/6, instead of 1/10).
For simulation of the similarity between the reduced scale model and the original
structure, the modelling technique of “gravity force neglected model” has been
adopted. This is correct because the gravity loads for this type of structures (thick
walls) are rather small and can be neglected. But, for the minaret, a more
appropriate technique is the “true replica modelling” (assuming reduced modulus
of elasticity). Anyway, this stress distortion didn’t affect the stiffness similarity
(frequency of the minaret was in the required proportion with the original one) in
the linear range. The neglecting of the gravity force will probably affect the non-
linear response of the model.
The main idea of the project was to apply reversible strengthening techniques. The
strengthening technique is not fully reversible because of the presence of epoxy resin for
fixing the CF bars and the CFRP wraps.

Acknowledgments
It is significantly acknowledged the financial support of the European Commission (grant
No. INCO-CT-2002-509119), for funding the research project PROHITECH (Earthquake
PROtection of HIstorical Buildings by Reversible Mixed TECHnologies), which is the
main framework of the experimental activity presented in this paper. Authors are also
grateful to BASF Italy and to arch. Raffaele Hassler for providing material and support in
the application of FRPs.
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