Sectoral Development in Post Conflict Development Scenario

Sivakumar S.S
1. Introduction
The north east region under consideration comprises the whole of eight districts, namely Jaffna,
Mannar, Vavuniya, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, and Amparai and covers an area of
18,881 sq.km. The population in mid 2008 is estimated to be 3.17 million, with growth rate of 1.5% per
annum since 1981. Agriculture, including fisheries, has been the principal economic activity in the region.
Over 50% of the total work forces in the region depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
1. 1 Status of water resources
With the increase in population, industrialization and urbanization, demand for water has
increased. Population has increased from 1.9 million in 1971 to 3.17 million in 2008. The domestic and
industrial water use has to be given due consideration together with agriculture water use. The industrial

forestry and fisheries in whole country. Preliminary calculations based on per capita water use for
domestic needs, water requirement for the irrigation sector and projections for industrial and commercial
water needs show a trend of increasing water demand.
Even though the Government has been developing water resources (surface irrigation facilities as
well as groundwater extraction facilities) for the economic and social wellbeing of the community, it has
found that the scope for further development is reducing gradually. Water resource augmentation is a
limited option since new projects tend to be less technically feasible and less economically viable.
Therefore the importance of conservation and efficient management of available water resources should
be addressed properly.
Groundwater is used in the domestic, agriculture, commercial and industrial sectors. Several
government organizations, non-governmental organizations, commercial enterprises and private sectors
are promoting the extraction of groundwater without any control or restrictions. This problem of
unregulated groundwater use has led to over-exploitation of shallow aquifers and water quality problems.
The major demand management consideration with respect to groundwater is that groundwater
use is unregulated and controlled only by natural occurrence, recharge and the degree of impact by other
groundwater uses. This is clearly an area requiring basic water resource management as well as demand
management.
1.2 Status of agriculture
The agriculture sector, including crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry, has contributed around
50% of the total Gross Domestic Product of the region in recent years. In terms of production, north east
region has been contributing nearly 20% of the total agricultural production in the country during eighties.
The north east region has one third of the land in the country. Though it lies in the dry zone, the available
water resources (surface and under ground) have supported a wide range of agricultural activities.
Prior to the conflict, the north east region has been producing nearly 33% of the rice, 40% of the
dried chilies, 85% of the red onions and 30% of the grain legumes in the country. More than 30% of the
livestock production in the country was originated in this region. Around 55% of the total fish production
has been from the north east region. The present conflict that started in 1983 has had disastrous effects
on the agricultural sector due to extensive damage to public and private assets, exodus of farmers and
fishermen, decline in investment, and shrinkage of supporting services. This has led to a serious decline
in productivity, increased losses, and neglect ion of existing assets, growing unemployment, poverty and
social unrest. An estimate of the losses in agricultural output and damage to public and private assets is
bound to run into several billions of rupees.
2. Development Strategy
The future of the north east region is related to the best use of its land and water resources. The
aim of this proposed water resource and agricultural development strategy is to
Utilize the water resource in an economic manner by practicing effective water management, cop
diversification, micro irrigation and conserve considerable portion of groundwater for the
utilization of future generation.
Shift from subsistence agriculture to a commercially oriented agriculture leading to increase
production, especially of high value of items that would readily find a market, both domestic and
external, promote greater employment and incomes and a higher standard of living.
The need for sustainability in agricultural development is fully appreciated. The strategy while
aiming at increased productivity and improved farming systems also includes measures for conservation
of soil, water and energy resources.
2.1 The principal features of the development strategy
Owing to the diverse nature of the resources, and the need to exploit such resources, the
development strategy, even within a single district, cannot concentrate only on one particular aspect of
agriculture such as crops or livestock. A holistic, integrated approach is therefore essential and any plan
of development should integrate irrigation, crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry within an area in order
to achieve maximum gains. The principal features of the development strategy are:
Conserve surface water by following strict water management techniques
Reserve considerable portion of groundwater for the utilization of future generation by utilizing at
least 25% of the surface water stored in irrigation schemes for domestic and industrial water use
and recharging groundwater.
Stop boring new tube wells and prevent power (Electric or kerosene) pumping from existing tube
wells
Conduct a detail groundwater model study to identify recharge sensitive irrigation schemes and
make a policy of forgoing certain percentage of cultivation in that irrigation schemes and allow
the reserve water to recharge the groundwater
Maximize the utility of rain fall available in the region by constructing as much as possible
detention storage facilities to recharge the groundwater and to store for other uses without
affecting the forest cover.
Maximize the use of physical and natural endowments of the north east region on a sustainable
basis,
Break away from subsistence agriculture and embark on a programme of commercial agriculture
and establish an agro industrial base in the region,
Make use of the comparative advantage the north east region has in certain sectors vice a vice
other region and pursue a path of balanced growth within the region,
Make use of the available human resources to effect the required technological and managerial
transformation of the agricultural sector
3. Strategic Plans for Various Related Sectors
3.1 Irrigation
Against the background of a shift in agricultural policy from monoculture farming to an export
oriented agricultural structure, the fact that development of new farm land has essentially approached its
critical limit, and the fact that there are severe constraints on government capacity to make outlays for
construction of new irrigation facilities which require a large initial investment, there has been a likewise
shift away from the construction of new irrigation facilities to facilitate rehabilitation in order to upgrade the
irrigation efficiency of obsolete irrigation facilities and increase the productivity and cropping intensity of
existing cultivated land. In order to achieve this, institutional and organizational aspects affecting irrigation
system operation have been given priority, and the need to introduce an operation and maintenance
system based on the participation of beneficiary farmers has been recognized.
The water demand for irrigation is obtain at present from surface irrigation schemes (Major,
Medium & Minor) and partly from agro wells and deep tube wells. In the new strategy plan considerable
amount of groundwater is to be kept for the future generation the existing tube wells will be allowed only
for ad-hoc domestic use and no more tube well boring will be allowed in future for the purpose of lift
irrigation. Agro wells and surface irrigation schemes will be used for gravity and lift irrigation schemes
Apart from this strict decision on reserving 20 25 % of usable water in all irrigation schemes will
be kept for domestic and industrial use. This will help increase the groundwater recharge
A detail groundwater model study re-wheeled that change in operational policy of minor / medium
irrigation schemes by forgoing one third of the cultivation under minor / medium irrigation schemes or
keeping one fourth of the storage of minor / medium irrigation schemes at any time will recover on an
average of 45% to 65% of the loss of water table in any consecutive seasons in almost 80% to 90% of the
area under consideration . This new policy of forgoing certain percentage of cultivation in certain recharge
sensitive areas, are to be developed in future.
3.2 Crop agriculture
The main objective in crop agriculture is to breakaway from subsistence agriculture by promoting
high value crops under intensive and commercially oriented agriculture systems. In order to achieve this
objective, the development strategy will focus on rehabilitation of the irrigation schemes based on
potential, crop diversification in paddy fields with high value vegetables, fruits and other field crops,
commercial cultivation of selected fruit crops by private enterprises, establishment of agro allied
industries, replanting of coconut & cashew, strengthening research and extension support and resorting
rural roads and markets.
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 The diversification of paddy fields is advocated because of the availability of irrigation
infrastructural facilities, farmers are used to the cultivation of other field crops and around 50,000 ha are
suited for diversification. Farmers will be more receptive to better management of the water resources
and will be able to handle the new crops or technologies that would give higher returns than at present.
The demand for certain vegetables and fruits is on the increased trend with growing urban population and
the tourist industry. There is also an export potential for selected fruits and vegetables in the fresh and
processed form. Production of fruits and vegetables outside the paddy growing areas will be promoted by
allocating land in extends of 10-20 ha in suitable areas to private investors. The nucleus farm/out grower
system will be emphasized to involve larger numbers of small growers so as to render agro- processing
and marketing commercially viable. Special attention will be given to production of oilseeds to meet local
demand in vegetable oil.
While priority will be given to meeting the domestic demand, export markets will also be sought in
parallel fashion. The region will stimulate the development, growth and sophistication of the existing
market network by giving priority to the roads linking producing areas with markets and by expanding
revolving credit grants, training and other support services. The approach to agro-industrial development
will be to establish industrial zones, provide credit lines to enable firms to re-establish their operations and
to promote private sector initiatives in establishing new industries.
The existing district research and extension systems will be reorganized and strengthened to
ensure that they provide the necessary support for the newly oriented agriculture. Training of staff and
farmers will be intensified and to be offered by NGOs will be supported to undertake activities post
harvest technology and start involving in food technology.
3.3 Livestock
The development strategy in this sector aims at the transformation of the livestock industry from
subsistence to a commercially viable level. The strategy will focus on the production of milk by improving
genetic potential, increasing the availability of feeding resources, providing better animal health services,
and by organizing the MPCS & special cooperatives to service the needs and market
the products.
The justification of developing the dairy industry is based on the existence of a large cattle
population in the province, under extensive as well as intensive forms of management. The average milk
production is low, as there are hardly any incentives for milk production. In order to exploit the potential, a
scheme of upgrading by good quality stud animals and artificial insemination will be intensified. The
producers will be oriented to activate the cooperative societies and assistance will be given to collect
process and market the milk as fluid milk and as value added products.
Livestock rearing will be encouraged on a larger scale on small farms, which is already produce
crops. By distribution of calves and goats to small farmers and by the resulting crop-livestock integration,
the farmers will receive additional incomes and risks of losses by dependence on crops in dry years will
be reduced.
Promoting eggs and meat production using small ruminants will also be part of the strategy.
There is a great demand for these products in the region. Since the region produces large quantities of
maize, cassava and rice bran which are ingredients for a livestock feed industry, private sector investors
will be supported to set up feed manufacturing units, establish hatcheries and organize marketing of eggs
and meat. A livestock farm will be established for the breeding and distribution of improved cattle and
goats to interested persons.
In order to improve the animal health care services will be reorganized and expanded in high
potential areas. The livestock extension services will be integrated with that of the crops sector.
3.4 Fisheries
The main objective in this sector is to bring about a reorientation from fish harvesting to fish
culture and processing while continuing with marine fishing. The strategy focuses on rehabilitation of the
fisheries infrastructure, modernization of existing fleets and equipment with private sector initiatives,
promoting establishment of coastal aquaculture projects by the private sector and strengthening the
research and training facilities.
There is a very great demand for fish within the country. The north east region is capable of
producing more than 100,000 mt. of fish annually. Since a large proportion of the assets (fishing boats,
gear; ice-plants) have been destroyed or lost, assistance will be given in the form of grants and loans to
facilitate rehabilitation of such assets. Investors will be supported to link with local entrepreneurs and
provide support services. A fisheries development advisory council will be set up to advice inquisitors and
facilitate investments. Steps will be taken to provide cold storage facilities in fishing boats and on shore
where ever necessary in order to reduce post harvest losses.
Coastal aquaculture has a very high potential. The region has in the recent past been a major
producer of prawns, crabs, and other products, which have an export potential. The technology already
being practiced in the north western region in aquaculture will be extended to the north east region also.

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 To develop the required expertise for a viable fishing industry and to train high level manpower,
the Universities in Jaffna and Batticaloa will be supported in the establishment of a faculty of marine
studies and aquaculture. The facilities at NARA training centers in the regions will be strengthened to
train technicians and fishermen.
3.5 Agro-allied industries
Development of agro industries has two main aims. One is to process farm produce thus adding
value and creating additional employment opportunities locally. The other is to manufacture, repair and
service the machinery, tools and equipment used by farmers and fishermen. The strategy for promoting
agro-industries focuses on the establishment of the regional industrial advisory service center whose
scope will be widened to cover agro-industries as well, setting up of industrial estates/zones, and making
available the necessary credit, market information, technological support etc. to entrepreneurs.
The development of agro-allied industries is justified by the fact that the region is already a
surplus producing region is respect of paddy, black gram, maize, cassava, ground nut, mangoes etc. The
proposed crop diversification and horticultural development activities will lead to increased production of
more grains and fruits which would be available for processing. Assistance will be given to entrepreneurs
to establish/expand agro-based industrial units.
3.6 Forestry
The strategy for development of forestry in the region lays emphasis on the reforestation
programme to bring at least 30% of the land area under forest cover and a vigorous social forestry
programme with the active participation of the communities in every part of the province. Agro-forestry
programme will also be implemented to integrate trees and shrubs on the farms of manure, fuel wood,
fodder, medicine etc.
These steps are necessary in order to halt the damage resulting from the indiscriminate
destruction of the forests and environmental degradation. The effects are already being felt by less and
erratic rainfall, lowering of the water table and soil erosion. The support of NGOs, educational institutions,
religious establishments and others will be sought to protect the environment and to educate people on its
importance. Three nurseries will be established and planting materials will be distributed extensively.
3.7 Infrastructure
Since the north east region lies within the dry zone of Sri Lanka, irrigation schemes continue to be
the vital source of water for a stable agriculture. Settlements have been created around such schemes
and thousands of families fully depend on the stored water not only for crops but also for livestock and
domestic use as well as for recharging groundwater supplies. For nearly a decade, essential maintenance
work on many of these schemes has not been carried out. Several schemes are in a state of disrepair.
The strategy for improving the infrastructure therefore places high priority on the rehabilitation of the
irrigation schemes and using organizations to manage the projects with a view to reducing future
maintenance costs in using the available water resources in an efficient manner. Water resources
particularly seasonal rivers are not being fully exploited for agricultural purposes. Studies will be
conducted for determining high potential locations for reservoirs, identifying minor tanks for rehabilitation
for irrigation as well as recharging groundwater and areas for agro-wells construction and safe yield from
agro wells.
Rural roads are also in a state of neglect. These connect farming villages and fishing centers to
the towns and markets particularly serve to transport the produce and inputs. These need repairs. Trunk
roads are no exception. Priority will be given to repairs of such roads.
Power supply is essential for the establishment of agro-based industries, ice factories, cold
stores, repair workshops etc. The power supply is non-existent in parts of the region. The strategy
therefore recommends that the supply is restored and rural electrification schemes extended to high
potential areas initially. Regional power stations will be re-established.
3.8 Women in agriculture
The agricultural development strategy will be incomplete without a component to assist women.
This is being stressed because the conflict has led to the loss of several males who were principally
farmers and fishermen. There is also an immediate need to educate women in techniques and methods
of commercial farming in view of their fast increasing role in agriculture. The knowledge and attitudes
gained by them in a conservative environment is no longer valid to face the challenges of the future
development.
The conflict has resulted in large numbers of female headed households where women have to
carry out the farming and fishing activities and support the parents and children. Poverty and destitution
will increase unless some firm measures are taken to off set this trend.
The strategy therefore stresses the need to train such women in income generating skills and
support them with soft credit and marketing facilities. A survey will be conducted to study the magnitude
of the problem and appropriate action will be taken to improve their status.
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3.9 Human resources development
There is a strong need to develop the manpower for the transformation of the agriculture/fisheries
sector. Since it is a limiting factor at present, various strategies have been suggested. This includes a
study of the human resources and skills available and the needs of the future, formulation of a human
resource development plan. Establishment of certain facilities and new courses of study at the
universities, strengthening of existing training facilities, training staff at all levels, mounting multidiscipline
educational programmes for producers and a special focus on training of women.

4. Foot for Thought of Alternate Policy and Strategically Options

4.1 Water resource management policy

4.1.1 Introduction
A number of warnings sign point to increasing water resource problem in the country. Competition
and water shortages will increase as a result of highly variable rainfall and growing demand for water.
Watersheds are being degraded, resulting in sedimentation of reservoirs and more serious floods and
droughts. Water pollution from domestic, agricultural and industrial sources is contaminating surface and
groundwater and affecting public health. Groundwater is being over-extracted in some areas, affecting the
availability of water for others and for environmental values.
All surface and groundwater are owned by the state and managed by the government in
partnership with water users on behalf of all the people living in the country. Water will be managed in a
sustainable manner, recognizing efficiency, equity and environmental objectives. State will take an open
and participatory approach to water resources management and will base decisions on strong and co-
ordinated resource information
4.1.2 Policy objective
The objective of water resources management is to ensure the use of water resources in an
effective, efficient and equitable manner, consistent with the social, economic and environmental needs of
present and future generations.
Further objectives for water resources management is to:
Facilitate national development
Conserve and recognize the value of scarce water resources
Ensure equitable sharing of water resources for meeting current and future demands of the
population through an efficient allocation system.
Recognize the national importance of water allocation to domestic, industrial and irrigation in
terms of such things as the amount of water allocated, number of users and potential for
improved water conservation.(at least 25% of the surface water in existing irrigation schemes to
be kept for domestic industrial water use and charging the groundwater)
Ensure flexibility of water allocation in a way which promotes social harmony and individual
decision making
Safeguard investments in water resources development and other sectors of the economy by
providing water rights and entitlements
Improve standards in the maintenance of safe quality of water sources required for various water
uses
Ensure a healthy environment and sustainable use of both surface and groundwater resources in
a comprehensive manner
Ensure as much as possible recharge of groundwater by keeping 20-30% of assured storage of
storage tanks for domestic and industrial use and reserved potion of storage of recharge sensitive
minor tanks for the recharge of groundwater.

4.2 Groundwater development management strategy

4.2.1 Introduction
Groundwater is widely used for domestic, small-scale irrigation, industrial, rural water supply and
other uses in the country. There are many types of both shallow and deep groundwater aquifers each
with its own characteristics and management needs. In addition to providing a ready source of water for
consumptive purposes, shallow aquifers play an important role in discharging water to other water bodies
during low flow periods. They also support wetlands and native vegetation.

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 North east region terrain both geomorphologies as well as sub-surface geology is more
conducive to groundwater storage than surface storage. Rainfall characteristic also favored groundwater
storage as the losses by evaporation are thereby eliminated resulting in conservation of the meager
yields.
But uncontrolled pumping and no planning of recharge of groundwater is causing sever thread to
the groundwater potential as well as quality of groundwater (salt water intrusion and salination)
4.2.2 Proposed strategy
The major groundwater issues are related to the fact that groundwater is essentially an
unregulated resource. Ownership and management responsibilities for groundwater are not clearly
defined. Although ground water studies have been conducted and well-drilling data collected, there has
been no on going monitoring and co-ordinate information system for groundwater. Intensive urban,
industrial, tourism and other development have contributed to over use and contamination of some
- resulted in
heavy use of shallow groundwater in some areas.
Groundwater development and management will be focused on priority aquifers. Strategically plans
will be developed and implemented by appropriate agencies in a co-ordinated manner based on the
following
To recharge the groundwater storage surface detentions are required. The purposes of restoring
ancient village tanks in north east region are to recharge groundwater in addition to sustaining
livestock and limited gravity irrigation.
Stop boring new tube wells and prevent power (electric or kerosene) pumping from existing tube
wells
To conduct a detail groundwater model study to identify recharge sensitive minor irrigation
schemes and make a policy of for going certain potion of cultivation in that schemes and allow the
reserve water to recharge the groundwater
At least 20-30% of the assured storage of existing irrigation schemes to be reserved for industrial
and domestic water use.
To prevent high extraction from tube wells a complete ban on high yield pumping tube wells to be
enforced. Only hand pumping will be allowed for ad-hoc domestic water use in north east region.
Agro-forest and private gardens with permanent tree crop should be established around the tank.
They can utilize the groundwater direct without pumping. Also they help in soil conservation and
better groundwater recharge.
Lift irrigation facilities from agro wells has to be used carefully, not to exploit the groundwater
resources in a planned sustainable manner. The type of pumps used and the capacity should be
appropriate to the location, ground conditions, cropping pattern with due consideration for
economic, durability, sustainability and environmental protection.
Hand pumps (manual operation) are adequate for home garden less than one acre in extent
planted with permanent trees if water table is high.
Well sweeps and bullock driven water wheels are adequate for shallow well for cultivation of
subsidiary food crop in extent less than one acre
Wind mills, solar power will be found adequate for irrigation of coconut, cashew plantation
pastures and forage in coastal district of the region
4.2.3 Sustainable management of groundwater
The rate of groundwater replenishment and other distinctive features of aquifers will be taken into
account in groundwater planning and management. A long-term perspective will be used in its
management.
4.2.4 Co-ordination of surface and groundwater management
Surface water and groundwater, particularly in shallow aquifers, are closely related resource.
They must therefore be managed in an integrated manner. All the policies of surface water will also apply
to groundwater management. In areas where there are special, urgent groundwater issues planning and
management of groundwater may go ahead.
4.2.4 Management of small scale groundwater users
Small users will be exempt from the requirement to hold entitlements, but local governments will
be encouraged to register small wells and to apply guidelines on well density in groundwater
management areas. Information on groundwater and water conservation will be provided to groundwater
users.

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4.2.4 Groundwater quality
Groundwater quality and other environmental objectives will be co-ordinate by the specialized
division of the proposed institution for water resource development.
4.2.5 Awareness and participation
Greater awareness of groundwater resources will be promoted through participatory approach.
Stakeholder will be encouraged to participate in planning and monitoring of this seasonally fluctuating
resource.

4.3 Irrigation management strategy

4.3.1 Introduction
The Irrigation sector is facing increased challenges not only with respect to demands by other
sectors for the limited water resources but also confronts the issues of a market economy and
international and regional trade agreements that are exerting pressures on prices and thus farmer
incomes. Issues of ability of most farmers to secure full employment from irrigated farming thus impacting
on their income generation avenues are requiring new initiatives as well. Farming for subsistence is no
longer an option and if farming is to be the livelihood adequate income needs to be assured. If rural urban
migration is to be minimized our thrust for industrialization the competitiveness of irrigated small farm
agriculture, operating, as an enterprise has to be assured. The needs for value addition, integrated

service provider to facilitator and regulator with the beneficiaries involved. More and more in control of
management of irrigation systems and thus their own destinies are now being implemented. These
programmers being further influenced by need for reduction of costs to the state on aspects such as
operation and maintenance of Irrigation systems and even improvements and rehabilitation. It is now
accepted policy that beneficiaries are party to and need to contribute actively to meet some of the costs of
system rehabilitation through labour contribution. Commercialization of small farm agriculture is being
actively pursued through pilot programs that envisage sustainability of small scale irrigated farming as an
enterprise. These programs are linked to tenure reforms, such a free hold title and water rights which are
parallel aspects that need to be examined, as part of providing a suitable environment and incentives for
more efficient use of resources and obtaining of investment capital by small farmers, who currently are
captive to non-formal institutional credit and other inhibiting factors.

4.3.2 Key thrust areas in the irrigation sector

Increased productivity in the use of water (i.e. more crop per drop)
Assessment of surface and groundwater potential for conjunctive use.
Integrated natural resources management of command and sources areas of major irrigation
systems.
Improving profitably of irrigated agriculture through integrated farming

4.3.3 Current policy and strategically initiatives

System rehabilitation and improved operations and maintenance with management and
Institutional changes to support participatory system management.
Restructuring of irrigation sector required by changing economic environment and involvement of
private sector including new roles and functions of agencies with regulatory, framework for
management development and quality control.
Facilitation of farmer communities to operate as commercial entities and undertake services for
profit including through value addition at point of production.
Watershed management, participatory forestry, integrated farming, diversified cropping, micro
irrigation, agro-industry and enterprise development to support sustainable and incomes.

4.4 Development strategy of agriculture

4.4.1 Introduction
It is reported that the current economic growth rate of 3 percent of the country economy could be
raised to 6 to 7 percent, in about five years, if present situation continued in north east region the negative
growth observed in the north east region and the dramatic decline in agricultural production could also be
reversed. The growth momentum will initially be the result of the rehabilitation, reconstruction efforts of
the north east regional administration.

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 There would be increased agriculture production a substantial increase in fishing, higher rural
milk production, renewed production from abandoned industries like cement, chemicals, salt and
palmarah and increase in the revenue from tourism.
Most important of all are the enhanced domestic private investment and a surge of foreign
investment. The entrepreneurs in the north east region have not been able to take advantage of the new
investment climate created under the liberalized, export-oriented economic policies of the government
because of the unsettled political and security situation up to last year. Now the prevailing peace initiative
will encourage the investors to invest in this region.
The increased domestic market for goods and services in the north east region would be an input
to the agriculture sector to respond. Long term gains to the national or regional economy would come
from financial savings in public expenditure, which would enable the government at central or regional
level to have a better macro-economic management of the country.
Lower rates of inflation and improvements in balance of payments is also a recognized fact that
the economic growth of the north east region, particularly the agriculture sector, generates its momentum
through increased savings and investment and provides the multiplier effect on the growth of the
economy.
In the long term, the north east region offers prospects of developing various agri business and
agro based industries which could contribute significantly to the national economy. In addition, the north
east region could provide skilled human resources, which could attract foreign investors. One of the main
input water, which is limited in the region, is of vital importance for the agriculture development process,
especially in crop and livestock sub-sectors. This should be the rationale for concentrating on high value
agricultural commodities and agro-processing industries for export.
4.4.2 Objectives
The sub sectors strategies proposed will lead to the achievement of the following objectives.
To maximize the use of physical and natural endowments of the region such as land climate ,
water, forest, fisheries resources, crop and livestock combined with manpower resources for
increased production,
To make a concerted effort to break away from subsistence agriculture and to stimulate the
development of commercial agriculture and establish an agro-industrial base in the region there
by enhancing the incomes and raising the standards of living of the rural population.
To exploit the comparative advantage of the north east region in certain sectors vis-à-vis other
provinces and pursue a path of district wise but balanced growth within the region
To make greater use of the available human resources in the region to effect the required
technological and managerial transformation of the agricultural sector.
To strengthen the research arm that will support the proposed agricultural development strategy.
To create new markets and spur innovation in production and marketing techniques
To foster the expansion of non-farm activities in the areas
To create an environment to expand active participation of the private sector and foreign
investment.
To accelerate the rate of economic growth of the north east region by the restructuring process
already set in motion in other parts of the country.
4.4.3 Paddy cultivation
Paddy production will continue to receive priority in the region with one of the main objective of
increasing yields and production as well as increasing the profit margin, with this end in view the following
strategies will be adopted.
Paddy will be cultivated in poorly and ill-drained tracts. Well drained lands will be diverted to
other high value field crops. High potential major and minor schemes will be identified and
distribution system will be modernized where necessary. Production programmes supported with
input supplies, credit and marketing will concentrate in such areas initially. Schemes with lesser
potential will be taken up thereafter.
Production of high quality seed paddy will be organized with farmer support and backing by
research and extension to ensure timely supply to farmers and for outside markets
The agricultural research stations will intensify programmes to test varieties for rained and saline
paddy fields. Research will also focus on testing higher yielding shortage (3 months) rice
varieties for the yala season.

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 Rational use of water in the irrigation schemes will be ensured by effective water management
involving the farmer beneficiaries. Cropping intensity will be increased with better water
management practices.
Rain fed cultivation of paddy will be supported by facilities for timely cultivation.
4.4.4 Crop diversification and other crops
Diversification of crops in paddy fields will be promoted on well drained rice fields with
supplementary irrigation where necessary. Pilot projects will be established to demonstrate
the feasibility of such a methods in areas where such a need exists.
The crops to be included in a scheme of diversification will include high value vegetables,
other field crops and fruit crops as bananas and grapes. Water saving methods of irrigation,
such as micro irrigation, will be introduced for the fruit crops.
The cultivation of black gram, ground nut, green gram, pigeon pea, soybean, sesame and
sun flower on high lands in maha will be intensified by the distribution of seed materials and
by organising private sector marketing. This will ensure adequate supply for processing and
export. Oil seeds production for commercial production of vegetable oils will be expanded
Similarly, the cultivation of manioc, maize and sorghum will be promoted by issue of
seeds/planting materials and by organizing private sector marketing in order to facilitate the
setting up of a livestock feed manufacturing industry.
Sugarcane production will continue to be an important activity. Steps will be taken to
increase productivity on existing land & water and reducing the cost of production.
4.4.5 Research, extension, training and seed production
The effective support for crop diversification and extend cultivation of selected high value crops
on a commercial scale through introduction of superior varieties and location specific technology and at
ension, training and seed production activities
require restructuring and strengthening. This can be achieved by following the strategy below.
The existing regional research stations in the north east region will be strengthened and facilities
improved in order to plan, organize and implement applied and adaptive research programmes in
respect of paddy, other field crops, vegetables and fruits. Adaptive research trials in farmers will
be extended to cover micro agro ecological regions. The research stations will also undertake
soil testing and inventories the soil resources for optimum use.
Intensified research on selected fruits & vegetables will be undertaken at a site close to the
commercial orchards to cater to the proposed horticultural development on a commercial scale
with nucleus/out-growers. A new horticultural substation will be established if necessary.
Universities will be offered research contracts to undertake research for the development of new
technology particularly for post harvest operational (storage and processing) with a view to
reducing losses due to glut and low prices and for producing processed products for the markets.
The regional research stations instead of sending samples to outside laboratories will undertake
seed testing and certification. This will cut down on delays in certification and consequent in
ability to the department to supply quality seeds to farmers at the required time.
The agriculture and land use division in the proposed institution will formulate a medium term
seed & planting materials production plan in respect of selected crops and varieties, with annual
targets for implementation. This plan will involve the following three components.
Strengthening government farms to produce the maximum quantities of registered
seeds and other planting materials.
Using contract growers to multiply enough certified seed.
Involving private entrepreneurs in commercial seed production and planting materials
for local and outside markets.
The regional extension system will be restructured and staff developed on a rational basis. And
integrated extension approach will be introduced. The private sector will be permitted to carry out
specialized advisory services on a fee basis and to organize the commercial production and
marketing of specific crops and live stock. The restructure extension system will take full
advantage of services offered by NGOs and farmer organizations. Such services will be
coordinate by the extension services in order to conform to the proposed extension strategy.
The regional authority will undertake a study of the human resources and skills available and the
specialized that will be required over a medium term for implementation of the strategy. The
regional authority will formulate an appropriate human resource development strategy to meet the
needs of the agriculture/ fisheries sector.
9
 Staff training will be intensified at all levels in technical, management and order fields for
successful implementation of this strategy.
4.4.6 Processing and marketing.
Increasing the value added component of agricultural products, marketing quality products and
maintaining an institutional set up for better marketing will be the main objectives of processing and
marketing strategies outlined below:
In order to promote processing and improve marketing options, the scope of the regional
industrial advisory service center will be widened and suitable institutional arrangements will be
made to cover the entire province. This center will established market research facilities, provide
information and advice to investors, facilitate investment in production, link buyers with producer
organizations and provide support and incentives to those interested in investing in agro-
processing industries, and serve as a forum in resolving market related issues.
Private sector investors (local and foreign) will be facilitated to set up to collaborate with small
producers in forming joint ventures.
Support for agro-processing development in the region will principally be
To expand the capacity of existing plants by granting them 50% of the cost of importing
machinery and equipment and
To target promising products by providing revolving credit lines (medium term) to enable
the firms concerned to expand their operations.
The region will concentrate on the production of black gram, groundnut, sunflower, sesame,
green gram and soybean to ensure adequate supplies for processing and supply to domestic and
foreign markets. Sorghum, maize and cassava production will be promoted to facilitate the
establishment of a livestock feed manufacturing industry. Milk production will be encouraged to
support the preparation of cottage scale milk products for the domestic market.
4.4.7 Credit
With the objective of providing credit on reasonable terms to producers and investors, the
following strategy will be adopted.
Special soft line credit schemes will be formulated and implemented specially to give coverage to
those who are not eligible under the existing schemes due to losses sustained during the conflict
period.
Group lending will be encouraged through credit societies and rural banks
Credit schemes now in operation for investors in nucleus estate farming and agro-based
industrial ventures will be extended
A reconstruction and development bank will be established in the north east region to meet the
specific credit requirement of the region resulting from the heavy loss capital assets and to meet
the needs of development
4.4.8 Economic Infrastructure
The infrastructure development strategy will take into account the backlog created by the non
implementation of the major development programmes in the past, the extensive damage and losses that
have occurred, the need of the present, and the need to facilitate a sustainable development keeping in
par with development in other regions.
4.4.9 Irrigation
Minor tanks will be rehabilitated with the multiple objectives of providing water for paddy and
other field crops through lift irrigation where ever feasible, providing water for human and
livestock use and for re-charging ground water resources. Criteria will be developed for
rehabilitation of such tanks so that investment priorities can be determined.
The region will ensure that major tanks, rehabilitated with the priority and urgency that would
meet the regional needs.
The water resources in the Batticaloa lagoon are not being fully exploited for agricultural
purposes. The use of this resource will be promoted by continuous monitoring of quality and
identifying crops and related technology for its utilization. Studies will be conducted to determine
the economic viability of converting some of the lagoons into fish water reservoirs.
Farmers associations will be formed and give responsibility for management of irrigation
schemes. Especially for maintenance of canal, de-silting and water distribution. The associations
will be free to levy charges on water if considered necessary.

10
 The regional will conduct empirical research on conservation of water resources. Successful
water conservation & management practices such as those practiced in successful schemes in
other regions will be extended to these schemes with farmer association participation.
Assistance will be given to construct agro-wells in areas where underground water resources
exist. So as to facilitate the cultivation of other food crops and horticultural crops. This will be
based on a groundwater resources survey. To prevent over exploitation, depletion and
degradation of ground water quality, a monitoring mechanism will be introduced to maintain a
balance between exploitation and recharge based on detail groundwater study
4.4.10 Road, railway and sea transport
Rehabilitation of agricultural roads and fisheries roads will be undertaken on a priority basis in
order to facilitate the movement of inputs to producers and of produce to the markets.
The trunk roads connecting major cities and the coastal road will be upgraded with the necessary
bridges and causeways to facilitate heavy transport.
The damaged railway line and the new railway line from Mullaitivu and Pottuvil will be constructed
for passenger, cattle and goods transport.
Transport of produce and cattle across lagoons and by sea has been an important traditional
practice (eg. Pooneryn, Mutur, Verugal, Batticaloa, Kalmunai, Mannar etc.). A progrmme will be
launched to identify and revitalize the landing points and ferry service by the state.
4.4.11 Livestock
Livestock development will receive high priority in the region, the main objectives being the
transformation of subsistence level livestock sector into a commercial one. The priority focus will be on
improving the stock, improving management practices and the health care system, expanding feed
resources, developing processing facilities an improving the marketing system.
The region will concentrate on dairy development first, followed by goats and poultry. The
principal approach will be to promote intensive management of cattle and integrating this with crops on
large numbers of small farms. Crop livestock integration has several advantages. Crop residues are
utilized by cattle, manure enriches the soil and substitutes for fertilizer, dairy products add to the family
nutrition and there is an overall increase in family income. In areas where large herds exist, the approach
will be to improve the herds and raise livestock management skills. To achieve these following strategies
will be adopted
The existing stock will be upgraded through cross breeding programmes using stud animals of
high genetic potential from India and /or by using frozen semen for artificial insemination.
(Sahiwel & Jersey). Under intensive system, breeds such as Holstein and Jersey will be used for
upgrading.
-oriented and expanded in order to provide group
support services such as feed supplies, veterinary health care, artificial insemination as well as

will be given loans to under take such operations.

The dairy industry needs reasonably priced feeds in order to expand. Cost sharing arrangement
will be the principal approach to be used by the region to attract entrepreneurs into manufacturing
conventional and non- conventional animal feeds.
The rice bran produced locally is of poor quality. Cost sharing arrangement will be introduced to
induce millers to use rubber rollers. A similar cost sharing system will be employed to promote the
establishment of modern abattoirs, which will also be the base for by-products such as skins and
hides. The current band on slaughter on female cattle and buffaloes will be reviewed.
Since the National Livestock Development Board is unable to meet the demand for bull calves for
upgrading the cattle. A livestock breeding station will be established to multiply bull calves to
meet the demand. This station will also multiply draught animals of improved quality for sale to
-ops and private cattle breeders who will receive loans, land etc. in support of such
activities.
Selected natural pasturelands will be converted into improved pastures with the subsidy schemes
and management entrusted to private entrepreneurs.
In order to promote goat & sheep rearing, good quality study animals and dual purpose young
does will be made available. The regional authorities will establish a livestock farm for production
and distribution of improved stock to breeders and for training in management and disease
prevention. A buy back system will be introduced in order to distribute improved animals on a
wider scale.

11
 The regional animal production and health service will integrate its extension staff with the crop
extension staff and operate joint programmes for crop/livestock integration. The veterinary health
care will be strengthened. A special unit will be set up within the Dept. to channel loans to co-ops
and farmers to assist import and distribution of high quality animals and any equipment.
Private sector will be the main agent for poultry development and will be supported to set up
hatcheries, produce and sell feeds, and organize producers to market eggs and meat. Self
employment ventures, particularly by women, will be supported.
The regional authority will support the universities in the region to set up disease investigation
laboratories and carry out research on feeds and feeding, breeding etc.
Regular livestock markets will be organized in order to facilitate sales and regulate market prices.
Necessary regulations will be enacted to enforce quality control and stipulated hygienic
requirements of products and internal quarantine and animal movement.
A disease surveillance programme will be introduced and steps taken to reduce losses by
diseases.
4.4.12 Fisheries
The strategy for the fisheries sector focuses on the re-orientation of this sector from fish
harvesting to fish culture and processing. Marine fishing will continue to be the mainstay for fish
While aquaculture will be mainly for export purposes.
A fisheries development advisory council will be set up to advice investors, facilitate investment in
production, link investors with local entrepreneurs and promote support services and incentives.
A credit programme will be introduced to facilitate rehabilitation of all private sector productive
assets in north east region.
The present post harvest losses are heavy. In order to reduce such losses while at sea and after
landing, cold storage containers will be introduced in fishing boats, on the shore & during
transport.
The regional authorities will share the cost with the private sector to establish ice plants, cold
storage units, and boat building yards and refrigerator transport.
Fisheries harbors, anchoring facilities beacon lights landing points and dredging of canals will be
developed by the regional authorities
Fisheries co-operative societies will be re-organized and members educated on how to manage
the coastal fish resources to achieve equitable distribution of the common stock, in techniques of
modern fishing, post harvest loss reduction and more on development and marketing rather than
welfare.
In order to replenish exploited stock rather than welfare in the coastal areas, fish aggregating
devices will be introduced.
In order to monitor the available fisheries resource, a systematic record keeping of fish catch will
be maintained by the fisheries department. A database will be maintained on a continuing basis
and utilized for future planning.

regional fisheries federations. This operation will help in easy location of fishing grounds;
economize on services and maintenance, and in developing marketing and management skills.
Modernization of existing coastal, offshore and deep sea fishing fleets will be undertaken through
private sector initiatives. Importers of engines, fishing gear etc. will be invited to demonstrate
such equipment for fuel saving and safety criteria.
Foreign investors will be invited to set up fish trading houses. The aim will be to encourage the
local suppliers with information on quality standards, packaging type of fishing methods etc.
The export of traditional products will be supported. Ornamental fish culture and establishing of
crocodile farms by private sector for export will also be promoted.
A programme will be launched to investigate into the causes that led to the declined of the pearl
fishing industry in Mannar and to review this industry on a commercial basis.
4.5 Cost sharing and water conservation in the irrigation sector
st water consumer and commands the largest water
resource infrastructure. However, it is dominated by paddy production, which generates relatively low
economic returns per units of water and gives farmers little ability to pay for water resource management

12
services. In recognition of the national importance of water allocation to the irrigation sector, the following
strategy will be followed to promote effective water conservation in the irrigation sector.
Water management cost shares will be calculated for all stake holders, including irrigation
users. Government will pay a share of these costs for irrigation through a transparent subsidy
Irrigation farmers will continue to share the cost of operation and maintenance of local
irrigation schemes, as they now do, mainly through labour and in-kind contributions. These
costs will be shared among farmers in a way which promotes water conservation by
recognizing the volume and reliability of water supplied
Information and technical assistance will be given to farmers to promote water conservation.
This will include information on more water-efficient crop alternatives and farming practices
Improved irrigation water management services will be promoted. This may include better
measurement and control of water delivery at the farm level. Farmers who benefit from
improved services will be asked to share these costs in an equitable manner.
4.6 Institutional arrangement for water resource and agriculture development and
management
4.6.1 Introduction
To implement the policy foundation mention above a centralized authority in charge for all the
water resources available in north east region to be established. This authority should be given full
authority to handle the development, maintenance and improvement of all the river basins, water bodies
and aquifers that are covering the entire water resources of this area to be established for the region.
4.6.2 Objectives
The main objectives of the authority in charge for water resources development will be as follows:
Development of water resources for irrigated agriculture (gravity and lift), drainage, flood control,
domestic and industrial water use.
Provision of irrigation and drainage facilities for cultivable lands in irrigation and drainage projects.
Water management for increase irrigation efficiency.
Development of groundwater
Monitoring of groundwater potential.
Monitoring of surface water potential
Land consolidation of the lands under existing irrigation schemes.
4.6.3 Functions
The functions of the authority in charge for water resources development arising from the above
objectives will be: -
Preparation of master plans for development of the different river basins for the optimum
utilization of lands and water resources.
Project formulation and detail designs of irrigation, water supply, flood control, reclamation and
agriculture projects.
Construction of irrigation and settlement projects for the conservation, diversion and distribution
of water under gravity and lift irrigation to new and existing lands for cultivation by farmers for
flood crop production.
Construction of drainage, flood protection and salt water exclusion projects for the protection of
cultivable land to enable the cultivation of such lands with rainfall for food crop production with
minimized risk and to improve the quality of groundwater
Operation, maintenance, improvements, rehabilitation and water management for medium and
major gravity, drainage and lift irrigation projects.
Research in hydraulics, hydrology, soil mechanics, engineering geology, engineering materials
groundwater development, water management, agriculture and land use as applied to water
resources development projects.
Providing constancy services to government departments, statutory boards/corporations, public
and private institutions and individuals, in the fields of water resources development, foundation
engineering, quality control of earthwork and concrete, hydraulic and groundwater model studies
and land use planning.

13
4.6.4 Organizational arrangements
The proposed authority should have a head office in a central place and at least having four
divisions in head office for surface water development and management; groundwater development and
management; water supply and drainage division and agriculture division. In the field level at least ten
divisional offices to frame out proposals to develop the water resource available in that division and do
the maintenance and monitoring of the available water resource to be setup. Under every divisional office
at least three to four sub-divisional offices to implement the policy foundation mentioned above will be
setup.
Apart from these arrangements the following specialized units to be established in the head office
level to handled the research and specialized constancy services to the divisional offices.
Hydraulics and hydrology division
Soil mechanics and engineering materials division
Groundwater and engineering geology division
Agriculture and land use policy planning division
Capacity building Institution.
Water management division.

5. Project Report on Improvements to Groundwater System and Prevention of Salt

Water Intrusion in the Vanni Coastal Areas
5.1 General
Unlike other natural resources, water is a unique resource, which renews itself. It is due to its constant
circulation in the ocean-atmosphere-earth-ocean system. No matter how much water is consumed in daily life,
its amount seldom dwindles. With time and under certain conditions water regains its properties and becomes
fit for reuse. This is probably the reason why water resources appear to be unlimited for a long time.
The key consumer of fresh water is agriculture rather than industry. Irrigation of fields, orchards and
estates claim almost 80% of the water consumed the world over.
Unfortunately, 97.5% of all water resources on earth are salty. Consequently, fresh water including the
one in glaciers accounts for only 2.5% Even here the most accessible one is as little as 0.3% moreover the
natural distribution is extremely uneven. This unevenness is aggravated by the still greater unevenness of the
geographical distribution of human settlements. Shortage is noticed where there is an excess of population and
industry. Besides, modern industry, with its manufactures of increasingly complex and diverse products
requires not just fresh, but exceptionally clean water. Many countries are short of this clean water. Treatment
of fresh water for getting clean water further reduces the bulk of fresh water.
5.2 Introduction of the problem
Due to the large negligent of the existing salt water exclusion dykes almost all the structures are
damaged and bunds are not existed. This allowed the sea water introduce in to the main land through non-
perennial river mouths in high tidal time. Apart from the tidal salt-water intrusion, same place excess pumping
of water for Irrigation, improper drainage and ad-hoc land reclamation leads to salination of coastal belts of
Vanni.
This salination problem together with the situation prevailed in the country made more than 75,000 ha.
of good fertile land abundant from cultivation and habitation. By abandoning quite a lot of coastal land leads to
salty weeds spread and the bear land and further block the rain water to flash out to sea and leads to water
logging and further land interior also become brackish groundwater. This is the high time to stop the fresh
groundwater surface getting pushed inside in the main land
5.3 Area to be developed
In the west coast of Vanni starts from Valipadu. Kumilamunai, Nachchikudah to Elephant pass and in
the east coast Chundikulam, Mathalan, Salai, Nayaru and Kokulai areas. The above two coastal belt covers the
following twenty three non perennial river basin mouths.
1. Kunchikumban aru 6. Churian Aru 11.Per aru
2. Palakkattai aru 7. Chavar Aru 12. Maruthapilly Aru
3. Yan Oya 8 Palladi aru 13.Thoravil aru
4. Mee Oya 9. Nay aru 14. Piramenthal aru
5. Ma Oya 10. Kodalikallu aru 15.Nethali aru

14
16. Kanakarayan aru 19.Mandekal aru 22. Chappi aru
17.Kalawalappu Aru 20. Pallaryan Kaddu 23. Parangi Aru
18. Akkarayan aru 21.Pali aru

These coastal lands are to be saved from salination. Around 200 km coastal length to a depth of 1
km 8 km area experienced this salination problem. Nearly 10,000 families depend of fishing living this area
are suffering from non availability of fresh water from drinking. More than 25,000 families having, 75,000 ha.
of good fertile cultivation land along the coastal river mouth are finding difficult in their livelihood.
The problems causing concern in this vast coastal belt is at highly cavernous and permeable nature
of lime stone in this region through which saline water intrudes in land. The groundwater being the main
source of Irrigation beside the scare rainfall in the area, the affect of saline water intrusion is ruinous. Except
a few minor tanks and ponds and same small sand dames occur in the non perennial rivers are the only
surface irrigation facility available.
There are quite a large number of open wells in this coastal region, which have been the main
source of supplying fresh groundwater to crops as well as the human being. The concentrated local
pumping resulted in lowering the water table and this in turn paved the way for easy intrusion of saline water
in land due to reversal of hydrological gradient. The result is the deterioration of quality and quantity of
ground water. The increase in the total dissolved solids further affects the agricultural outputs and the
income of the farmers.
In the last two decades inadequate rain have resulted into very law recharge to groundwater system.
The situation further aggravated when farmers started utilizing water from the wells, which was adversely
affected due to higher withdrawals, which was the only mode of irrigation available. Centenary use of such
water with high percentage if total dissolved salt coursed certain deteriorated in quality of agricultural sales
and persistent withdrawals from these wells coursed persistent ingress of saline water in the coastal belt and
then created the problem of inadequate drinking water supply in this area.
5.4 Remedial measures proposed.
5.4.1 Salinity contract technique
Reconstruction of salt water exclusion bunds
Construction of groundwater dam
Construction of tidal regulators.
5.4.2 Recharge Techniques
Construction of check dams
Construction of recharge tanks
Construction of recharge wells
Spreading channels
Afforested
5.4.3 Management techniques
Change in cropping pattern
Regulation of groundwater extraction by legislation
5.5 Salinity contract technique
5.5.1 Salt water exclusion bund and tidal regulators
To prevent salty water entering into main land a small bund is to be constructed along the
periphery of coastal area adjoining to river mouths and in low MSL areas. The river mouths to be closed by
tidal regulators.
The tidal regulator will prevent salt water getting in to the river and will impound fresh or slightly
polluted water in its upstream side. During law tidal time if the regulator gates are opened the impounded
water will flash out. If this process goes on continuously there will be a flashing out of salt dissolves in
coastal area as well as prevention of salt water into the river. But this needs good operational
arrangement. The tidal regulator gates must be operated properly and designed to resist salty wind
corrosion.
5.5.2 Construction of groundwater dam
An under ground dam to prevent groundwater flow to sea could be constructed around one
kilometer inside of coastal beet to store rain water which infiltrate into the ground. The site location, spill
16
level to avoid water logging to be designed after detail study. The advantages of such dams are given
below:
Store the scare rain water which would otherwise go waste as surface runoff
Preserve soil moisture in the forest area and support the growth of timber yielding trees.
Prevent floods in lower reaches
Enrich groundwater potential in the basin
Raise the groundwater table in a relatively poor aquifer to enrich its potential
Meet the fresh water needs of human settlement in the basin.
5.6 Recharging techniques
5.6.1 Check dams
Check dam is a low weir without an outlet, generally constructed across small rivers for storing
fresh water for post monsoon flow. In order to allow partial or full floods during monsoon wooden planks or
iron gates are to be provided in the bunds of the check dams in suitable areas (not all the places). It
provides facility to lift irrigation in surrounding areas. Also permits recharge through percolation in the
adjoining wells.
These check dams to be constructed in services of at least 300 m intervals. The process will
increase the groundwater potential and push the brackish-fresh water interface towards sea.
5.6.2 Recharge tank
Check dams can be used for diverting surplus water to recharge tanks (low diversion) in the near
by areas during the periods of floods. In the above center, recharge tanks will not only help in increasing
the rate of recharge but also improve the quality groundwater.
5.6.3 Recharge wells
Recharge wells are open dug wells 3 to 4 m in diameter dug in the bed of rivers or tanks. They
are to be filled with rubble and sand if the bed material is not a good filter to some extent to filter the
floodwater into the ground.
5.6.4 Spreading canals
Spreading canals is one of the acceptable measures when recharge is desired along a narrow but
a continuous long area. The fresh water barrier that will be formed through induced recharge will also
check the movement of saline water from seaside. Therefore, it channels are provided near the coastal
line they would work as a good recharge cum salinity control barrier by creating fresh water pool on land
side and which will push back sea water intrusion by its hydrostatic head.
5.6.5 Afforest ration
The total amount of water entering the ground is governed by the time available for infiltration. If
the rainfall water can be made to move slowly, the amount of infiltration will increase. This type of increase
in detention time can be had by physical obstruction of trees and vegetation covers.
A good tree belt of 15 meters high tree will obstruct wind and effectively protect an area of 450 to
500 meters and have beneficial effects over an area of 1000 to 1500 meters on the leeward side.
5.7 Management techniques
5.7.1 Change in cropping pattern
After detail study of the soil, climatologically and agronomic conditions, prevailing cropping
patterns to be changed. The new crops proposed should have law water requirement, salt tolerant, semi
salt tolerant crops and boron resistant crops. For the effective implementation of this change in cropping
patterns Dept. of agriculture to be guided by universities research divisions.
5.7.2 Regulation of groundwater extraction by legislation.
As reported earlier, the uncontrolled development of groundwater by concentration local pumping
in coastal area (even 5-8 km in side of sea beach) without provision for recharging has resulted in over
withdrawal causing sea water to intrude in to the land. This needs to be curbed. There fore some sort of
arrangement to be made to enforce groundwater legislation for future expansion of construction of wells.
5.7.3 Cost Estimate
Before doing a detail estimation a detail survey to be done in the 200 km long coastal belt to a
depth in land area 5 km to study the topography and all the 23 rivers, to be leveled from mouth to at least 5
km along the bed. The survey should include all the location about minor Irrigation schemes in the vicinity.

16
 After the survey necessary design and detail estimates can be framed for the entire project.
Herewith an expense estimate is given
1. Survey and investigation 5,000,000.00
2. Salt water exclusion bund 200,000,000.00
3. Tidal regulators 45,000.000.00
4. Check dams 80,000,000.00
5. Recharging tank, well forestation and spreading of canal 120,000,000.00
---------------------
450,000,000.00
Other Administrative expenses 50,000,000.00
--------------------
Total cost 500,000,000.00
-----------------------

5.7.4 Benefit Cost Analysis

The normal methods of working out benefit cost analysis applicable to irrigation schemes will not
be applicable for recharge of groundwater and salinity control schemes. The groundwater development
projects have in addition to direct benefit lots of indirect benefits.
Hence spending Rs 500 million on an area of over 500 sqr. mile land having more than 75,000 ha.
of fertile land and 25,000 farm families and 10,000 families of fishing community, is economically feasible
considered all the indirect benefits?
5.8 Monitoring of salinity increase
In order to study the extend of salinity ingress area wise and quality wise, special monitoring cell
has to be created. This cell should carryout the micro level geophysical and geohydralic investigation
along the coastal area through selected observation wells.
The scope of monthly well and other monitoring mechanism should cover the followings.
Observations of water level fluctuation through a net work of observation wells during pre
monsoon and post monsoon to determine the seasonal variation every year.
Observation of chemical quality of groundwater to monitor seasonal and long term variation.
Conducting repeat geological sounding on oriented profiles seasonally to determine movement of
saline-fresh water interface, if any.
Evaluation and correlation of geoelectrical and geohydrological data will give a comprehensive
picture of variation in the areas and sub surface horizon. This type of monitoring and evaluation will help
from any future project elsewhere. Even universities can conduct research programs while the project is
going on.

5.9 Conclusion and recommendation

In conclusion the mostly ignored water resource under the ground and its improvement needs
more attention. By implementing this project direct beneficiaries are the people living in the immediate
vicinity but there are lots of indirect benefits to surrounding areas. Hence the project is strongly
recommended for funding and implementation.

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