NAME : NIRJHAR SINGHA ROY

CLASS : XII SEC : S1 ROLL NO. :

14
BOARD ROLL NO. :
This is to certify that NIRJHAR
SINGHA ROY of class XII-S1 has
satisfactorily completed the
investigatory project on ‘FOAMING
CAPACITY OF SOAPS’ under the
guidance of MRS. BHASWATI DE
during the session 2019-20.

Teacher’s sign External

Invigilators
Sign.
I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to the
people who have helped & supported me throughout
my project. I’ m grateful to Mrs. Bhaswati De and
Mr. Milon Sarkar for their continuous support for
the project, from initial advice & encouragement to
this day.

Special thanks of mine goes to my colleague, Ms.

Radhika shah who helped me in completing the
project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts & made
this project easy and accurate.

I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided

support & interest who inspired me & encouraged me
to go my own way, without which I would be unable to
complete my project. At last but not the least I want
to thanks my friends who appreciated me for my
work & motivated me.
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids
like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated
or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of
about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped
structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one end
is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the
other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and grease.

CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution

that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate
the solution on the surface and causes foaming. This helps
the soap molecules make a Soaps are sodium or potassium
salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic
acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a
long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one
carboxylic acid group as the functional group. A soap
molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have
different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon
chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in
water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar
carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but
insoluble in oil and grease.

Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard

water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with
sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of higher
fatty acids.
2+ +
2C17H35COONa +Ca (C17H35COO) 2 Ca +2Na (Water
. soluble) (ppt.)
2+ +
2C17H35COONa + Mg (C17H35COO) 2 Mg +2Na

This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium

Carbonate.
2+ +
Ca + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na
2+ +
Mg + Na2CO3 MgCO3 +2 Na
INTERNET:

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BOOKS:

Ncert books
Comprehensive practical
chemistry
AIM To compare the foaming capacities of five
different commercial soaps in soft water.

APPARATUS 4 test tubes, 4 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube

stand, 4 different soaps and stop watch.

THEORY The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends

upon the nature of soap and its concentration.
This can be compared for various samples of
soaps by taking the same concentration of
solution and shaking them. The foam is formed
and the time taken for disappearances of foam
in all cases is compared. The lesser the time
taken by a solution for the disappearance of
foam, the lower is its foaming capacity.

PROCEDURE • 4 conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken

and numbered 1 to 4.
• In each of these flasks equal amounts (say
2 gm) of the given samples of soap
shavings or granules are taken and 40 ml
of distilled water is added.
• Each conical flask is kept for few days to
dissolve all the soap completely.
• In a test-tube stand, 4 big clean and dry
test tubes are taken and numbered 1 to 4
• 2 ml of the 4 soap solution is then poured
in the test tubes of corresponding number.
• 2 ml. of distilled water is then added to
each test tube.
• All test tubes are then shaken vigorously
for 2 mins.
• The foam would be formed in the empty
 space above the container.
• Stop watch is started immediately and the
time taken for the disappearance of foam
is noted. The lesser the time taken for the
disappearance of foam, the lower is the
foaming capacity.

OBSERVATION Amount of each soap sample taken 2 gm

Amount of distilled water taken 40 ml
Volume of each soap solution taken 2 ml
Volume of distilled water added 2ml

SOAP Soap soln. Froth Froth left

SAMPLE taken formed after 10
initially (cm) mins (cm)
CINTHOL 4 0.3 0.1
LIFEBOY 4 1.0 0.7
4 2.5 2.5
LUX
4 0.5 0.4
MARGO

CONCLUSION The foaming capacity of different soaps in soft

water is as follows:
LUX > LIFEBOY > MARGO > CINTHOL
AIM To compare the foaming capacities of five
different commercial soaps in hard water.

APPARATUS 4 test tubes, 4 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube

stand, 4 different soaps and stop watch.

THEORY When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water

containing calcium and magnesium ions (Hard water),
results in formation of scum which applies grey
appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or
cleaning action, more soap must be added.

2+ +
2C17H35COONa +Ca (C17H35COO) 2 Ca +2Na
(Water soluble) (scum)
Hard water is water that has high mineral content
(mainly calcium and magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft
water). Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium
(Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and
sometimes other dissolved compounds such as
bicarbonates and sulphates.

PROCEDURE • 4 conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and

numbered 1 to 4.
• In each of these flasks equal amounts (say
2 gm) of the given samples of soap shavings
or granules are taken and 40 ml of distilled
water is added.
• Each conical flask is kept for few days to
dissolve all the soap completely.
 • In a test-tube stand, 4 big clean and dry
test tubes are taken and numbered 1 to 4
• 2 ml of the 4 soap solutions is then poured
in the test tubes of corresponding number.
• 2 ml. of hard water (prepared by adding
calcium and magnesium salts to tap water) is
then added to each test tube.
• All test tubes are then shaken vigorously
for 2 mins.
• The foam would be formed in the empty
space above the container.
• Stop watch is started immediately and the
time taken for the disappearance of foam is
noted. The lesser the time taken for the
disappearance of foam, the lower is the
foaming capacity.

OBSERVATION Amount of each soap sample taken 2 gm

Amount of distilled water taken 40 ml
Volume of each soap solution taken
2ml
Volume of hard water added
2 ml
SOAP Soap soln. Froth Froth left
SAMPLE taken formed after 10
initially (cm) mins (cm)
CINTHOL 4 0.2 0
LIFEBOY 4 0.5 0.3
4
LUX 1. 0.7
4
0
MARGO 0.3 0.
1
CONCLUSION Due to hard water, foaming capacity of
soaps decreases and results are as follows:
LUX > LIFEBOY> MARGO > CINTHOL
SL. NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1. Certificate 1
2. Acknowledgement 2
3. Introduction 3
4. Experiment-1 5
5. Experiment-2 7
6. Bibliography 9