A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
AUTOMATED SWITCHING SYSTEMS
Submitted by
GEETA MUTHA
ISHA MATHUR
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Sr. Asst. Prof. AISHA JANGID
in partial fulfillment for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
FROM
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MOGRA, N. H. 65, PALI ROAD,JODHPUR-342802
MAY-2019
SESSION 2018-19

i
 JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students ISHA MATHUR and GEETA MUTHA have
successfully completed the project Titled " AUTOMATED SWITCHING SYSTEM”
towards the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Rajasthan Technical University during academic year
2018 – 2019.

……………………………. …………………
Project Associate Guide
(Prof. O.P. VYAS) (Sr. Asst. Prof. AISHA JANGID)

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

(Signature with Date) (Signature with Date)

ii ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to make a number of acknowledgements to those who have helped us to

prepare this project.
We would like to extend our thanks to our HOD, Prof. Sanjay B.C. Gaur for his
support and opportunity that he gave us to do this project , which also helped us to do
research and we came to know about so many new things. We would like to thank our
project guide, Sr. Asst. Prof. Aisha Jangid for the immense help that we received from
her. Not forgetting our parents who provided us with everything related to this project,
without their advice, support and patience also this project would not have been made.

GEETA MUTHA
15EJIEC031

ISHA MATHUR
15EJIEC038

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER PAGENO.
Title Page i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Abstract vii
Marketing Survey viii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Overview
1.2 Hardware Specification
1.3 Software Specification

2. STUDY AND ANALYSIS 16

2.1 Need of Study 16
2.2 Objective of Study 17
2.3 Existing System 18
2.4 Proposed System 20
2.5Problem Description 20

3. DESIGN 19
3.1Block Design 21
3.2 Methodology 23
3.3 Block diagram
3.4 Circuit diagram and explanation

4. APPLICATIONS 35
5. LIMITATIONS 37
6. FUTURE SCOPE 38
CONCLUSION 39
REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY 40

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page no.

1. Arduino 2
2. Pin Description of Arduino 3
3. BC548 4
4. Register 5
5. Ultrasonic Sensor 6
6. Servo Motor 8
7. Bluetooth Module 9
8. 2-Port Relay Module 11
9. DC fan 12
10. Connecting wires(M-M & M-F) 12
11. LEDs 13
12. Arduino File 15
13. Circuit Diagram of Parking System 22
14. Circuit Diagram of Waterlevel Indicator 25
15. Circuit Diagram of Bluetooth Control switch 28
16. Combined Circuit 31

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table name Page no.

1. Arduino UNO technical Specifications 2
2. Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration 7
3. Wire Cinfiguration 8
4. Bluetooth module Pin Configuration 10

vi
 ABSTRACT

A smart city uses information and communication technologies to increase operational

efficiency for the citizen welfare. The overarching mission of a smart city is to optimize city
functions, while improving quality of life for its citizens using smart technology and data
analysis. An example is the smart watering system that uses an approach to help people to
know that the water level is low and the tank needs to be filled, so just by a click of button the
motor starts. It helps in the efficient usage of energy.

Since digitization is increasing rapidly, now comes the need of technology. We have seen the
problems of wastage of resources in our day to day lives and one of the example is water
maintenance. Thus we have used sensors that would help in measuring the depth of the water
level and as soon as the level of water is under a certain range there will be a buzzer that
would beep and the motor could be started, meters and parking system are components
monitored by smart sensors and Also, smart parking system, in which, the door opens
automatically as soon as any vehicle is in the range of the sensor. The count of the number of
vehicles parked with the maximum parking space is displayed.

Smart city initiatives includes the people it aims to help its resident and visitors. Smart
technology will help cities sustain growth and improve efficiency for citizen welfare andwill
bring efficiencies to urban manufacturing and urban farming, including job creation, energy
efficiency, space management and fresher goods for consumers, improving emergency
preparedness with sensors in the years to come.

vii
 MARKET SURVEY

For buying the components that we need, we went to In order to compare the prices on the
components and check their availability we went to the shops of electronic components that
were known to us. The price difference was not much in all of them. There is a standard price
of all the sensors, jumper wires, microcontrollers and other devices. Then on comparison of
availability and prices we finally thought to buy the components from a shop named Jain
Electronics which is situated near High Court road Jodhpur, Rajasthan. All of the components
that we needed were available over there.
It was difficult to get exact type that you need, since there was availability of the Arduino
Board in some of the shops, but they has Arduino nano instead of UNO R3. Similarly some of
the shops didn’t have the resistors of the values that we needed. But in the end after a lot of
searching we got the exact components with the exact specifications and the values that we
needed.
Since automation systems are installed in the malls and in houses as well, we visited the malls
to see their parking systems, asked of the problems faced by the ones working there and the
ones who want to park their vehicles and we finalized to this project.

viii
ix
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

In this project we have tried to make a home automation system, in which there is a
watering system that gives you an alert whenever the level of water is greater than a
particular range and it is signal to stop the water inlet to the tank to not let the condition of
overflow occur. This reduces the overflowing of water from the tank and reduces its
wastage. Also, it includes a car parking system, in which the door of the parking lot opens
automatically when a vehicle comes within a specified range. This is achieved through an
ultrasonic sensor. Moreover, a third system is also included which engages the use to
Bluetooth to operate a DC fan.

1
1.2 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

i. ARDUINO UNO:It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter .

2
ii. BC548: BC548 is a general purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor,it is used for
amplification and switching purposes,it has three terminals collector-base-emitter.

3
 The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of
its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications,
the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal
at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter
configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode.
For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a
signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

iii. RESISTORS:Resistor is a current limiting passive two terminal electrical component-

resistor act to reduce current flow to led. (VALUES: 470OHMS,220 OHMS, 22K.)

4
The Resistor Colour Code system is all well and good but we need to understand how to apply
it in order to get the correct value of the resistor. The “left-hand” or the most significant
coloured band is the band which is nearest to a connecting lead with the colour coded bands
being read from left-to-right as follows:
Digit, Digit, Multiplier = Colour, Colour x 10 colour in Ohm’s (Ω)
For example, a resistor has the following coloured markings;
Yellow Violet Red = 4 7 2 = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7 Ohm.
The fourth and fifth bands are used to determine the percentage tolerance of the resistor.
Resistor tolerance is a measure of the resistors variation from the specified resistive value and is
a consequence of the manufacturing process and is expressed as a percentage of its “nominal”
or preferred value.

5
iv. Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04- As shown above the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US)
sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground
respectively. This sensor is a very popular sensor used in many applications where
measuring distance or sensing objects are required. To start the measurement, the
6
trigger pin has to be made high for 10uS and then turned off. This action will trigger an
ultrasonic wave at frequency of 40Hz from the transmitter and the receiver will wait
for the wave to return. Once the wave is returned after it getting reflected by any object
the Echo pin goes high for a particular amount of time which will be equal to the time
taken for the wave to return back to the sensor

7
v. Servo motor SG-90-Most of the hobby Servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, the
higher the voltage higher the torque we can achieve, but most commonly they are
operated at +5V. Almost all hobby servo motors can rotate only from 0° to 180° due
to their gear arrangement so make sure you project can live with the half circle if no,
you can prefer for a 0° to 360° motor or modify the motor to make a full circle. The
gears in the motors are easily subjected to wear and tear, so if your application requires
stronger and long running motors you can go with metal gears or just stick with normal
plastic gear.

8
vi. Bluetooth Module

The Bluetooth module HC-05 is a MASTER/SLAVE module. By default the factory setting is
SLAVE. The Role of the module (Master or Slave) can be configured only by AT
COMMANDS. The slave modules cannot initiate a connection to another Bluetooth device, but
can accept connections. Master module can initiate a connection to other devices. The user can
use it simply for a serial port replacement to establish connection between MCU and GPS, PC
to your embedded project, etc

9
10
 vii. 2 Port Relay Module:

The Arduino Relay module allows a wide range of microcontroller such as Arduino, AVR ,PIC,
ARM with digital outputs to control larger loads and devices like AC or DC Motors,
electromagnets, solenoids, and incandescent light bulbs. This module is designed to be
integrated with 2 relays that it is capable of control 2 relays.The relay shield use one QIANJI
JQC-3F high-quality relay with rated load 7A/240VAC,10A/125VAC,10A/28VDC.The relay
output state is individually indicated by a light-emitting diode.

11
 viii. DC Fan

A DC fan is a device that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy by drawing in
direct current. DC motors induce a rotation movement in the machine by electromagnetism. DC
motors have inductors (electromagnet) within them that create a magnetic field that aids the
rotation of the motor.

ix.Connecting wires: Male to female and Male to Male

x. LED’s- Green, Red, Blue, Yellow

12
13
1.3 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

Arduino Software(IDE) 1.8.7 : The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to
write code and upload it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The
environment is written in Java and based on Processing and other open-source
software.This software can be used with any Arduino board.The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies
a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and
the main program loop, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs
the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal
encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

14
15
2. STUDY AND ANALYSIS

2.1 NEED OF STUDY

Houses have evolved throughout history, from caves with fire to warm and illuminate even
torches and candles and finally the arrival of electricity, which has allowed to increase
home comfort. Later, electronics arrived allowing the use of the appliances, being able to
perform programming routines and regulation processes such as hot and cold washing or
video recording.
home automation to a system capable of automate a house or building including energy
management, security, comfort and communication. It can be integrated through wired or
wireless communication networks, although nowadays the predominant trend is wireless. It
could be defined as the integration of technology into the intelligent design of an enclosure.
The main points of this technology are energy saving, comfort, security communication
and data accessibility.

Nowadays, we have remote controls for our television sets and other electronic systems,
which have made our lives real easy. Have you ever wondered about home automation
which would give the facility of controlling tube lights, fans and other electrical appliances
at home using a remote control? Off-course, Yes! But, are the available options cost-
effective? If the answer is No, we have found a solution to it. We have come up with a new
system called Arduino based home automation using Bluetooth. This system is super-cost
effective and can give the user, the ability to control any electronic device without even
spending for a remote control. This project helps the user to control all the electronic
devices using his/her smartphone.

2.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The main objective of this project is to design and develop a prototype of a home
automation controllable from an Android mobile application. Application must be able to
perceive and act and to have various types of operation in order to obtain the purpose for
which this technology was invented: maximizing user’s comfort offering an easy way to

16
personalize home. The steps that should be taken to achieve the expected result are the
following:
1) Determine the scope of the application and delimit the points that each mode of
operation must deal with.
2) Select the components and software.
3) Electronic design.
4) Program the board.
5) Build the house model.
6) Place and weld the components in the model.
7) Test and debug the application.

2.3 EXISITING SYSTEMS

1. Wi-Fi based home automation system using cell phones: Wi-Fi based home automation
system mainly consist three modules, the server, the hardware interface module, and the
software package. Wi-Fi technology is used by server, and hardware Interface module to
communicate with each other. The same technology uses to login to the server web based
application. The server is connected to the internet, so remote users can access server web
based application through the internet using compatible web browser. Software of the latest
home automation system is split to server application software, and Microcontroller
(Arduino) firmware. The Arduino software, built using C language, using IDE comes with
17
 the microcontroller itself. Arduino software is culpable for gathering events from
connected sensors, then applies action to actuators and pre-programmed in the server.
Server application software is culpable of maintaining the whole home automation system,
setup, and configuration.

1. Zigbee based home automation system using cell phones: ZigBee is a low-power digital
radio having applications like home automation, medical device data collection, and other
low-power low-bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need wireless
connection. To monitor and control the home appliances the system is designed and
implemented using Zigbee. The device performance is record and store by network
coordinators. The message for security purpose first process by the virtual home algorithm
and when it is declared safe it is re-encrypted and forward to the real network device of the
home. Over Zigbee network, Zigbee controller sent messages to the end. The safety and
security of all messages that are received by the virtual home algorithm. To reduce the
expense of the system and the intrusiveness of A International Journal of Research and
Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IV, Issue V, May 2017 | ISSN 2321–2705
www.rsisinternational.org Page 70 respective installation of the system Zigbee
communication is helpful. The microcontroller analysis all signal and convert them into
command to understand by GSM module.

18
2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Bluetooth based home automation system using cell phones: The smart home concept in
the system increases the standard of living .In Bluetooth based home automation system the
home appliances are connected to the Arduino BT board at input output ports using relay.
The program of Arduino BT board is based on high level interactive C language of
microcontrollers; the connection is made via Bluetooth. The password protection is
provided so only authorized user is allowed to access the appliances. The Bluetooth
connection is established between Arduino BT board and phone for wireless
communication. The main control system use wireless Bluetooth technology to give remote
access from PC/laptop or smart phone.

3. DESIGN

19
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

 Water levelalarm:

 Parking System

ULTRASONIC SERVO MOTOR

SENSOR

ARDUINO
UNO

20
  Bluetooth Control Switches

BLUETOOTH DC FAN
MODULE

ARDUINO
UNO

RELAY MODULE

21
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 Parking System:

22
Code:
#include<Servo.h>
Servo st;
constintpingPin = 9; // Trigger Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor
constintechoPin = 10; // Echo Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor
long duration, inches, cm;
inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
void setup() {
st.attach(11);
Serial.begin(9600); // Starting Serial Terminal
}
void loop() {

pinMode(pingPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

Serial.print(inches);
Serial.print("in, ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm");
Serial.println();
delay(100);
if(inches<3)
{
for(int a=0;a<=175;a++)
{
st.write(a);
delay(2000);
Serial.println(a);
}
for(int a=175;a>=0;a--)
{
st.write(a);

23
}

longmicrosecondsToInches(long microseconds) {
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
}

longmicrosecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds) {
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}
}}

Circuit Explanation:

This system allows a user to park their car and wait for the gate to open by the use of an
ultrasonic sensor. The sensor uses a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the
echo. The sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the
sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse. This way, it can determine if a car is present.
If it is, then it rotates the servo motor by 175 degrees and holds it at the same position for a
given amount of delay. After the car enters the parking area, the servo is rotated back to its
original position. That can be considered as 0 degrees for referencing.

24
 WATER LEVEL ALARM:

13 10

8
12

11

25
Code :

bytesensorPin[] = {11, 12, 13};

byteledPin[] = {8, 9, 10}; // number of leds = numbers of sensors
const byte sensors = 3;
int level = 0;

void setup() {
for(int i = 0; i < sensors; i++)
{
pinMode(sensorPin[i], INPUT);
pinMode(ledPin[i], OUTPUT);

void loop() {
level = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < sensors; i++)
{
if(digitalRead(sensorPin[i]) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(ledPin[i], HIGH);
level = sensors - i;
} else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin[i], LOW);
}
}

}
delay(50);
}

Circuit Explanation:

The water level alarm circuit is a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the level of water in
the overhead tank and also in the other containers. Nowadays, all the householders/owners are
storing the water in overhead tanks by using the pumps.

26
This circuit has been given three LEDs, each of a different color. When the water level reaches
below a threshold point, an LED of a color, say A, glows. If the water level in the tank is in an
intermediate level, an LED of a color, sayB, glows. And lastly, if the water level is sufficiently
full, the last LED also glows.

This circuit can be used on a day to day basis. It also has a low installation cost. But, it isof high
importance as it can inform the user of the overflow in the tank in near future and thus, save
water. So it can be installed in places with water scarcity first.

27
  Bluetooth control switches

BLUETOOTH
MODULE

GND Vcc Trig Echo

FAN

DC

CODE:

void setup( )

{
Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(2,OUTPUT); //bluetooth//
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
}

void loop( )
28
{

if(Serial.available( ))

{
char x=Serial.read();

if(x=='1')
{
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
}

else if(x=='2')
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
//Serial.write("FAN ON ");
}

else if(x=='3')
{
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
//Serial.write("FAN OFF ");
}

else if(x=='4')
{
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
}

else
{ Serial.write("send data ");
}
}

29
Circuit Explanation:

The circuit includes a Relay, a bluetooth module, an Arduino Uno board and a DC fan. Its aim
is to operate the DC appliance by Bluetooth connectivity.
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or
electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another
circuit and, a smartphone must first be connected to the Bluetooth module. This can be done by
first pairing the devices together. After it is properly connected, the Bluetooth module light will
blink by an increased delay, indicating a connection. Now, the interface of the Arduino
Bluetooth Application is very easy to use. Upon sending certain digits, the fan can turn on or
off.

For the code that has been made, upon sending the digit 2, the fan starts to work. And the fan
starts to work when a digit 1 is sent.

Initialized State Fan On

When ‘1’ is sent Fan Off
When ‘2’ is sent Fan On

30
 COMBINED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

31
 FINAL CODE:

#define trigPin 7
#define echoPin 6
#define servoPin 5
//#define DEFAULT_SERVO_POS 0
//#define TRIGGERED_SERVO_POS 175

#include <Servo.h>

bytesensorPin[] = {11, 12, 13};

byteledPin[] = {8, 9, 10}; // number of leds = numbers of sensors
const byte sensors = 3;
int level = 0;

Servo myservo;
void setup( )
{

Serial.begin(9600);
for(int i = 0; i < sensors; i++) {
pinMode(sensorPin[i], INPUT);
pinMode(ledPin[i], OUTPUT);

pinMode(2,OUTPUT); //bluetooth//
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

myservo.write(0);
myservo.attach(servoPin);

}
}

void loop( )

32
{

if(Serial.available( ))

{ char x=Serial.read();

if(x=='1')
{
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
}
else if(x=='2')
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
//Serial.write("FAN ON ");
}
else if(x=='3')
{
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
//Serial.write("FAN OFF ");
}
else if(x=='4')
{
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
}

else
{ Serial.write("send data ");
}
}

level = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < sensors; i++)

{
if(digitalRead(sensorPin[i]) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(ledPin[i], HIGH);
level = sensors - i;
}
else {
digitalWrite(ledPin[i], LOW);
}

33
 }
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
long duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
long distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");

if (distance<=5)
{
myservo.write(175);
}
delay(2000);

if(distance>=5)
{
myservo.write(0);

}
}

34
4. APPLICATIONS

 Optimized parking – Users find the best spot available, saving time, resources and
effort. The parking lot fills up efficiently and space can be utilized properly by
commercial and corporate entities.
 Reduced traffic – Traffic flow increases as fewer cars are required to drive around in
search of an open parking space.
 Reduced pollution – Searching for parking burns around one million barrels of oil a day.
An optimal parking solution will significantly decrease driving time, thus lowering the
amount of daily vehicle emissions and ultimately reducing the global environmental
footprint.
 Enhanced User Experience – A smart parking solution will integrate the entire user
experience into a unified action. Driver’s payment, spot identification, location search
and time notifications all seamlessly become part of the destination arrival process.
 New Revenue Streams – Many new revenue streams are possible with smart parking
technology. For example, lot owners can enable tiered payment options dependent on
parking space location. Also, reward programs can be integrated into existing models to
encourage repeat users.
 Integrated Payments and POS – Returning users can replace daily, manual cash
payments with account invoicing and application payments from their phone. This could
also enable customer loyalty programs and valuable user feedback.
 Increased Safety – Parking lot employees and security guards contain real-time lot data
that can help prevent parking violations and suspicious activity. License plate
recognition cameras can gather pertinent footage. Also, decreased spot-searching traffic
on the streets can reduce accidents caused by the distraction of searching for parking.
 Real-Time Data and Trend Insight – Over time, a smart parking solution can produce
data that uncovers correlations and trends of users and lots. These trends can prove to be
invaluable to lot owners as to how to make adjustments and improvements to drivers.
 Decreased Management Costs – More automation and less manual activity saves on
labor cost and resource exhaustion.

35
 Water level indicators help save water by timely letting us switch the motor off . Water
is an important resource that must be used judiciously and a water level indicator can be
used to do the same.
 The water level indicator is used in Hotels, Home apartments, commercial complex, and
in factories.
 The pumps used in the water level indicator are single phase motor, submersible motor,
and in three phase motor.
 We can also measure the fuel level in motor vehicles
 The liquid level containers are huge in the companies
 The water level indicators are low cost in the market
 Any person can identify the water level easily by hearing the beep sound
 By using this we can control the water level safely and easily

36
5. LIMITATIONS

The major limitations for all the systems included in this project is no internet connectivity.
This can be made to be a better system by applying the concept of Internet of Things. And
separately talking, the limitations depending on hardware, structure and user experience are
listed below:

 There is a greater construction cost per space.

 Materials of water level indicator rust.
 More difficult installation, for both the systems.
 Most float switches are outdated used in the water level indicator.
 No LED indicator lights for rising water level warning.
 No Warranty or Guarantee for the components.
 Water level controllers need to be replaced after every 3 years.
 Use of redundant systems will result in a greater cost.
 It may be a bit confusing for unfamiliar users.
 There is an uncertain building department review and approval process.
 They require maintenance.
 The range of Bluetooth is limited.

37
6. FUTURE SCOPE

The use of water level indicator can further be extended by the implementation of internet of
things. In the near future, this can be a good tool for the conservation of water. Water is a major
resource and many systems are being made for the same. Water level indicator can prove to be
helpful in serving the purpose. They can be made to be completely automated.

The future of the smart parking market is expected to be significantly influenced by the arrival
of automated vehicles (AVs). Several cities around the world are already beginning to trial self-
parking vehicles, specialized AV parking lots, and robotic parking valets. Having cars that self-
park will help improve traffic congestion considerably as riders could be dropped off in front of
their destination and the car would park itself and minimize the time spent taking up space on
the road.

The Bluetooth technology can be replaced by internet connectivity for an ease of operation.

38
 CONCLUSION

Water level indicator can be used in several industries and may have varied applications. No
water wastage tops the list. Several modifications can still be done on the requirement of the
user. And for the parking system, it has become an important part of a modern city. Due to the
ever increasing number of vehicles on the roads, a parking system is required. It helps users
save their crucial time and omits the part where a user has to travel a distance to find a parking
spot, hence, reducing the emission of harmful gases.
The fact of having chosen home automation as a subject to work on has been fulfilling because
it is an issue which is currently in full expansion and has a promising future. This technology is
in constant expansion and its scope is growing to cover more important areas like security,
accessibility and user´s comfort.
As a summary, we have dealt with important parts of the degree we studied, using the
knowledge acquired and increasing it, obtaining the know-how to get myself out in the
professional market.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://www.arduino.cc/
2. http://www.plasmacomp.com
3. https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/ultrasonic-sensor-hc-sr04/
4. https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-use-an-LCD-displays-Arduino-Tutorial/
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC548
6. https://www.northps.com/bluetooth-technology-works/

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