Penanganan Pasca Panen

“Serelia dan Legum”

Oleh:
Dr. SULVI PURWAYANTI, S.TP, MP
 Ingat...!!!
Apa itu Cerealia..................................???
Legume (pulse).....................???
Umbi (tuber and root)...........???
Grains ....................................???
Nut (non-legum)....................???
Oilseed....................................???

Manakah yg termasuk golongan grains?

 Nama Indonesia Nama Latin
Padi (rice) Oryza sativa
Kacang hijau (mung Vigna radiata
bean)
Kelapa (coconut) Cocos nucifera
Kenari Canarium indicum
Jambu mete Anacardium
occindentale
Jagung Zea mays
Kedelai (soya) Glycine max
Kacang tanah (ground Arachis hypogeae
nut)
 Grain (biji-bijian)

Cerealia legume (pulse)

Fam. Poaceae, Gramineae Fam. Leguminoceae
(staple food) (Fabaceae)
Semua kacang-kacangan yg terdpt dlm pod
(polong-polongan) termasuk gol. Legum.
Manakah yg termasuk serelia & legum.....?
 SERELIA DI INDONESIA (KALBAR)

Zea mays

Oryza sativa
 PULSE (LEGUMES)

• The term "pulse", as used by the United Nations'

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), is
reserved for crops harvested solely for the dry seed.
This excludes green beans and green peas, which
are considered vegetable crops. Also excluded are
crops that are mainly grown for oil extraction
(oilseeds like soybeans and peanuts), and crops
which are used exclusively for sowing (clovers,
alfalfa).
clover

Alfalfa
 Legum utama DI INDONESIA (KALBAR)

KEDELAI (Glycine max; soy bean; soya)

KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea; peanut, groundnut)
KACANG HIJAU (Vigna radiata; mung bean)
Pada tahap kapankah serelia dan
legum dipanen.....????
....mature or ripe......?????
....matang atau masak....?????
 Tahap panen serelia dan legum

Tumbuh (growing)

matang (mature) Jagung, kedelai (sbg sayur)

grain untuk benih;

masak (ripe) bhn mak pokok, bhn
industri

Layu (senesence)

Mati (dead)
Penanganan pasca panen padi
menjadi beras
Tahap perubahan bentuk gabah menjadi beras
 Brown rice
(bukan beras merah)
 Padi (gabah)

thresser/winnowing (perontokkan)

Cleaner/destoner (pemisahan dr benda asing; pasir)

Suhu
*Drying on farm* k. air *storage*
RH
Dehusking/huller/sheller (pembuangan kulit gabah/sekam)

brown rice

whitener/polishe/bran removal (pemutihan) Rice bran Rice bran oil

grading (ukuran; warna)

packaging Tahap Penanganan

*storage* Suhu pasca panen padi
RH (model 1)
Pasar/industri/konsumen
Penanganan pasca panen beras (model 2)
 Hasil pasca panen padi:
head rice and broken rice + hsl samping
minyak bekatul
Penanganan pasca panen jagung
Jagung

*drying on farm* Kadar air

Pemipilan

cleaning

sortasi & grading

Packaging

*storage*
Suhu
RH
TAHAP PASCA PANEN
Pasar/industri/konsumen JAGUNG (umum)
legum

*drying on farm* Kadar air

Thresser

Cleaning

Sortasi & grading

Packaging
Suhu
*Storage*
RH
Pasar/industri/konsumen

TAHAP PASCA PANEN LEGUM

(sec umum)
Dimanakah letak perbedaan utama dlm
penanganan pasca panen padi, jagung
dan legum..???

Dimanakah tahap penanganan serelia

& legum yg paling penting?
Secara umum teknik
penanganan pasca
1. *drying on farm*
panen padi, jagung 2. pemipilan
dan legum 3. Cleaning
4. sortasi & grading
5. packaging
6. *storage*
1. *drying on farm*
2. thresser
3. cleaning/winnowing
4. sortasi & grading 1. *drying on farm*
2. thresser
5. packaging 3. cleaning
6. *storage* 4. sortasi & grading
5. packaging
6. *Storage*
 INGAT..!!!
PENGERINGAN (drying) &
PENYIMPANAN (storage)
MERUPAKAN TAHAP YG HARUS
DIKELOLA DGN BAIK
KRN SALING TERKAIT

DRYING STORAGE
 DRYING

on farm off farm

(storage) (storage)
 DRYING ON FARM
As soos as possible to drying from field
(on farm).
As clean as possible of drying

“perfect dried in the field”.....???

as maximum as possible..!!!
Berdasarkan prinsip kerjanya
pengeringan:
merupakan metode untuk
mengeluarkan atau menghilangkan
sebagian air dari suatu bahan pangan
dengan cara menguapkanya, sehingga
kadar air seimbang dengan kondisi
udara normal atau setara dengan nilai
aktivitas air (aw) yang aman dari
kerusakan mikrobiologis, enzimatis
dan kimiawi (Subarna et al, 2007).
Jenis legum, sereal Kadar air

Ground nut (shelled) 7

(unshell) 9
Mung bean 8-9
Red bean kidney 11
soya (11) 13-16
rice 14-15
corn 15

Secara umum kadar air serelia & legum

hrs dikeringkan (on farm) <15%
 Mengapa selama pengeringan &
penyimpanan serelia & legum, suhu
& RH harus dikendalikan.......????

........ uap air dlm udara (kelembapan; Relative

Humidity) ≈ uap air dlm bahan (Moisture
Content)........
 Penggabungan teknik pengeringan &
penyimpanan melalui pengaturan suhu & RH
agar kadar air bahan tetap rendah

Perfect drying

Low water content

No fungal, no insecta

No aflatoxin
No sensory change
.........be carefull.......!!!

Jagung dan kedelai lokal Indonesia

sering tercemar aflatoksin...!!!!
Tidak bisa di ekspor..............(akhirnya
untuk produk makanan lokal)

Gol bhn pangan yg pernah ditolak pala

& kopra di UniEropa krn tercemar
aflatoksin
Bagaimana hubungan suhu dengan RH terhadap
hama penyakit dlm storage
Bagaimana hubungan suhu dengan kadar air terhadap
hama penyakit dlm storage
BAGAIMANAKAH HUBUNGAN ANTARA SUHU & KADAR AIR
GRAIN TERHADAP HAMA PENYAKIT?
Bagaimanakah hubungan antara kondisi penyimpanan gandum agar menghasilkan
kadar air yg tetap rendah selama penyimpanan?

Semakin rendah kadar air yg diiinginkan , kondisi penyimpanan suhu semakin

rendah (<20oC) dan batas toleransi RH dikisaran <60%
Bagaimana hubungan antara kondisi penyimpanan, kadar air bahan
dengn lama penyimpanan serelia dan legum tsb?
Bag system for grains
 Teknologi penyimpanan
2. Bag system: house type godowns
Teknologi penyimpanan
2. Bag system:
permanen splinth
Bulking system
Tipe Penyimpanan Biji-bijian
1. Silo
a. Bin metal
b. Concrete Silo
c. Bunker silo
d. Bag silo
2. Flat warehouse
3. Prefabricated relocatablre warehouse
4. Cocoon
5. Large plastic membran
Bin metal silo
Concrete (campuran semen, batu, pasir) silo
Flat warehouse
flat
Bag silo
Tipe Silo ada 2:
1. Hanya untuk pengeringan (drying)
2. Hanya untuk penyimpanan (storage)
3. Sekaligus untuk pengeringan (drying)
dibagian atas dan dibagian bawah untuk
penyimpanan (storage)
 Tipe SILO
untuk pengeringan/penyimpanan saja
 Teknik pengeringan biji-bijian
(method of grains drying)

1. Sun drying
2. Natural air dryer
3. Mobile/portable drying
4. Bin drying (ada yg gabung dgn penyimpanan)
2
3
4
5a. mobile/portable continiuous flow dryer
4b. mobile/portable dryer
4b. mobile/portable dryer
6. Grain drier tower
4. Double fllow grain drying
 6. Drier feed bin = roof drier
(pengeringan biji dgn penyimpanan
terdpt dlm 1 tempat/storage)
Bagian atas untuk pengeringan &
bagian bawah untuk penyimpanan
Drying dilanjutkan dgn storage
Continuous-Flow In-bin Dryer
Figure 1. Horizontal cross-flow dryer
Vertical Cross Flow Dryer
 Pengaturan
kondisi storage
Bagaimana cara mengatur suhu & RH
agar mempertahankan kadar air bahan
tetap stabil....???
 Penanganan Hama
Penyakit dlm Storage
Teknik penanganan hama penyakit
dlm storage
1. Aerating grain with fans; CAS
2.Spraying insektisida dan Fumigasi
(menggunakan bahan kimia yg ramah
lingkungan)
3.Monitoring insekta
a. infrared beam sensor yg dpt ditaruh
dimana saja n mengirim data k
komputer
b. trap yg berisi pheromone
c. pitfall traps
Fumigasi & insektisida
Bhn kimia untuk fumigasi dlm penyimpanan biji-bijian
1. Phosphine/Al.phosphida/PH3 (menaruh tablet pd
storage g tertutup rapat, bhn akan bereaksi dgn
kelembapan yg berisi air dr udara membentuk gas. Bhn
berbahaya (jgn diberi air)
2. CH3Br (metil bromida) komposisi utama Mg phosphida;
Mg3P2, terbatas penggunaannya
3. Pengganti phosphin yaitu sulfuryl fluorida
4. HCN (di mill)
Sifat Fumigasi
1.Preventif (insektisida
sebelum panen, monitoring
2.Kuratif
3.Karantina (gas CH3Br)
Preventif: spraying insektisida dalam
penyimpanan (storage)
Kuratif: fumigasi dgn Phosphin
Table 1. Phosphine tablets - application rates for phosphine
tablets in storages of various sizes
Storage capacity
Number of tablets
Cubic required
Tonnes Bushels
metres
20 730 27 40
50 1830 65 100
100 3660 130 200
300 11000 400 600
Monitoring hama, suhu & RH
Stored rice should be
inspected to determine its
temperature, moisture content
and sanitary condition
throughout the storage period.
In the authors' survey, almost
all operations reported
inspecting rice during
storage. Above, a warehouse
operator uses a grain probe to
sample rice in a flat warehouse
A fourth of the operations
responding to the survey
indicated using insect
traps. Traps can be used to
monitor insect populations
and anticipate
problems. Top, sticky trap
with pheromone lure, inset,
for capture of flying
insects. Above, probe trap
for capture of insects
moving in the grain mass
Pit fall trap
 Diatomaceous Earth
Diatomaceous earth is a non-toxic dust made from a
silicone-dioxide mixture from prehistoric, marine diatoms.
When in contact with insects, the diatomaceous
earth absorbs the protective waxy coating on the
insect, causing it to die from dehydration. Apply the
product to the empty bin through aeration fans at least 2
weeks prior to grain storage. Apply it to the grain as well,
as it is being augured into the bin or storage facility.
Wear a protective mask when applying diatomaceous
earth to avoid inhaling the dust. See
OMAFRA Publication 812, Field Crop Protection Guide,
for detailed application and label information.
 Diatomaceous Earth
Untuk fleas, bed bugs, ant, crawl
 Kesimpulan dr tujuan penanganan serelia &
legum

1. Kadar air (serendah mungkin & stabil) seragam

2. Bersih, tdk terkontaminasi bhn asing
3. Persentase biji rusak, pecah sedikit
4. Tidak ada hama (insekta, tikus) & penyakit
(aflatoxin).
5. Kualitas penggilingan tinggi
 Post test...!

Bagaimanakah hubungan antara

pengeringan dan penyimpanan biji-
bijian agar dihasilkan mutu bahan
yg baik, kaitkan dengan suhu, RH
dan kadar air!