INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Transportation is an important aspect of both the economy and the lifestyle of the

population it is serving because it links the various destinations of people, goods, and services. A

smoother and faster vehicular and pedestrian traffic would mean people reaching their

workplaces on time resulting into higher number of productive hours. Travelling from one place

to another is everyone’s cup of tea to make a journey.

There are various modes of transportation whether by land, sea, or air. The developments

of different mode of transportation made the public feel at ease which makes them more

productive by saving time when travelling.

The transportation by means of land, specifically the road transportation, surge in both

private and public carriers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The reporters will discuss, elaborate and answer question from the professor and other
classmates regarding their report. Reporters will gather data to be presented in front of class
using internet, transportation planning groups and other references.
 OBJECTIVES
The main objective aims to:

1. To discuss the history of transportation in the Philippines.

2. To differentiate modes of transportation in the Philippines.

3. To elaborate legislation about land use in the Philippines

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The reporters will discuss about the history of transportation in the Philippines, the

different modes of transportation in the Philippines and the laws or legislation about the land use

in the Philippines. The reporters are given a few hours to discuss the topic that is assigned to

them. To obtain the objectives, the researchers will show forty-one slides in front of the whole

class and discuss each slides.

CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

COLLECTION OF PRESENTATION OF UNDERSTANDING

DATA REGARDING THE COLLECTED OF THE TOPIC
THE TOPIC DATA REPORTED
Definition of Terms

TRANSPORT/ TRANSPORTATION - the movement of humans, animals and goods from one
location to another.

SHIP- a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways,
carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research
and fishing.

PORTS AND WHARVES- a structure on the shore of a harbor or on the bank of a river or
canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers

INLAND ROADS- used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks

BRIDGES ACROSS RIVERS- a structure built to span a physical obstacle

HORSE TRAILS- A bridle path, also bridleway, equestrian trail, horse riding path, ride, bridle
road, or horse trail, is a path, trail or a thoroughfare that is used by people riding on horses.

R.A.- Republic Act

LGU- Local Government Unit

HLURB- Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board

DA- Department of Agriculture

DAR- Department of Agrarian Reform

DILG - Department of Interior and Local Government

TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND LEGISLATION ABOUT LAND USE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Transportation is an important aspect of both the economy and the lifestyle of the
population it is serving because it links the various destinations of people, goods, and services. A
smoother and faster vehicular and pedestrian traffic would mean people reaching their
workplaces on time resulting into higher number of productive hours. Travelling from one place
to another is everyone’s cup of tea to make a journey.

Nowadays, people are able to discover space by transportation. Therefore, transportation

has very essential roles in our life.

Transportation in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped, partly due to the country's

mountainous areas and scattered islands, and partly as a result of the government's persistent
underinvestment in the nation's infrastructure. In recent years, however, the Philippine
government has been pushing to improve the transportation system in the country through
various infrastructure projects.
Jeepneys are the most popular mode of public transportation in the Philippines, they have also
become a ubiquitous symbol of the Philippine culture. Another popular mode of public
transportation in the country is the motorized tricycle; they are especially common in rural areas.
Trains are also becoming a popular mode of public transportation in the country especially in the
bustling metropolis of Manila. The Philippines has three main railway networks: the Manila
Light Rail Transit System composed of Line 1 and Line 2, Manila Metro Rail Transit
System composed of Line 3 which only serves Metro Manila and the PNR Metro Commuter
Line operated by the Philippine National Railways which also serves the metropolis and some
parts of Luzon. There are also steam engines found in Visayas which operate sugar mills such as
Central Azucarera. Taxis and buses are also important modes of public transport in urban areas.
The Philippines has 12 international airports, and has more than 20 major and minor domestic
airports serving the country. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport is the main international
gateway to the Philippines.

HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILLIPINES

Pre-Spanish period

First of all, we consider long-term and very slow-changing geographic factors that shaped
Philippine transportation. Foremost is that our country is a big archipelago of 7,500 islands, and
a very long total coastline (estimated at the world's fifth longest). Each major island has a
mountainous interior, with narrow or fragmented plains and valleys along the coasts and in the
interior, and crisscrossed by very numerous rivers. These geographic factors greatly influenced
the early patterns of population growth, density, distribution and movement, which continued
through the next centuries.
Prior to the introduction of horses and wheeled vehicles by Spanish colonizers, our ancestors
moved by raft or native outrigger boat powered by paddles and sails, hopping from island to
island or coastal point to point. They reached interior valleys by trekking along estuaries and
rivers (by water and on foot) and through trails across mountains. They eventually settled along
or near the coasts, lakes, rivers and major creeks where there was enough access to land, water,
and food sources.
Most of these communities were economically self-sufficient and politically independent.
However, impelled by locally evolving class structures, growing populations and diminishing
resources, these communities gradually formed among themselves regular ties of trade,
intermarriage, peace pacts and war rivalries. These further helped shape the major overland and
inter-island travel routes and the regular movements of people and goods along said routes.
Around the 10th century CE, certain communities in locations with defensible harbors and
sufficient supply of food and water evolved into entrepots, e.g. the Manila area, Sugbu (Cebu),
Butuan and Sulu areas among others. These attracted traders from within the Philippine
archipelago, as well as from the Malay archipelago, mainland Southeast Asia, and Arabia.
Eventually, by the 13th century, South China traders using better boats broke the Arab trade
monopoly and became dominant. The local ruling classes, by controlling the ports and key points
along the route, grew fat on tribute paid by traders, on payments for settling trade disputes, and
on profits from their own trading expeditions. Growing trade further fueled economic and
population growth and class stratification, which in turn further reinforced regular trade routes,
both inter-island and inland.

Spanish period

The establishment of Spanish rule in most islands paved the way for the colonial and
feudal socio-economic system to take root, and alongside this, expanded modes of transportation
that served the expanding needs of colonial and feudal rule.
As early as 1591, Spanish rule was already entrenched in 236 encomiendas in 10 broadly defined
provinces from Ilocos to Panay. From these first bulwarks, Spanish forces fanned out to pacify
tribes, punish rebellious ones, impose reduccion (resettlement into pacified towns), collect
tribute, requisition goods, and harness corvee labor. All these required the building of ships,
ports and wharves, and inland roads, bridges across rivers, and horse trails across mountains.
Many Spanish-period trade and travel routes were merely expanded and interconnected versions
of pre-Spanish routes.
The colonialists selected Manila as their seat of government and trade because of its already
established population, its strategic position vis-a-vis trade routes, its fine harbor, and its easy
access to the nearby regions' rich human and natural resources. The emergence and growth of
Manila and its immediate suburbs as the dominant economic, political, and cultural center of the
country throughout the Spanish period are well-documented. Other colonial centers, new towns,
and political-military comandancias built their own military garrisons, religious houses and
residencia; maintained communications with Manila; enforced tribute and corvee labor (which
they shipped to Manila or to where it was needed); built public works and operated ferries.
The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade and increased visits to Manila of Chinese traders (who
fanned out to outlying provinces as merchants and artisans) further impelled the growth of
regular shipping and overland transportation between Manila and the provinces throughout the
1600s. The Spanish colonialists monopolized trade and operated shipping lines. Ship-building
became a major industry, with shipyards in Cavite, Panay, Albay, Marinduque and Masbate. The
need for rope, rigging and canvas sails turned Bicol and Ilocos respectively into plantation
economies producing abaca and cotton, with direct links to Manila, while iron (for ship fittings)
was exported from China and Japan.
By the 1700s, the Spanish-instituted colonial and feudal system had taken deep roots and served
to determine the patterns of population distribution, growth and migration, the local class
structure, other features of the social economy, and modes of governance throughout the country.
From 1760s onwards, a major push for expanded agriculture resulted in a vast hacienda system
producing export crops such as tobacco, indigo, cotton, sugar cane, abaca, cacao and copra, in
addition to traditional commodities such as rice, and the semi-handicraft processing of textiles,
alcohol and tobacco products.
Tightly linked to all these was a system of transportation that gradually expanded to serve the
growing needs of the social system. The rapid growth of export crops and mainly Manila-based
foreign trade—especially starting in the 1825-1834 period, and after the Suez Canal opened in
1869—further fueled domestic inter-island and inter-province (overland) trade throughout the
19th century. Expanding trade and incipient manufactures encouraged labor migration between
provinces and to the cities; incipient commuting emerged within Manila itself, between the
walled city and its arrabales (districts) and nearby towns.
All these resulted in some advances in the country's transport system. Since most trade and
transport were across the seas and along the coasts, the earlier impetus was in maritime, inter-
island and riverine transport by various kinds of watercraft, from big steamers to native boats
with outriggers (paraw) to flat-bottomed cascos. Even within the Manila area, rivers (e.g. Pasig
and Marikina rivers), esteros (tidewater channels) and man-made canals (e.g. Canal de Maypajo,
Canal de la Reina) served as major arteries of trade linking outlying areas and the Intramuros and
Port of Manila, with the cascos as the workhorse watercraft.

LAND TRANSPORTATION
In the past, animals and humans were carrying goods but as the technology progressed
and businesses improved all over the world, people invented cars which transporting things
become very convenient for people and cars replaced animals for transporting goods or helping
people travel. It is classified vehicles moving on wheels like bikes, motorcycles, cars, trucks,
vans and trains. There are two categories of land transportation: people traveling and goods
transportation. Recently, it is the most helpful and common method of transportation and people
mostly prefer to use it for short distances. People use cars for various reasons of activities. For
instance, go out with friends, work, university or any others place. Vehicles have become part of
our life and we are heavily dependent in it.

INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT

A viable alternative or addition to road and rail transport. Waterways provide enormous
advantages as a mode of transport compared to land and air modes of transports. Cheaper capital
cost, nature has already done the initial engineering work for the transportation infrastructure.
Thanks to this gift of nature, the cost of developing an inland waterway is 5- 10% of the cost
developing an equivalent railway or a four-lane expressway. This varies a lot, the waterway
might be ready naturally, only ports are needed, or if a canal and locks are needed might be very
expensive.

Waterways
3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels.

River ferries
The Pasig River Ferry Service is a river ferry service that serves Metro Manila, it is also the only
water-based transportation that cruised the Pasig River. The entire ferry network had 17 stations
operational and 2 lines. The first line was the Pasig River Line which stretched from Plaza
Mexico in Intramuros, Manila to Nagpayong station in Pasig. The second line was the Marikina
River Line which served the Guadalupe station in Makati up to Santa Elena station in Marikina.

Ferry services

MV Trisha Kerstin 2 in Zamboanga International Seaport

Because it is an island nation, ferry services are an important means of transportation. A range of
ships are used, from large cargo ships to small pump boats. Some trips last for a day or two on
large overnight ferris such as those operated by 2GO Travel while other trips can last for less
than 15 minutes on small, open-air pump boats such as those that cross the Iloilo Strait.
There are numerous shipping companies in the Philippines. Notable companies include 2GO
Travel (the successor to Superferry and Negros Navigation) and Trans-Asia Shipping Lines.

Ports and harbors

The busiest port is the Port of Manila, especially the Manila International Cargo Terminal
and the Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila. Other cities with bustling
ports and piers include Bacolod City, Batangas City, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Davao
City, Butuan, Iligan, Iloilo City, Jolo, Legazpi City, Lucena City, Puerto Princesa, San
Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga City, Cotabato City, General Santos
City, Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz, Surigao and Tagbilaran. Most of these terminals comprise
the Strong Republic Nautical Highway, a nautical system conceptualized under the term of
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo where land vehicles can use the roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro)
ferries to cross between the different islands.

RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION
Occupies a significant role in the transport system of a country because the development
of trade, industry and commerce of a country largely depends on the development of railways.
Moreover, the traffic can be protected from the exposure to sun and rain.

Railways in the last decade of Spanish rule

The bigger and more dramatic push was in building railways. In 1875, the Spanish
government authorized a Manila committee to propose railways projects. Three lines were
suggested, totaling 1,730 km of track: the Manila-Dagupan line (which was to be extended later
to Laoag); the Manila-Bicol line, which would reach Albay; and the Manila-Batangas route that
would reach Taal town.

In 1878, a Manila public works official proposed a streetcar system (tranvia) with five
lines, with Plaza San Gabriel in Binondo as main hub. The lines were to run to Intramuros via
what is now Jones Bridge; to Malate church; to Malacanang; to Sampaloc; and to Tondo. The
system was built by a Spanish firm (La Compania de Tranvias de Filipinas) from 1885 to 1889.
The Malacanang line was later dropped in favor of the Malabon line, which started operating in
1888 to serve Malabon's cigar-making factories, milkfish ponds, and a British-owned sugar mill.
The Malabon line ran on four German-made steam locomotives with eight coaches (nine
passengers each), while the other four lines were horse-drawn omnibuses for 12 seated and 8
standing passengers. The system became very popular with commuters. Project during the
Spanish period was the Manila-Dagupan railroad (built from 1887 to 1892), with a short spur
line from Tutuban to the Binondo quay of the Manila port. It was an early PPP model: the
Manila government shouldered all the risks and awarded the BOT rights to British-owned
Manila Railway Company. Dagupan was probably chosen as the northern terminal of the railway
because it was the single most important shipping point through which rice and other farm
products from Pangasinan and northern Tarlac were gathered and shipped to Manila. Prior to the
railway era, the Manila-Dagupan line referred to steamers regularly plying that marine route.

While the steam engine started to make itself felt in long-haul land transport, traditional horse,
mule and carabao power continued to predominate the field. There were more horse carriages in
Manila than in any other Asian city (which relied more on human-drawn rickshaws). In the
1880s, there were more than 1,000 horse-drawn calesas and nearly as many carromatas and
carabao carts in Manila alone.

AIR TRANSPORT
Enables highly perishable and valuable products to be moved fast over long distances, but
it lacks the environment control that is possible for other modes. In-flight storage will be at hold
temperature and whilst it may be quite low over most of the distance, the quality of the product
will be highly dependent on prompt and speedy handling at the airports. Exposure to local
weather conditions whilst waiting to be loaded onto a plane or being moved to and from the
airport can constitute a major part of the total travelling time.

Airports

Terminal 1 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Davao, Clark, Subic, Zamboanga and Laoag are the international
gateways to the country, with the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila as the
main and premier gateway of the country.
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport serves as the premier gateway of the Philippines,
it serves the Metro Manila area and its surrounding regions. It is located in the boundary
of Parañaque and Pasay in the National Capital Region. In 2012, NAIA became the 34th busiest
airport in the world, passenger volume increased to about eight percent to a total of 32.1 million
passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in Asia.
 The Clark International Airport is also a major gateway to the country, It was originally
planned to replace the Ninoy Aquino International Airport as the country's premier airport, amid
the plan to shut down the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The airport mostly serves low-
cost carriers that avail themselves of the lower landing fees than those charged at NAIA.
Other important airports in the Philippines are the Mactan-Cebu International
Airport in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu; the Iloilo International Airport in Cabatuan,
Iloilo;the Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City; the Zamboanga International
Airport in Zamboanga City and the General Santos International Airport in General Santos City.

Airlines

Philippine Airlines, the flag carrier of the country.

Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national flag carrier of the Philippines and is the first
commercial airline in Asia. Philippine Airlines remains as the country's biggest airline company,
it has the largest number of international flights to the Philippines as well as domestic flights. As
of 2013, Philippine Airlines flies to 8 domestic and 58 international destinations in 33 countries
and territories across Asia, North America, South America, Africa, Oceania and Europe. The
airlines operates hubs in Clark, Manila, Cebu, and Davao.
Cebu Pacific is the low fare leader in the country, and is the country's leading domestic airline,
flying to 37 domestic destinations. Since the launching of its international operations in
November 2001, flies to 27 destinations in 15 countries and territories across Asia and Oceania.
As of 2013, the airline operates hubs in Manila, Cebu and Davao.
Other low-cost carriers in the country include Cebgo, PAL Express, and Philippines AirAsia.
These airlines have routes to several tourist destinations in the country.

Policies, Laws, and Programs: Main Legal and Regulatory Provisions

Legislation About Land Use In The Philippines
Land use planning is an instrument that facilitates a fair and transparent allocation of land resources.
Besides land registration it is a core instrument in the steering of local development trajectories and it
helps to ensure the sustainable use of vital resources. However, land use planning is often subject to
diverging interests of governmental agencies as well as political will. This policy brief explores the
structures of land use and development planning in the Philippines, highlights the challenges associated
with plan implementation in the administrative context and discusses the consequences for socio-
economic development. The following findings lead us to our recommendation towards a consistent
national policy framework for land use planning:
 • The complexity of developing Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs), their updating, and their
subsequent enforcement pose challenges for municipal planning administrations. Training municipal
staff is a prerequisite for successful planning and implementation.
• Plan development and implementation should be based on objective criteria and aligned with peoples’
needs. Decoupling land use planning from the interests of executive officers and powerful landowners is
essential and contributes to the common good.
• Land use planning (physical planning) and development planning require alignment. The existing
mismatch is a consequence of different and overlapping mandates between governmental authorities.
• Incomplete and outdated cadastral information and shortcomings in sectorial information exchange
inhibit the steps necessary to solve the pressing issue of insecure tenure rights.
• Cooperation of agencies is currently partial and not yet systematic, which hampers a consistent
alignment of plans and integration of efforts in the country

Philippine Land-based Transportation System

The Philippines has approximately 203,000 km of roads (2008) and 6.6million registered motor
vehicles (2010). The Philippines has various urban public transport modes. Buses and urban
railways (Philippine National Railways or PNR), Light Rail Transit (LRT 1 and LRT2) and
Metro Rail Transit (MRT) cover the longest distances across the metropolis and the surrounding
areas. The public utility jeepney (PUJ) is the most frequently used mode in Metro Manila and in
most urban areas in the Philippines because of its ubiquity, flexibility, reasonable cost, and
traditional and habitual acceptability.

Land Use Conversion

Land Use Conversion is the act or process of changing the current physical use of a piece of
agricultural land into some other use or for another agricultural use other than the cultivation of
the soil, planting of crops, growing of trees, including harvesting of produce therefrom, as
approved by DAR (DAR, 2002)
House Bill No. 5240
An act instituting a national land use and management policy, providing the implementing
mechanism, and appropriating funds.
Section 1: “National Land use and management act of the Philippines’’
Section 2 (d): Strengthen the capacity of the local government units (LGU) to manage and maintain
ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction, in partnership with the national government in
accordance with the Philippine constitution and Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of
1991.

Reclassification of agricultural land refers to the act of specifying how agricultural lands shall be
utilized for non-agricultural uses such as residential, industrial, commercial, as embodied in the
land use plan, subject to the requirements and procedure for land use conversion, undertaken by
a Local Government Unit (LGU) in accordance with Section 20 of Republic Act (R.A.) 7160 and
Joint Memorandum Circular (MC-54-1995) by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
(HLURB), Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), It also includes the reversion of non-
agricultural lands to agricultural use (DAR, 2002).
Framework for Land Use Planning
Sec.6.
In determining and identifying and defining the national, regional, provincial framework plans,
and (CLUPs) land uses shall be grouped into 4 major functional uses.
1. Protection Land Use
2. Production Land Use
3. Settlements and Institutional Land Use
4. Infrastructure Land Use
Infrastructure Land Use
Refers to the use of land dedicated to the provision of basic services that foster economic and
other forms of integration necessary for producing or obtaining the material requirements of
Filipinos in an efficient, responsive, safe, and ecologically friendly built environment it includes,
among others, sub-sector like: road networks, transportation and communication facilities, social
services, environmental services facilities and utilities.
Sec. 48. Allocation and Use of Land for Infrastructure Development
Land, whether Public or Private, shall be allocated and utilized for priority infrastructure projects
that are supportive of national or local develop objectives. The National Economic and
Development Agency (NEDA), in consultation with the concerned national government agencies
(LGUs), and the private sector shall identify and periodically review, update, and/or revise the
list of priority infrastructure projects under an overall national strategic infrastructure
development plan subject to the provisions of this act, RA 8435 and RA 8371. Provided, that
such national strategic infrastructure development plan shall be consistent and integrated in the
objectives and directions of the NPFP.

Sec. 81. Persons Abetting Illegal Conversion

Any person initiating, causing, inducing or abetting illegal conversion with intent shall be
punished with imprisonment or a fine in accordance with Act No. 3815 or Republic Act 3019 or
both at the discretion of the court.