1.

0 TABLE OF CONTENT

No Content Pages

2 Abstract 1

Chapter 1 (Introduction)
3 2
a. General
b. Introduction and objectives 2
c. Laboratory scope 3
d. Significance of lab testing
4

4 Chapter 2 (Literature Reviews) 4-5

5 Chapter 3 (Methodology)

a. Flowchart 5

b. Procedure 6

c. Equation / Theory derivation 6

6 Chapter4(Results)

6.0 Results 7

6.1 Data analysis 8-16

6.2 Discussion 17-21

7 Conclusions 21

8 References 22
2.0 ABSTRACT

The influence line represents the variation of the reaction, shear, moment, or
deflection at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the
member. When the influence line is decide, the location of the live load which will
cause the greatest influence on the structure can be found. Therefore, influence lines
are important in the design of a structure where the loads move along the span such as
at bridges, cranes and conveyors. The procedure for constructing an influence line is
rather simple, it important to remember the difference between constructing an
influence line and constructing a shear or moment diagram. Shear force is the force in
the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal x axis. For design purposes, the
beam's ability to resist shear force is more important than its ability to resist an axial
force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting parallel to the longitudinal axis.

A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external

force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend. The structural
element subjected to bending moments is beam which is in simply supported at both
ends. The simply supported can be explained each end of the beam can rotate, each
end support has no bending moment. The ends can only react to the shear loads while
other beams can have both ends fixed. Therefore each end support has both bending
moment and shear reaction loads. The beams is positioned in one end fixed and one
end simply supported.

The main objectives of this laboratory are to investigate the existence of internal shear
force and moment influence line developed in beam based on external loading applied
and to determine the reaction force of influence line developed at the support of beam.
In this experiment, calculate the reaction of shear and bending moment with three
different cases. For each cases, the length between loads is differ and with 1.5N, 1.0N
and 1.5N.

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The result for the value of experimental is slightly same as the value of theoretical.
For the shear influence line, position case 1 is the largest shear force while the
bending moment influence line, position case 1 will have maximum bending moment.

As conclusion, the shear force and moment influence line have developed when
external loading which is 1.5N and 1.0N towards the beams. The support used for the
beam is in simply supported with three different case. The cases is different in terms
of distance between loads. The objectives of experiment have been achieved.

2.0 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

A. General background

Influence lines have important application for the design of structures that resist large
live loads. Influence line is the moving load from one point to another point such as
the live loads for bridge. This moving load maybe because of the moving vehicles. An
influence lines represents the variation of the reaction, shear, moment or deflection at
a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the member.For this
reasons, influence lines play an important part in the design of bridges, industrial
crane rails, conveyors and other structures where loads move across their span. To
find the maximum shear force and bending moment, influenced line is used.

B. Goal and objectives

 To investigate the existence of internal shear force and moment influence line
developed in beam based on external loading applied.

 To determine the reaction force of influence line developed at the support of

beam.

 To plot shear force and moment influence line when the beam is subjected to a
point load from left to right.

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C. Laboratory scope

 Configuration of specimen

Two set of 15 pieces load specimen = 1.5N

One set of 10 pieces load specimen= 1.0N

 Instrumentation specification

Type of instrument: Shear force and moment influence line apparatus

-Overall length: 1000mm

-Cross section of beam: 50mmx25mm

-Height of support: 300mm

-Cut section: 350mm from support

-Force Gauge capacity: 200N

 Standard procedure of practice

-Run 3 cases (3 different distance between the external loads from cut section) of
experiment for shear force and bending moment.

-Allow 3 unit load (1.5N, 1.0N and 1.5N) to move over beam from left to right.

 Type of testing

Bending (apply external loads to move over the beam)

 Specific theory

Bending moment equation (M  0) to find moment.

Equilibrium equation (Fy  0) to find shear force.

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D. Significant of laboratory testing

Study of how shear force and bending moment varies with an increasing point load
and how it varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading conditions. In this
laboratory testing, it can be concluded that when the load at the beam increase, shear
force and moment will also increase. Influence line diagram gives value of shear
stress, bending moment or other effect on a structural member due to moving load on
that member.

In building practice, students get to know how to handle the instrument properly
after carried out the laboratory testing. In construction field, it is very helpful in
bridges or some other structure where moving load is predominate. For industries,
designer can easily predict the maximum value of shear stress, bending moment,
along the structural member.

4.0 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEWS

An influence line represents the variation of the reaction, shear, moment, or

deflection at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the
member.

Bending moment (BM) and shear force (SF) diagrams show the variation of
bending moment and shear force along a structural element (beam) when a load (or a
set of loads) is applied to the structural element. Points of action of these loads are
fixed. Structures are also subjected to live loads whose position may vary on the
structure. This experiment focuses on such loads for statically determinate
structures.Trusses are often used as primary load-carrying elements for bridges.
Hence, for design it is important to be able to construct the influence lines for each of
its members. The loading on the bridge deck is transmitted to stringers, which in turn
transmit the loading to floor beams and then to the joints along the bottom cord of the
truss.Tabulated method and Influence line equations technique can be employed to
construct influence lines of a member over which a concentrated live load moves
along its span. When the influence line is drawn, the location of the live load that
leads to the greatest influence on the structure can be found easily and quickly..Last

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but not least, the magnitude of the associated reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at
the point can then be calculated from the ordinates of the influence-line diagram.

5.0 CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY

A. Flow chart

Follow below are the flowchart from the beginning to the end process :

Explanation

1) Group members solve and done their job to solve the objective of laboratory
together .
2) Various type of load trial had to be used to achieve the best results.
3) Data for experimental is obtained from the apparatus, meanwhile the theory
values is calculated by formula and theory.

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B. Methodology

i. Shear Force Influence Line

1) Digital Force Display meter is checked reads zero with no load.
2) Load with the arrangement of 1.5 N,1.0 N, and 1.5 N is put at the
grooved hanger with the measured distance in Case 1.It is left hanging
to get the reading at the Digital Force Reading..
3) Reading is recorded at Shear Force Influence Table for experimental
value for Case 1.
4) The procedure is continued with different type of cases with different
distance.
5) The table is completed after three type of cases.

ii. Bending Moment Influence Line

1) Digital Force Display meter is checked reads zero with no load.
2) Load with the arrangement of 1.5 N,1.0 N, and 1.5 N is put at the
grooved hanger with the measured distance in Case 1.It is left hanging
to get the reading at the Digital Force Reading..
3) Reading is recorded at Bending Moment Influence Table for
experimental value for Case 1.
4) The procedure is continued with different type of cases with different
distance and location.
5) The table is completed after three type of cases.

C. Equilibrium equation is used to find the values needed as displayed in the

calculation .

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6.0 CHAPTER 4 : RESULT

Part 1:
Shear force influence line

Case Theoretical shear influence Experimental shear influence

line values line values
Case 1 1.274 1.29
Case 2 0.841 0.91
Case 3 0.66 0.74

Part 2:
Bending moment influence line

Case Theoretical shear influence Experimental shear influence

line values line values
Case 1 0.247 0.25
Case 2 0.224 0.238
Case 3 0.158 0.15

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6.1 CALCULATION

Influence lines for RA and RB

1kN
x x-0.44

C
RA=1-x/0.44 RB= x/0.44
0.14 m

x RA RB
-0.14 1.382 -0.318
0 1.000 0
0.3 0.318 0.682
0.44 0 1.000

1.382
1.000

0.318

Influence line
for RA

1.000

0.682

-0.318
Influence line for RB

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Part 1:
Shear Force Influence Line

Let 1kN at left of x

1kN

MC

RA=1-x/0.44
VC
0.3 m
x

R R R
thh

R
thh

Let 1kN at right of x

MC

RA=1-x/0.44
VC
0.3 m
x

R R
thh

R
thh

R
thh
-0.14 0.318
0 0
0.3 -0.682
R
thh
0.3 0.318
0.44 0

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0.318 0.318

0
0

-0.682

1.5 N 1.0 N 1.5 N

0.12 0.1

C
RA RB

0.14 m 0.3 m 0.14 m

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Case 1:

1.5 N 1.0 N 1.5 N

0.318

-0.182
-0.455
-0.682

t t t th t th 1.5(-0.318)
t h t

Case 2:

1.5 N 1.0 N 1.5 N

0.318
0.091

-0.409
-0.682

t th t th t R te t R t Ͳ
t h t

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 Case 3:

1.5 N 1.0 N

0.318
0.045

-0.682

t th t R te t R t h
thh t

From the observation, position case 1 will contribute the largest shear force.
Therefore, the maximum shear force is position case 1.

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 Part 2:
Bending Moment Influence Line

Let 1kN at left of x

1kN

MC

RA=1-x/0.44
VC
0.3 m
x

+ MC =0

R thh
te R te R R

te
te R R te
thh
te
R
thh

Let 1kN at right of x

MC

RA=1-x/0.44
VC
0.3 m
x

+ MC =0

R te R
thh

te
te R
thh

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 te
R
thh

-0.14 -0.045
0 0
0.3 0.0956
te
te R
thh

0.3 0.096
0.44 0

0.096

0
0

-0.045

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Case 1:

1.5 N 1.0 N 1.5 N

0.096
0.064
0.026

t t h t t hh t t h
t h

Case 2:

1.5 N 1.0 N 1.5 N

0.096
0.058
0.027

t t t t h t t
t h

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 Case 3:

1.5 N 1.0 N

0.096

0.014

t t h t t h
t

From the observation, position case 1 will contribute the largest moment.
Therefore, the maximum bending moment is position case 1.

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6.2 DISCUSSION

Part 1

Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one specific
direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are
aligned into each other, they are called compression forces.

Derive equation 1 and equation 2

Equation 1

εMcut

Fy

1-(x/L)-1-Vc=0

Vc = -x/L

Equation 2

εMcut

εFy

1-(x/L)-Vc=0

Vc = 1-x/L

Maximum positive shear:

From all the 3 cases, the maximum shear force was happened during case 1. The
maximum effect caused by a live concentrated force is determined by multiplying the
peak ordinate of the influence line. Maximum positive shear that can be occur when
the point load of 1.5N is located at 0.3m, since this is the highest positive peak of the
influence line, the ordinate peak is +0.318, so that:

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 Maximum positive shear:
t t t th t th 1.5(-0.318)
t h t

Theoretical and experimental values of shear force against distances from left
hand support

Comment on the shape of graph about how shear force varies at the cut section
as a load moved on the beam.

The conclusion that can be made from the shape of graph is the experimental result
increases with the increase of the distances of load from the left hand support at the
left side of the cut. Based on the results, the values of shear force at cut section (N)
increases when the load moves nearer towards the cut.

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Comment on the experimental and theoretical value.

Based on the results that we got, the value of experimental shear force is a little bit
bigger than the theoretical value. The values are slightly difference because of the
load is disturbed while applying force. So, the reading of force became not accurate.
Other than that, the mass of hanger increase the force of load but the mass of hanger is
not calculated. It little bit affect the reading of the force. The error can be reduced by
avoiding any disturbance from the surrounding and the mass of the hanger need to be
minimized.

Part 2

A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an

external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend.

Equation 1

εMcut

Fy

(1-x/L)(0.3)-1(0.3-x)-Mc=0

Mc=x-(0.3x/L)

Equation 2

εMcut

εFy

1-(x/L)(0.3)-Mc=0

Mc = 0.3-(0.3x/L)

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Maximum positive bending moment:
From all the 3 cases, the maximum bending moment influence line was happened
during case 1. The maximum effect caused by a live concentrated force is determined
by multiplying the peak ordinate of the influence line. Maximum positive shear that
can be occur when the point load of 1.5N is located at 0.3m, since this is the highest
positive peak of the influence line, the ordinate peak is +0.096, so that:

Maximum positive bending moment :

t t h t t hh t t h

t h

Theoretical and experimental values of bending moment against distances from

left hand support

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Comment on the shape of graph about how bending moment influence line’s
values varies at the cut section as a load moved on the beam.

The conclusion that can be made from the shape of graph is the experimental result
decreases with the decrease of the distances of load from the left hand support at the
left side of the cut. Based on the results, the values of bending moment at cut section
decreases when the load moves further from the cut.

Comment on the experimental and theoretical value.

There are some errors that may cause the difference in reading between the
experimental value and the theoretical value for the bending moment. It may be from
the gross error by the observer by not putting the load at the exact place difference
with the calculation that have been made. The beam also not stable when measuring
the bending moment that cause by shaking of the machine. So it cause the reading of
the dynamometer keep changing. To increase the accuracy of the reading, gross error
need be avoid and make sure the apparatus is in stable state.

7.0 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, the shear force and moment influence line have developed when
external loading which is 1.5N and 1.0N towards the beams. The support used for the
beam is in simply supported with three different case. The cases is different in terms
of distance between loads. The objectives of experiment have been achieved.

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 8.0 REFERENCES

1. Shear Force and Bending Moment. (2000, October 5). Retrieved from
http://people.virginia.edu/~pjm8f/engr162/beam/shear_force_and_bending_moment.h
tm

2. What is Shear Stress? - Definition, Equation & Units Video. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-shear-stress-definition-equation-units.html

3. R.C.Hibbeler , Structural Analysis Ninth Edition In SI Unit , 2017

4. What are the applications of influence line diagram? (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-applications-of-influence-line-diagram

5. Influence line. (2007, November 27). Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_line

6. Noorli Ismail, I. (n.d.). Chapter 5-INFLUENCE LINES. Retrieved from

file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/6.%20Influence%20Line.pdf

7. Civl 3121. (n.d.). Influence Lines - Introduction. Retrieved from

http://www.ce.memphis.edu/3121/notes/notes_06a.pdf

8. MSI06 Moments Influence Lines syed. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/4865473/MSI06_Moments_Influence_Lines_syed

9. https://engineering.purdue.edu/~aprakas/CE474/CE474-Ch3-ForceMethod.pdf.
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~aprakas/CE474/CE474-Ch3-ForceMethod.pdf.

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