Homework 2 of Math 2000 Worked Examples

Hand in to your TA in before 5:00 pm on Wed 18/09/2019.

7y 2 y3 13y
Read class notes and examples before you start. 1. Find all the points ( a, b, f (a, b) ) on the graph z = − + + − x2 at
Chain Rule Formula. Let w(x, y) = g( f (x, y) ) and g be a function of 2 variables 16 24 32
which the tangent plane is horizontal.
and 1 variable respectively, then we have
2
y3
∂w ∂f Solution. Define f (x, y) = − 7y
16 + 24 + 13y
32 − x2 . Recall that
′
= g ( f (x, y) ) · (x, y) (1)
∂x ∂x (a) the normal direction of tangent plane of a graph z = f (x, y) at (a, b, f (a, b))
∂w ∂f is given by (−fx (a, b), −fy (a, b), 1).
= g ′ ( f (x, y) ) · (x, y) (2).
∂y ∂y
(b) A plane in R3 is horizontal ⇐⇒ its normal direction is parallel to (0, 0, 1).
Formula. The tangent plane Π of Let S = { ( x, y, f (x, y) ) ∈ R | (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ) }
3
The tangent plane to the graph z = f (x, y) at (a, b, f (a, b) ) is horizontal
be the graph surface of the function z = f (x, y) at P (a, b, c) where c = f (a, b) ) is
∂f ∂f ⇐⇒ fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0.
given by z = f (a, b) + (a, b) · (x − a) + (a, b) · (y − b). ⇐⇒ ( fx (a, b), fy (a, b) ) = (0, 0).
∂x ∂x b2
⇐⇒ ( − 7b
8 + 8 + 32 , −2a ) = (0, 0).
13
1. Find (i) fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fxx (x, y), (ii)fxy (x, y) and fyx (x, y). ⇐⇒ a = 0 and 0 = 4b2 − 28b + 13 = (2b − 13)(2b − 1)
2y √
(a) f (x, y) = . (b) f (x, y) = ln 1 + x2 − tan−1 (xy). ⇐⇒ (a, b) = (0, 21 ) or (0, 13
2 ).
y + cos x
Hint. (i)
d
(ln u) = ·
1 du
; (ii)
d
(tan−1 u) =
1
·
du
; 2. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the graph of z = f (x, y) = 4
π tan−1 (xy)
dx u dx dx 1 + u dx2 at P (1, 1, 1).
du
·v−u· dv
d
(iii) dx (u · v) = du
dx · v + u · dx ;
dv d u
(iv) dx ( v ) = dx ( dv )2 dx .
dx Solution. We first evaluate the partial derivatives as follows:
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane and normal line of the graph of the function ( )
2 ∂ 4 −1 4 ∂ ( −1 )
z(x, y) = 2 at (1, 1, 1). fx (x, y) = tan (xy) = tan (xy)
x + y2 ∂x π π ∂x
4 d ( )  ∂
23 2 1 3 = · tan−1 u  · ( xy )
3. Find all points (x, y) on the graph surface z = f (x, y) = y + y − x2 at π du u=xy ∂x
32 24 4 1 4y
which the tangent plane is horizontal. = · ·y = ,
π 1 + (xy)2 π(1 + (xy)2 )
4. Let u(x, y, z) = √ 1
. Show that u satisfies the following equation 4x
x2 +y 2 +z 2
fy (x, y) = .
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u π(1 + (xy)2 )
+ 2 + 2 = 0.
∂x2 ∂y ∂y Then the equation of the tangent plane to the graph z = f (x, y) at (a, b, f (a, b))
2
5. Let z(x, y) = x y + sin(xy), find all the partial derivatives: is given by z = f (a, b) + fx (a, b) · (x − a) + fy (a, b) · (y − b).
zx (x, y), zy (x, y), zxx (x, y), zyy (x, y), zxy (x, y) and zyx (x, y).
∂ ∂ Hence the equation of the tangent plane at (1, 1, 1) is given by
Notations. Recall that zxy (x, y) = ( zx (x, y) ) and zyx (x, y) = ( zy (x, y) ).
∂y ∂x z = f (1, 1) + fx (1, 1) · (x − 1)fy (1, 1) · (y − 1)
∂ z 2
∂ z 2
2 2 2(x + y) π − 4
6. If z = f (x, y) = (x + y) sec(xy), prove that = . = 1 + (x − 1) + (y − 1) = + .
∂x∂y ∂y∂x π π π π
Remarks. (i) This is(a problem in the ) first2 test in 2018. ( )
∂2f ∂ ∂ ∂ f ∂ ∂
(ii) (x, y) = ( f (x, z) ) (x, y) = ( f (x, z) ) .
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y∂x ∂y ∂x
(iii) https://www.symbolab.com/solver/calculus-calculator/
3. Let f (x, y) and g(x, y) be function defined on R2 such that the following partial 6. Find (a) the equation of the tangent plane and (b) the equation of normal line to
derivatives fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fxy (x, y), fyx (x, y), gx (x, y), gy (x, y), gxy (x, y) and the following surface S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 49 at P (6, 2, 3).
gyx (x, y) exist for all (x, y) ∈ R2 , and they satisfy the following:

fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) and gxy (x, y) = gyx (x, y).

If z(x, y) = f (x, y) · g(x, y), prove the following equalities:

(a) zx (x, y) = fx (x, y) · g(x, y) + f (x, y) · gx (x, y);
(b) zxy (x, y) = fxy (x, y) · g(x, y) + fx (x, y) · gy (x, y) Solution. Recall that the normal direction n of the tangent plane to S at
+ fy (x, y) · gx (x, y) + f (x, y) · gxy (x, y). P (a, b, f (a, b) ) is given by n = ( −fx (a, b), −fy (a, b), 1 ).
(c) zxy (x, y) = zyx (x, y). (a) One can rewrite the given implicit function x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 49 to an explicit
function by solving z in terms of x and y as follows:
Proof. (a) zx (x, y) = ∂
∂x (f · g) = fx (x, y) · g(x, y) + f (x, y) · gx (x, y);
√
(b) zxy (x, y) = ∂ ∂
(fx (x, y) · g(x, y) + f (x, y) · gx (x, y)) z = f (x, y) = 49 − x2 − y 2 ,
∂y ( zx (x, y) ) = ∂y

= fxy (x, y)g(x, y) + fx (x, y)gy (x, y) + fy (x, y)gx (x, y) + f (x, y)gxy (x, y). with domain { (x, y) ∈ R2 | 49 − x2 − y 2 ≥ 0 } which is a circular disc including
its boundary circle defined by 72 = 49 = x2 + y 2 . Hence,
(c) Similar to (a) and (b), it follows from fxy = fyx and gxy = gyx that
( ) ∂f ∂ (√ ) 1 ∂
∂
zyx (x, y) = ∂x ∂
( zy (x, y) ) = ∂x fy (x, y) · g(x, y) + f (x, y) · gy (x, y) = 49 − x2 − y 2 = √ · (49 − x2 − y 2 )
∂x ∂x 2 49 − x − y
2 2 ∂x
= fyx (x, y)g(x, y) + fy (x, y)gx (x, y) + fx (x, y)gy (x, y) + f (x, y)gyx (x, y). −2x x
= √ = −√ , and
= fxy (x, y)g(x, y) + fx (x, y)gy (x, y) + fy (x, y)gx (x, y) + f (x, y)gxy (x, y). 2 49 − x − y
2 2 49 − x2 − y 2
∂f y
= zxy (x, y). = −√ .
∂y 49 − x2 − y 2
4. Let a be a positive number, verify that the function u(x, t) = sin(x − at) satisfies
the wave equation utt = a2 uxx . At the point P (6, 2, 3), the partial derivatives are
Proof. We have ut (x, t) = ∂t∂
(sin(x − at)) = −a cos(x − at), and ∂f 6 6 ∂f 2 2
utt (x, t) = −(−a) sin(x − at) = −a2 sin(x − at). Moreover, we have ux (x, t) =
2 (6, 2) = − √ = − = −2, and (6, 2) = − √ =− .
∂x 49 − 6 − 2
2 2 3 ∂y 49 − 6 − 2
2 2 3
∂x (sin(x − at)) = cos(x − at), and uxx (x, t) = − sin(x − at), so
∂

The equation of the tangent plane to the S at P is given by

utt (x, t) = −a2 sin(x − at) = a2 uxx (x, t).
z = f (6, 2) + fx (6, 2) · (x − 6) + fy (6, 2) · (y − 2)
5. Show that the function u(x, y) = ex sin y is a solution of Laplaces equation, i.e. 2
uxx + uyy = 0. = 3 − 2(x − 6) − · (y − 2)
3
Solution. We have the following ux (x, y) = ex sin y, uxx = ex sin y; 49 2
= − 2x − y.
x
uy (x, y) = e cos y, uyy = −ex sin y. 3 3
Therefore, we have uxx + uyy = e sin y − e sin y = 0 for any (x, y) ∈ R2 ,
x x
(b) Recall that the normal line to S through P (a, b, c) is the line through P with
x
Therefore u(x, y) = e sin y is a solution of Laplaces equation. normal direction. Hence, the equation of the normal line (in red color) is given
Remark. Unlike the linear equation, one can prove that any linear function by
x−6 y−2 z−3
v(x, y) = Ax + By + C = = .
−2 −2/3 1
is also a solution of Laplace’s equation for any real numbers A, B, C.