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1
Solution
Physical
Chemistry
II,
Semester
2019-‐1
1. Under
what
conditions
is
dG
≤
0
a
condition
that
defines
the
spontaneity
of
a
process?
Answer:
This
is
the
case
at
constant
T
and
P
if
no
nonexpansion
work
is
possible.
2. Under
what
condition
is
KP
=
Kx?
Answer:
This
is
the
case
for
a
reaction
involving
gases
if
Δn
=
0.
3. It
is
found
that
KP
is
independent
of
T
for
a
particular
chemical
reaction.
What
does
this
tell
you
about
the
reaction?
Answer:
This
is
true
if
ΔHreaction
=
0.
4.
Calculate
ΔG
for
the
isothermal
expansion
of
2.50
mol
of
an
ideal
gas
at
350
K
from
an
initial
pressure
of
10.5 bar
to
a
final
pressure
of
0.500
bar.
5. A
sample
containing
2.50
mol
of
an
ideal
gas
at
298
K
is
expanded
from
an
initial
volume
of
10.0
L
to
a
final
volume
of
50.0
L.
Calculate
ΔG
and
ΔA
for
this
process
for
(a)
an
isothermal
reversible
path
and
(b)
an
isothermal
expansion
against
a
constant
external
pressure
of
0.750
bar.
Explain
why
ΔG
and
ΔA
do
or
do
not
differ
from
one
another.
6. Calculate
reaction
ΔG°reaction
for
the
reaction
CO(g)
+
1/2
O2(g)
→
CO2(g)
at
298.15
K.
Calculate
reaction
ΔG°reaction
at
650
K
assuming
that
reaction
ΔH°reaction
is
constant
in
the
temperature
interval
of
interest.
7. Consider
the
equilibrium
C2H6(g)
→
C2H4(g)
+
H2(g).
At
1000
K
and
a
constant
total
pressure
of
1
atm,
C2H6(g)
is
introduced
into
a
reaction
vessel.
At
equilibrium,
the
composition
of
the
mixture
in
mole
percent
is
H2(g):
26%,
C2H4(g):
26%,
and
C2H6(g):
48%.
A)
Calculate
Kp,
b)
Kp
at
1000K,
y
c)
ΔG°.
8.
If
the
reaction
Fe2N(s)
+
3/2
H2(g)
→
2Fe(s)
+
NH3(g)
comes
to
equilibrium
at
a
total
pressure
of
1
atm,
analysis
of
the
gas
shows
that
at
700
and
800
K,
and
1.083,
respectively,
if
only
H2(g)
was
initially
present
in
the
gas
phase
and
Fe2N(s)
was
in
excess.
a)
Calculate
KP
at
700
and
800
K.
b)
Calculate
reaction
ΔS°reaction
at
700
and
800
K
and
,
ΔH°reaction
assuming
that
it
is
independent
of
temperature.
c)
Calculate
reaction
ΔG°reaction
for
this
reaction
at
298.15
K.
9.
Show
that
Write
a
procedure
that
would
allow
you
to
relate
ΔA
at
two
temperatures.
10.
A
sample
containing
2.25
mol
of
He
(1
bar,
298
K)
is
mixed
with
3.00
mol
of
Ne
(1
bar,
298
K)
and
1.75
mol
of
Ar
(1
bar,
298
K).
Calculate
ΔGmixing
and
ΔSmixing.
11.
Calculate
the
degree
of
dissociation
of
N2O4
in
the
reaction
N2O4(g)
→
2NO2(g)
at
250
K
and
a
total
pressure
of
0.500
bar.
Do
you
expect
the
degree
of
dissociation
to
increase
or
decrease
as
the
temperature
is
increased
to
550
K?
Assume
that
reaction
ΔH°reaction
is
independent
of
temperature.
12.
A
sample
containing
2.00
moles
of
N2
and
6.00
mol
of
H2
are
placed
in
a
reaction
vessel
and
brought
to
equilibrium
at
20.0
bar
and
750
K
in
the
reaction
1/2
N2(g)
+
3/2
H2(g)
→
NH3(g).
a)
Calculate
KP
at
this
temperature.
b)
Set
up
an
equation
relating
KP
and
the
extent
of
reaction
c)
Using
Mathematica,
calculate
the
number
of
moles
of
each
species
present
at
equilibrium.
13.
As
Ca(HCO3)2(s)
decomposes
at
elevated
temperatures
according
to
the
stoichiometric
equation
Ca(HCO3)2(s)
→
CaCO3(s)
+
H2O(g)
+
CO2(g).
a) If
pure
Ca(HCO3)2(s)
is
put
into
a
sealed
vessel,
the
air
is
pumped
out,
and
the
vessel
and
its
contents
are
heated,
the
total
pressure
is
0.115
bar.
Determine
KP
under
these
conditions.
b) If
the
vessel
initially
also
contains
0.225
bar
H2O(g),
what
is
the
partial
pressure
of
CO2(g)
at
equilibrium?