Natureandpsyc 180207142850

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801
NATURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT

Biophilic Architecture
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
KATHMANDU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
KATHMANDU
PRABAL DAHAL
BAE/2070/27
February, 2018
NATURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT: BIOPHILIC ARCHITECTURE
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BIOPHILIC DESIGN
3. COMFORT IN ARCHITECTURE
4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT:
A CASE OF LITERATURE AND SURVEY
5. INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES
6. ANALYSIS
7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 2

1. INTRODUCTION: I. Background
1. INTRODUCTION
I. Background
• Human evolution occurred in a natural
environment.
• Evolution occurred mainly in sensory

world.
• Elements of ancestral habitats in built

environment results in positive effects and
relaxed physiological and psychological
states

1. INTRODUCTION: II. Research Question
II. Research Question
How does incorporating nature in a built

space bring about comfort?
Sub Questions:-
A. What is incorporating nature in the built space?
B. How is it done?
C. What is comfort?
D. How does nature bring about comfort to human
psyche?

1. INTRODUCTION: III. Objectives
III. Objectives
• To explore biophilic design and the

impact of biophilic architecture on the
human psychology based upon
literature reviews, case studies and
previously done research findings

IV. Methodology
IV. Methodology
Research Question
Data Collection (Literature Study,

Case Studies, Surveying)
Analysis
Findings and Conclusion

1. INTRODUCTION: IV. Methodology
IV. Methodology
Research Question
Literature Study
• What is biophilic architecture?

Data Collection (Literature Study, • Biophilic architecture
Case Studies, Surveying) (report/journal/book)
• Documentaries and TED talk
• What is psychological comfort in

Analysis architecture?
• Books and internet articles
• Nature and comfort

Findings and Conclusion • Researches and findings

IV. Methodology
Research Question
Case Studies

• Study how principles of biophilic
architecture has been used in
formation of spaces.
Analysis
• Understand the users experience
in the biophilically designed
spaces

IV. Methodology
Research Question
Surveying
• Questions to students and

teachers of Architecture on
Analysis whether they like nature in their
built space.

IV. Methodology
Research Question
Analysis
• Inferences from Literature Study

that could be used for Case Study
Analysis
• Cross Case Analysis
• Making Sense of Literature and

Case Studies

2. BIOPHILIC DESIGN
2. BIOPHILIC DESIGN
Biophilia is the inherent

human inclination to
affiliate with nature that
even in the modern world
continues to be critical to
people’s physical and
mental health and
wellbeing (Kellert 1997,
2012).
KHOO TECK PUAT HOSPITAL IN SINGAPORE WITH BIOPHILIC DESIGN
Source: living-future.org

2. BIOPHILIC DESIGN
BIOPHILIC PRINCIPLES:
• Repeated and sustained engagement
with nature.
• Human adaptations to the natural

world.
• Emotional attachment to particular

settings and places.
• Positive interactions between people

and nature
• Mutual reinforcing, interconnected, BEING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE

Source: https://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2014/11/gadd5.jpg
and integrated architectural
solutions.

2. BIOPHILIC DESIGN
14
Biophilic
Patterns
(Terrapin Bright Green, 2014)

Comfort, according to the Cambridge

Dictionary is a pleasant feeling of
being relaxed and free from pain.
CONTEXTS OF COMFORT:
• Physical context (bodily mechanisms)
• Psycho-spiritual context (beliefs,
consciousness of self)
• Environmental context (temperature,
COMFORT DIFFERS BASED UPON SITUATIONS
humidity) Source: https://www.petcha.com

Architecture is not an isolated field and has to incorporate all these

contexts for it to sustain, inspire and actually cater to the
psychological comfort needs of people that use it.
Attributes of Comfort in Architecture

Source: Helga Santos da Silva and Mauro César de Oliveira Santos
Physical Context Attributes Subjective Context Attributes

Safety Territory
Efficiency Home
Environmental Adjustment Privacy
Beauty

4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT

Architectural design attributes generally
regarded as essential to well-being (Daniel
Silvernail Architects)
(5/12 attributes link with biophilia)
USE OF
i. Connection to nature and natural BIOPHILIC
PATTERNS FOR
processes
ASSESSING
ii. Sensory variability
CASE STUDIES
iii. Sound levels similar to nature
iv. Interesting visual environment with
aesthetic integrity
v. Wayfinding and making sense

SURVEY ON BIOPHILIA AMONG THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF ARCHITECTURE AT KEC

A total of 165 individuals participated in the survey.
Survey papers were distributed and upon receiving the filled form, Agreed was input into excel
as A, Disagreed as D and Neutral and N.
Q1. I love nature 1% 1%

2%
Q.18. We need not care about nature.
We should only be concerned about
technological development.
9% 6%
D A
D
N
85% N
(blank)
96%


NATURE FOR COMFORT (STRESS RELIEF)
Q.7. HAVING NON-NATURAL ELEMENTS IN MY INDOOR

ENVIRONMENT MAKES ME FEEL DULL.
39%
53%
A
D
N
8%


Q.13. NATURE AND NATURAL MATERIALS IN BUILT

ENVIRONMENT HELP RELIEVE STRESS.
8% 1%
1%
A
D
N
(blank)
90%


Q.15. IF I HAD (MORE) INDOOR PLANTS IN MY

WORKPLACE/COLLEGE, I WOULD BE HAPPIER AND LESS STRESSED.
36%
60% A
D
N
4%


INCLINATION TO NATURE
Q.19. I PREFER NATURAL VENTILATION TO AIR CONDITIONING (AC)

SYSTEM.
1%
13%
4%
(blank)
82%


INCLINATION TO NATURE
Q.20. I PREFER NATURAL LIGHT TO ARTIFICIAL LIGHT DURING THE

DAY TIME.
7% 1%
1%
A
D
N
(blank)
91%

5. CASE STUDIES INTRODUCTION
NATIONAL: PARK VILLAGE HOTEL AND RESORT

Location: Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu,
Nepal
Project Type: Hotel and Resort
Owners: KGH groups
Area: 217800 sq. ft.
Key Biophilic Patterns: Visual Connection
with Nature, Presence of Water, Connection
with natural system, biomorphic forms and
PARK VILLAGE HOTEL: RESTAURANT AND HALL BUILDING
patterns, Refuge Source: https://ktmgh.com/park-village-resort/gallery.php

INTERNATIONAL: WINDHOVER
CONTEMPLATIVE CENTRE AND ART GALLERY
Location: Northern California, USA
Project Address: 370 Santa Teresa St. Stanford,
CA 94305
Project Type: Public Gallery
Area: 4,000 sq ft
Year of Completion: 2014
Design Team: Aidlin Darling Design
Key Biophilia Patterns: Refuge, Visual
Connection with Nature, Dynamic and Diffuse
WINDHOVER COMTEMPLATIVE CENTRE
Light, Material Connection with Nature Source: https://www.designboom.com/wp-content/dbsub/381496/2015-
02-02/img_1_1422888464_29e4a3752d1a4d1ffa0b662a2e3eb263.jpg
2015 Design Merit Award (American Society of Landscape Architects) w/Andrea Cochran Landscape, 2015 Citation Award
(American Institute of Architects), 2015 Honor Award (International Interior Design Association), 2015 Best of Competition Winner
(42ND Annual Interior Design Competition)

6. ANALYSIS
and
FINDINGS

6. ANALYSIS
[P1] Visual Connection with Nature

LITERATURE CASE STUDY 1: Park Village CASE STUDY 2: Windhover
• A view to elements of
nature, living systems
and natural processes.
• Natural or mechanical
flow of water,
vegetation, artwork
depicting nature,
animals and insects,
VIEW FROM BALCONY OF MAIN BUILDING
green wall. Source: author
Psychological/Biological Impacts (Terrapin) Comfort

A REFLECTION POOL AT THE
Lower blood pressure and heart rate, improved Feel at home SOUTHERN END
experience Source: Windhover Contemplative
mental engagement/attentiveness, positively
Center, 2015 Terrapin Bright Green
impacted attitude and overall happiness (belongingness).

6. ANALYSIS
[P2] Non-Visual Connection with Nature

• Auditory, haptic,
olfactory, or gustatory
stimuli that engender a
deliberate and positive
reference to nature, Source: Windhover Contemplative Center,
living systems or natural 2015 Terrapin Bright Green
processes. Source: https://www.pinterest.com/birdforarab/bird/?lp=true
• Fragrant herbs, natural
sounds of flowing water,
chirping of birds,
fireplace, domesticated
pets, honeybee apiary,
Source:
sun patches. Source: Royal Nursery Source: The Flower Expert
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/315885
Birds chirping, fragrant flowers 361340121381/
Psychological/Biological Impacts (Terrapin)
Reduced systolic blood pressure and stress hormone, Comfort Exterior courtyards,
Positively impacted on cognitive performance and meditation labyrinth,
Comfort to senses other floor texture.
perceived improvements in mental health and
tranquility. than the eye.
6. ANALYSIS
[P4] Thermal & Airflow Variability

• Subtle changes in air
temperature, relative
humidity, airflow across
the skin, and surface
temperatures that mimic
natural environments.
• Solar hear gain, shadow,
space orientation, INTERNAL COURT
Source: Matthew Millman
window glazing and Photography
treatment, cross
ventilation, vegetation Comfort
NATURAL AIR FLOW IN THE RESTAURANT
with seasonal Source: author Physical comfort,
densification. metabolic comfort
Positively impacted comfort, well-being and
productivity; positively impacted concentration and
improved perception of temporal and spatial
NATURAL AIR FLOW IN THE CENTRE
pleasure. Source: https://www.architonic.com/en/project/aidlin-darling-design-windhover-contemplative-center/5103570

6. ANALYSIS
[P5] Presence of Water

• A condition that
enhances the
experience of a place
through seeing, hearing
or touching water.
• River, stream, pond,

wetland, water wall,
aquarium, fountain, WATER POOL VIEWABLE FROM INTERIOR
Source:
imagery with water in VIEW OF THE SWIMMING POOL https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c6/87/aa/c
Source:
the composition. http://pix10.agoda.net/hotelImages/772/77265/7
687aa99f076f49b5758f52c1110ea92.jpg
7265_120404122047443.jpg?s=1024x768

Comfort
Reduced Stress, increased feeling of tranquility,
lower heart rate and blood pressure, improved Feeling of tranquility
concentration, memory restoration, enhanced and peace with water
perception, positive emotional response on site or sound of it. Source: Matthew Millman Photography

6. ANALYSIS
[P6] Dynamic & Diffuse Light

• Leverages varying
intensities of light and
shadow that change
over time to create
conditions that occur in
nature.
• Daylight from multiple
angles, direct sun light,
DIFFUSED LIGHTING IN THE MEDITATIVE
firelight, SPACE
bioluminescence, Source: Matthew Millman Photography
illuminance, accent DYNAMIC LIGTHING ACTIVATING SENSORY

STIMULI AT THE PATHWAYS
lighting, personal user Source: https://ktmgh.com/park-village-
dimming controls, color resort/images/adv_s.jpg
tuning.
Comfort
Psychological/Biological Impacts (Terrapin) Sense of inspiring awe
Positively impacted circadian system DIFFUSED LIGHT VIA INTERNAL COURT
and healthy fresh Source: https://www.architonic.com/en/project/aidlin-darling-design-
functioning, increased visual comfort. environment.
windhover-contemplative-center/5103570

6. ANALYSIS
[P8] Biomorphic Forms & Patterns

• Symbolic references to
contoured, patterned,
textured or numerical
arrangements that
persist in nature.
• Woodwork, masonry,
wall paint style, texture,
arrangement of
structural system, VARIOUS
building form, furniture BIOMORPHIC
FORMS
form, window details.
Source: author
VERTICAL LOUVRES
MIMICKING TREE TRUNKS
Psychological/Biological Impacts (Terrapin) Comfort Source: Windhover Contemplative
Center, 2015 Terrapin Bright
Observed View preference Feeling of ancient
Green
connection with space.

6. ANALYSIS
[P9] Material Connection with Nature

• Materials and elements
from nature that,
through minimal
processing, reflect the
local ecology or geology
and create a distinct
sense of place.
• Interior surfaces (veneer,
countertops),
woodworks, stone works,
natural color palette, wall
construction with wood, NATURAL MATERIALS AND TEXTURES IN
stone; structure system WAITING LOUNGE
Source: author
by timber, façade
material, furniture form. Comfort
Psychological/Biological Impacts (Terrapin) Feeling or Walking in NATURAL MATERIALS AND TEXTURES
Source: Windhover Contemplative Center,
Decreased diastolic blood pressure, improved natural textures brings 2015 Terrapin Bright Green
creative performance, and improved comfort. joy.
6. ANALYSIS
[P12] Refuge
• A place for withdrawal
from environmental
conditions or the main flow
of activity, protected from
behind and overhead.
• Small protection space,
partial cover, extensive VARIOUS
refuge; weather REFUGE AREAS
Source:
protection, speech https://ktmgh.com/
park-village-
protection; meditation and resort/gallery.php
relaxation, controlled
operable shades, blinds. Comfort
LOCATED AT A PEACEFUL
Psychological/Biological Impacts (Terrapin) The need to be alone ENVIRONMENT WITH NATURAL
Improved concentration, attention and from time to time to MATERIALS
Source: https://www.architonic.com/en/project/aidlin-
perception of safety contemplate. darling-design-windhover-contemplative-center/5103570


CONCLUSION
• Presence of biophilia in human beings.
• Comfort in architecture is achievable by the use

of nature.
• Study of biophilic patterns can be used to

assess comfort in a built space.
• Different biophilic patterns have different

psychological or biological advantages.
• Awareness of biophilia in design can enhance

positive user experience in built spaces.
• Biophilic designs can be highly energy efficient Source:

https://taliaarbit.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/shutterstock_169292036.jpg?w=1000&h=667&
and sustainable along with inspiring for better crop=1
life. https://www.greenbiz.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_full/public/images/article
s/featured/interfacebiophilia.jpg?itok=8FR4-zIp

The biophilia hypothesis also called BET suggests that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with
nature and other forms of life. Edward O. Wilson introduced and popularized the hypothesis in his book, Biophilia (1984).
He defines biophilia as "the urge to affiliate with other forms of life".
-WIKIPEDIA

RECOMMENDATION
• BIOPHILIC RATING SYSTEM:

A biophilia assessing rating LOVE OF THE AWARENESS OF
PLANET EARTH BIOPHILIA
system could be developed to
rate the built space in terms of
the biophilic attributes and
biophilic quality.
• ASPIRE TO USE BIOPHILIC DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY

APPROACHES
BIOPHILIA FOR THE PLANET

REFERENCES
Advisor, P. (n.d.). http://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/mood-disorders/nature-cognitive-anxiety-depression-mood/article/448018/3/.
Retrieved 11 2017
Green, C. N. (2015). Windhover Contemplative Center. Terrapin Bright Green.
Group, M. (2016). Biophilic Design: Enhancing the Human-Nature Relationship in the Built Environment. Mohawk Group.
Helga Santos da Silva, M. C. (n.d.). The meaning of comfort in residential environments. Retrieved December 2017
Hotels, K. (n.d.). Park Village Resort. Retrieved from Kathmandu Guest House: https://ktmgh.com/park-village-resort/index.php
Ltd, H. S. (n.d.). Park Village. Retrieved from HIMALAYAN SCENERY TREKS & EXPEDITION PVT. LTD:
http://www.himalayanst.com/park-village.html
Silvernail, D. (2017). Psychosocial Value of Architectural Space. Retrieved from SantaCruzArchitect.wordpress.com:

https://santacruzarchitect.wordpress.com/2016/05/03/psychosocial-value-of-architectural-space
William Browning, C. R. (2014). 14 PATTERNS OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN IMPROVING HEALTH & WELL-BEING IN THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT. New York: Terrapin Bright Green LLC. Retrieved January 2018, from terrapinbrightgreen:
http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/14-Patterns-of-Biophilic-Design-Terrapin-2014p.pdf
Kellert, S., Heerwagen, J., & Mador, M. (2008). Biophilic design: The theory, science, and practice of bringing buildings to life.
Hoboken, N.J., Wiley.
Joye, Y., Architectural Lessons from Environmental Psychology: the Case of Biophilic Architecture 323
Stephen R. Kellert, Elizabeth F. Calabrese. "The Practice of Biophilic Design." The Practice of Biophilic Design (n.d.). PDF.
January 2018. <www.biophilic-design.com>.
Schmid, 2005, A. A ideia de conforto: reflexões sobre o ambiente construído. Curitiba, Pacto Ambiental.

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SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801

NATURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT

5. INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES

7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 2

• Evolution occurred mainly in sensory

• Elements of ancestral habitats in built

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 3

1. INTRODUCTION: II. Research Question

II. Research Question

How does incorporating nature in a built

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 4

1. INTRODUCTION: III. Objectives

• To explore biophilic design and the

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 5

Data Collection (Literature Study,

Findings and Conclusion

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 6

1. INTRODUCTION: IV. Methodology

• What is biophilic architecture?

• What is psychological comfort in

• Nature and comfort

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 7

1. INTRODUCTION: IV. Methodology

Data Collection (Literature Study,

Findings and Conclusion

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 8

1. INTRODUCTION: IV. Methodology

• Questions to students and

Findings and Conclusion

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 9

1. INTRODUCTION: IV. Methodology

• Inferences from Literature Study

• Making Sense of Literature and

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 10

Biophilia is the inherent

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 11

• Human adaptations to the natural

• Emotional attachment to particular

• Positive interactions between people

• Mutual reinforcing, interconnected, BEING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 12

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 13

Comfort, according to the Cambridge

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 14

Architecture is not an isolated field and has to incorporate all these

Attributes of Comfort in Architecture

Physical Context Attributes Subjective Context Attributes

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 15

4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT

4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 16

4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT

SURVEY ON BIOPHILIA AMONG THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF ARCHITECTURE AT KEC

Q1. I love nature 1% 1%

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 17

4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT

Q.7. HAVING NON-NATURAL ELEMENTS IN MY INDOOR

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 18

4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT

Q.13. NATURE AND NATURAL MATERIALS IN BUILT

SEMINAR AND DIRECTED STUDIES: AR 801 PRABAL DAHAL BAE/2070/27 19

4. BIOPHILIA AND COMFORT