ILBM : Lakes of Udaipur, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India : 1 - 6 .
CON SERVATION OF LAKES OF UPPE R BERACH B ASIN ,U DAIPU R RAJAS THAN
Anil Me hta, T. Razdan, R.C. Purohit and L.L. Sharm a,
“Jheel Sanrakshan Samiti (Lake Conservation Society), 113, Chetak Marg,
Udaipur - 313001, Rajasthan. E-mail : Anil m ehta <aniljheel@gmail.com >
K ey w ords : Lakes, Upper Berach basin, Rajasthan, Conservation, ILBM .
Abst ract :
Nine lakes in Udaipur; three in the upper
catchment (Lake Badi , Chhota Madar &
Bada Madar), and six (Lake Pichhola, Fateh
Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, Rang Sagar, Kum haria
Talab , G overdhan Sagar) in the urban limits,
represent traditional w isdom of this water
scarce region. The lakes of late are facing a
variety of environm ental issues from
urbanization of catchment and lake area, un-
even monsoon pattern linked with global
cliate change and anthropogenic pressure due
to population growth, industrialization and
mining of natural resources in the catchment.
M anagement of natural lakes and man-made
reservoirs is a very com plex issue solution to
which essentially require an integrating
approach articulated in the Integrated Lake
Basin M anagement (ILBM ). Application of
ecosystem approach with ILBM is advocated
as the long term solution for sustainability of
Udaipur lakes, Rajasthan, India.
1. In troduct ion :
The historical city of Udaipur has various
inter-connected lakes; three lakes in upper
catchment area, six lakes within municipal
limits and one (Lake Udai S agar) in the
downstream. In addition to this there are 100
small lakes like Roopsagar, Nela, Jogi Ka
Talab etc in and around Udaipur. The
Udaipur lakes im pounded on the river Berach
(Banas Basin) and its tributaries, is an
integral component of the upper Berach basin.
1. 1. U pper B era ch B a sin :
Berach river forms a part of the Ganga river
system. Hierarchically, it is the fifth order
drainage system of the river Ganga. The
upper Berach basin is a part of Berach basin
having total geographical area of 1211 Sq.Km.
It covers 227 revenue villages of Gogunda,
Girw a, & Vallabhnagar Tehsils. The present
population , as projected on the basis of year
2001 census, is 0.6 million . The average
height of the area varies between 650 to 900
meters. The m ain tributaries of the basin
including the river Ahar originate from these
hills.
2. U daipur an d it s Im port ant Su rface La ke s :
The Udaipur lake system, arising out of river
Berach and its tributaries, is an integral
components of Upper Berach Basin. Udaipur
was founded by M aharana Udai Singh of
M ewar in 1559 A.D. Udaipur city is one of the
most majestic and historic city. Every year
some 0.8 million tourists (20 percent
foreigners) visit this city, and tourism is the
main source of em ployment and revenue
generation. Udaipur city lies between 24033’
and 24038’ N latitudes and 73°41’ and 73°45’ E
longitudes in a hilly and undulating terrain of
Aravalli hill range. It is situated in the
western part of India and in the southern
region of Rajasthan.
2. 1.D e script ion of Interlinke d S urface Wat er
La ke s :
Hills
& Small Lakes
Hills
& Small Lakes
Fig. 1. Topography of Udaipur lakes, Rajasthan,
India.
 Anil Mehta et al.
2
2. 1.1. Ma dar La kes
These are the small lakes known as Bada
M adar (73º 36' 28" E and 24º 41' 1" N) &
Chhota M adar ( 73º 36' 29" E and 24º39' 46"
N). They feed w ater to Fateh Sagar through
Chikalwas feeder also know n as Madar Nahar.
The catchment area of Bada Madar is 87 Sq.
Km. and its gross capacity is 2.38 mcm. Its
water spread is 0.8 Sq. K m. and total depth is
7.31 m. The length and width of the lake are
2.75 Km and 1.5 Km respectively.
2. 1.2.. Ba di Lake :
The lake Badi (Latitude 240 37’ 7” N,
Longitude 730 37’ 29” E) also called as Jiyan
Sagar, after the queen Jiyan Devi, was built
in the year 1664 A.D. The lake is a storage
reservoir situated about 14 Km north of
Udaipur city, near the village Badi. It is
prim arily an irrigational water body and has a
water spread area of 1.46 S q.Km. It receives
water from the seasonal river Berach, and has
a gross catchment area of 19.6 sq. km. The
lake is roughly oval shaped with high rising
hills on the three sides. The maximum
depth of the lake is 23 m eters and the average
depth is 10.6 meters. The deepest portion is
at the dam site. The length and w idth of the
lake are 2.285 Km and 0.642 Km respectively.
2. 1.3. Pich hola Lake(S w aroop Sag ar
Re servoir) :
It is the oldest among all the city lakes. It was
constructed at the time of Rana Lakha by a
nomadic ‘Banjara’ and renovated and enlarged
in 1559 A.D. by Rana Udai Singh along with
the establishment of Udaipur itself. In 1795
A.D., during the reign of M aharana Bhim
Singh, incessant rainfall destroyed the lake
causing excessive floods in which half of the
city was washed aw ay. Pichhola is situated in
the south western part of the city at 73040’ 2"
E longitude and 24°35’ 8.5" N latitude and its
east-west extent is only a little more than its
north-south extent viz. 3.6 and 2.0 km
respectively. Deriving its name from the
village of ‘Pichholi’ the lake is roughly
triangular in shape with its base along the
palace ridge.
It accounts for a total w ater-body area of
around 6.96 Sq.Km. (4.56 Sq.Km at FTL) and
has gross, live and dead capacities of 13.676
mcm. 9 mcm and 4.676 mcm respectively. The
gauge heights above and below sill level are
3.35 m and 5.2 m respectively. The maximum
depth of the lake is 10.5 m at dam site. Its net
catchment area is 146 S q.Km. The rivers
Kotra (Sisarma) and Amarjok (Bujhada) are
the chief source of water supply to this lake.
P a rt s of P ich hola :
Ran g Sa gar (an d Kum h aria Ta lav) : This lake
was constructed in 1668 A.D., has a length of
1030 m, width of 245 m and a m axim um depth
of 7 meters. It is one of the smallest lakes
(water spread of 0.136 Sq.km.) along the
western water-front of Udaipur, providing
watery connection between Pichhola and
Swaroop Sagar in south to Fateh Sagar in
north. Rang Sagar lake w as constructed by
Amar S ingh Badava and is also called
‘Amarkund’ after him.
S w aroop Sa gar: Further southwards of Rang
sagar is the ultimate part of Pichhola lake
known as Sw aroop Sagar. The lake Sw aroop
Sagar provides a waste weir for Pichhola.
M oreover, Swaroop S agar also link Pichhola
and Rang S agar , with the adjoining lake
Fateh Sagar, through a canal. The canal is
sometimes employed to draw water in Fateh
Sagar during monsoon when Pichhola
maintains a higher w ater level. On the
eastern side of Swaroop sagar, is a m asonry
dam which has become a convenient site for
open defecation. It has length of 800 m and
width 250 m with water spread 0.2 Sq.km.
2. 1.4. G ova rdh a n S a gar :
Situated at 10 km. of distance from Udaipur
in south-w est at 74042’ E. longitude and 24034’
N. latitude, it commands a gross catchment
area of 1 Sq.mile and is endow ed with gross
capacity of about 0.255 mcm. It also receives
water from Pichhola through a link canal.
2. 1.5. F a te h Sa gar Lak e :
 Integrated Lake Basin Manage ment (ILBM) : Udaipur lakes, Rajasthan, India
3
The lake Fateh S agar occupies an important
place in the social, economic and cultural life
of Udaipur city. The lake is situated on 24°36’
16" N latitude and 73°40’ 45" E longitude at
578 m altitude (above MSL) in the north
western sector of the city. This pear shaped
lake was constructed as a medium sized lake
in 1678 A.D. Later on, in 1795 A.D., during
the reign of Maharana Bhim Singh incessant
rainfall destroyed the lake. It was renovated
in 1889 A.D. by Maharana Fateh S ingh. The
dam is 720 m long and about 100m wide.
Fateh S agar reservior stretches 2600 m in
north-south and 1800 m in east-west
directions, covering total water spread of
nearly 4.0 S q.km (2.56 Sq km at FTL) and has
a maxim um depth of 11.5 m. It commands a
total catchm ent area of about 43.25 S q. km.
Its gross, live and dead capacity of 12.09 mcm,
7 mcm and 5.0 mcm respectively, evidently
lower than that of Pichhola. The lake is
mainly fed by Chikalwas (M adar) feeder, from
M adar lakes built across river Ahar and are
located at a distance of 8 Kms north of the
lake. It also receives overflow of the Badi lake.
2. 1.6. U da i S aga r Lak e :
The lake Udai Sagar is situated near the
village Bichari at Latitude 240 34’ 41" N
longitude and 730 49’ 31" E and is about 15
km from the city of Udaipur. This lake is
named after M aharana Udai Singh, the
founder of the city of Udaipur. The Lake was
built in the year 1559 A.D. This lake forms the
last lake in the chain of Udaipur lake system.
The major part of its water is supplied for
irrigation and for industrial needs of private
sector company M/s Hindustan Zinc Limited,
a unit of the Vedanta group.
The lake w as constructed by building a
masonry dam on the river Berach. It has a
water spread area of 5.20 Sq. Km at full tank
level (FTL). The gross capacity is 31.15 m cm
while the dead and liver storage are 3.54 m cm
and 27.61 mcm respectively. The length and
width of the lake are 4.2 Km and 2.75 Km
respectively. The catchment area is spread
over the western side of the lake and the gross
catchment is 479.19 S q.Km. w hich includes
the catchment of other lake in the chain lake
system of Udaipur. The free catchment area
of Udai Sagar alone is 196.84 Sq.Km. The
bottom is silty because of continuous
sedim entation during the last about 400 years.
The main source of water for the lake is a
tributary of the river Berach popularly called
Ahar w hich passes through the city of
Udaipur and joins Udai Sagar near the village
Sukha Naka. Besides this, several sm all
seasonal rivers and streams arising from the
surrounding hills also enter the lake. The
greatest depth is Udai S agar lies at the dam
site and is 6.1 m. The lakes indicates a
tendency of shallowness.
3. H y drolog ical, E ologica l a n d E nv ironm ent al
s tat u s :
Almost all surface water lakes of upper
Berach basin are facing severe threat of
nutrient rich sedimentation because of
degradation of their respective catchment
areas. The changes in land use and
degradation of land in the catchment areas
have disturbed the entire hydrological balance
of the lakes. The vegetative cover in upper
Berach basin is very poor. The high velocity
runoff, com ing from barren hills, human
habitations, agricultural fields and industrial
areas is dam aging the delicate eco-balance of
the lake ecosystems. .
3. 1. Ana ly sis of Rainfa ll :
The average rainfall of the basin is 600.67 mm.
The years 1973 and 2006 witnessed heavy
rainfall and recorded 1272 mm and 917 mm
rains respectively. The lowest rainfall 286 mm
occurred in the year 1987. The classification of
rainfall data shows that every decade has
alternate incidences of drought years as well
as norm al to good rainfall years. This
underlines the importance and need of
planned utilization of lake waters.
3. 2. E va porat ion a nd Se e page Los se s :
The total evaporation and seepage losses in
upper Berach basin are 1.940 m per year. The
lake Bada M adar has m aximum 65 percent
losses follow ed by Pichhola (40 percent), Fateh
Sagar (25 percent), Udai Sagar (21 percent)
 Anil Mehta et al.
4
and Badi (16 percent). The continuous silting
and shallow water cover m ore surface area
and hence increase the evaporation.
3. 3 La ke ’s Inflow an d Outflow and
S t orages :
The analysis of 38 years data show s that the
Bada M adar lake overflowed 20 times and
remained below 7 percent of total storage for
16 tim es . Normally it overflow s at least once
in 3 years but the situation was worst
betw een 1998 to 2004 when their was no
overflow and even lake got dried in the year
2001.
The Badi lake overflow ed just 4 times in 38
years and no fixed occurrence schedule of
overflow can be derived out w ith respect to
the time period in years. The lake was almost
dry in the years 2004 and 2005 (pre monsoon).
The lake received insignificant water in the
years 1972 (0.53mcm inflow),1982 (0.50 m cm
inflow),1987 (0.55 m cm inflow), 2000 (zero
mcm inflow), 2002 (0.58 mcm inflow) and
2004 (0.53 mcm inflow).
The Pichhola lake overflowed 16 times in 38
years with occurance of overflows atleast once
in 3 years but the situation was worst
betw een 1986 to 1989 and 1997 to June 2005,
when their w as no overflow and the lake was
at insignificant levels in the years 1973,1988
and 2002,2003,2004,2005.The lake was totally
dry in the year 2005 (pre monsoon). The lake
did not receive sufficient water in the years
1972 (0.1345 mcm inflow), 1987 (0.05666m cm
inflow) and 2004 (0.3398 mcm inflow).
The Fateh Sagar lake overflowed 14 tim es in
38 years with occurance of over flows at least
once in 3 years. The situation was worst
betw een the years 1995 and 2005 June,
During these years there was no overflow and
even got dried in the year 2003 and 2005 (pre
monsoon). The lake did not receive sufficient
water in the years 1972 (0.3 mcm inflow),
1987 (zero mcm inflow),1999(zero mcm inflow),
2000 (zero mcm inflow), 2002 (zero m cm
inflow) and 2004 (zero mcm inflow).
The Udai Sagar lake overflowed 6 times in 38
years with occurance of overflow s normally as
once in 10 years. The lake attained
insignificant levels in the years
1970,1973(June months) and
2000,2002,2003,2004,2005. The lake was
totally dry in the year 2005( pre monsoon).
The lake did not receive sufficient water in
the years 1971 (0.56 mcm inflow), 1974 (0.56
mcm inflow), 1982 (0.53 mcm inflow), 1995
(0.49mcm inflow), 1999 (zero mcm inflow),
2000 (zero mcm inflow), 2003 (0.19 m cm
inflow) and 2004 (0.39 mcm inflow). The lake
can safely accommodate 5.6 mcm water above
its m aximum gauge. The safe maximum
storage w as recorded in the year 2006 as
34.5592 mcm.The spell from the year 1997 to
2005 (June) was the worst when there was
continuous drought and the inflow s to the
lakes were m eager. But, even then there were
regular extraction of lake's surface and under
ground w aters, w ithout any considerations for
lake ecosystems.
Unfortunately as far as water extraction is
concerned, there is no pre determined
schedule and policy for withdrawal and
utilization of lake’s storages and inflow s. The
water is even withdrawn deep below from the
sill level. Therefore, the unplanned and
excessive water w ithdrawal from surface lakes
of upper Berach basin should be stopped. The
withdrawals should be governed by lake
operation policies with the aim to keep lakes
always at conservation pool
3. 4. E utroph ication a nd Det erioration of
W at er Q ualit y :
The hum an interferences like deforestation in
the catchment areas, sew age inflow and
overexploitation of water, deep below the sill
levels have caused cultural eutrophication,
seriously affecting the ecological, biological,
social, economic and cultural fabric of Udaipur.
Pichhola ,Fateh Sagar and Udai Sagar lakes
are significantly suffering from eutro-
phication which is evident from the sym ptoms
such as foul odours, algal blooms, m ats of
algae and macrophytes. The DO values were
relativity high (4.4 -11.00 mg/1) during the
 Integrated Lake Basin Manage ment (ILBM) : Udaipur lakes, Rajasthan, India
5
period of 1974-75, but now they are reduced to
the range of 0.5 to 7.8 mg/litre. Low
concentration of oxygen in lake water usually
results in foul sm ell and fish mortality.
Biochemical oxygen dem and, electrical
conductivity, hardness, total phosphates,
nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, silicates and
total alkalinity have also increased during the
last 30 years .
The concentration of chlorides is an indicator
of organic pollution due to domestic sewage.
The higher concentration of nitrate and
phosphate in the lakes further supports the
observed state of w utrophication. Excessive
Phytoplankton population indicates the higher
organic and bacterial load. The excessive
growth of algae, H y d rilla v ert icillat a,
Pot a m og eton , Cer oph yllu m dem ers u m ,
V allis ner ia s pira lis, I p om ea aqu atica and
W ater Hyacinth. The macrophytes and
blooms of algae also clog the filters and
obstruct the water flow. Presence of feacal
coliforms which indicates that the waters are
not suitable even for bathing purpose.
Udaipur lakes used to harbour diverse
icthithyo-fauna consisting 42 species including
M ahseer and major carps. H owever, today
only 17 species of fish are surviving in these
lakes.
The study conducted by S harm a and Durve
(2007) show s that the total suspended solids
(TSS) and total dissolved solids (TD S) are on
increase along with the values of electrical
conductivity. The higher values are obtained
in Pichhola, which is more eutrophic than
Fateh Sagar, Badi and Bada M adar. The pH
of the water is gradually tending towards
higher alkaline side (up to around 8.8), and
the BOD values are also as high as 11.2 to
15.40 ppm. The orthophosphates in Pichhola
range between 1.70 to 6.70 ppm which is
many fold higher than the recommended
critical level of 0.02 ppm of this nutrient.
The bacteriological status of the lakes is a
matter of serious concern as the M PN values
are greater than 2400 Nos./100 m l for total
and feacal coliforms. Further, occurrence of
streptococci, citrobacter, strepto faecalis, ova
of ascaris, cysts of E. histolytica, G iardia and
Trichuria trichuria have been reported in
Udaipur lakes.
The deteriorating water conditions in the lake
was sorely reflected in the change of faunal
and micro flora patterns of the lakes. Highly
sensitive planktonic organism s such as species
of A r ece lla and C e nt roph y x have become
lesser in counts while the rotifers of
B r ach ion u s genus are dominating with counts
of 400.8 ind/ml. In the case of microalgae,
M yxophycae (especially the genus M icrocystis)
has become dominant. From amongst
macrophytes, the floating flowering plant
E ich h or n ia or w ater hyacinth occasionally
develops dense growth at times, over the
entire w ater surface. There are all the
indications of higher nutrient load, degrading
water and sediment conditions.
Among all the aforesaid lakes, lake Badi is in
a relatively good ecological condition while the
Udai Sagar is the most polluted since it
receives the entire untreated dom estic and
industrial waste water of Udaipur. Apart from
all the above factors, contributing to the
deterioration of lake ecosystems, the foremost
factor is over-exploitation of surface and sub-
surface waters of lakes. The un-planned
extraction, without considering the
im portance of lake ecology, is resulting in
regular drying of lakes. The self purifying
capacity of these lakes has alm ost vanished,
and this is further enhancing the death
process of these lakes.
Rem e dial Me asures in Retros pect:
Jheel Sanrakshan Sam iti (JSS), a local NGO
has done pioneering w ork in the protection
and conservation of lake heritage of Udaipur.
It is an exam ple of response of civil society in
the face of wanton destruction of precious
water resources. While the Governmetal
efforts concentrate only on lake body, JSS
believes that lakes and their drainage basin
form an inseparable system. Therefore,
Integrated Lake Basin M anagem ent should be
the fram ework for managing these water
resources.
 Anil Mehta et al.
6
Follow ing is the part list of some important
actions initiated for conservation and
management of Udaipur lakes :
1. Pichhola water shed project of Rs 34.2
million w as formulated by DRD A. Under
this project, 4600 ha land w as to be put
under different treatment measures. 16
villages, covering an area of 12702 ha,
were covered under this project, which
was sanctioned by the G overnment of
India in 1995-1996, as a result of the
efforts of Jheel S anrakshan Samiti
2. A perspective plan for the Ahar watershed
was prepared in the year 1991, covering
24 villages and 4597 ha land.
3. JSS prepared a Master Plan of Udaipur
lakes, showing complete details of polluted
areas, drain spots, garbage points etc. O n
the basis of this Plan, in the year 1993,
“Clean Lake Project” w as form ulated by
the U I T, but could not be implemented
due to paucity of funds. JSS then involved
National Enviornmrnt Engineering
Research Institute gor layinf sewerage
system around the lakes.After com pletion
of this project in 2005, JS S exposed the
faults in construction and got them
corrected.JSS also prepared the draft
sewerage system plan of entire Udaipur
city and subm itted it to the G overnment.
4. Due to the consistant efforts of JSS, lakes
of Udaipur were included in the National
Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), M inistry
of Environment and Forests (M OEF),
Government of India (GOI).JSS prepared
the pre feasibility report and submitted to
the Central Governm ent. JSS requested to
the Prime M inister of India resultinf in
sanctioning of 125 crore NLCP project
5. High flood levels (HFLs) of the lakes were
marked in the year 1996 and stone pillars
have been put on the ground for proper
demarcation of lake areas. JSS is now
requesting the Governm ent to dem arcate
the lake boundaries on the basis of
satellite maps.
6. Government of Rajasthan has declared “no
construction zone” around the lakes,
through detailed notification dated 17-01-
1997. This notification is based on
guidelines of NLCP, Suprem e Court
Directives & suggestions made by NGO s.
Recently Rajasthan High court in its
judgement dated 6th Feb. 2007 has upheld
this preventive measure as valid and
binding on all parties.
7. On the suggestion of JSS, Lining of Madar
Feeder Canal has been com pleted in June
2005, im proving its capacity three times
though there are som e constructional
defects.
8. The Governm ent of Rajasthan has decided
not to develop any industrial area in the
im mediate catchment of Udaipur city
Lakes.
9. Biological control of water Hyacinth : JSS
as instrumental in Introduction of
biological control measures for eradication
nd control of aquatic weeds . Two species
of weevils namely N . E ichh or niae and N .
B r uch i were released in the year 1996 and
1998 to control water hyacinth. Similarly
grass carp fishes were released in the year
2007 to control other aquatic weeds.
10. W at er Augm e nt ation : JSS lobbied hard to
sanction inter-basin water transfer
schemes in order to maintain the
hydrological balance and sustain tourism
and drinking water supply.
11. Conse rva tion of Sm all Lake s : The sm all
lakes are the areas of ground water
recharge and flood m oderation.JSS filed a
writ petition in the High Court for
conservation of these small lakes. The
High Court has directed the Government
to restore and preserve these sm all lakes.
12. La ke D evelopm ent Aut h ority (LDA):
There are almost fourteen government
departments that are associated with, and
responsible for the conservation,
protection, and development of Udaipur-
lakes. Despite so many guardian-
departments (not one of which is ready to
assum e independent accountability for the
lakes), millions of litres of raw sewage,
and tones of solid w aste, and fecal matter
find its way into the lakes of Udaipur.
This has caused almost irreparable
damage to the lakes by way of vanishing
aquatic life, and utrophication of lakes. To
top it all, now a section of the local
citizenry has also started showing its
apathy and indifference to the woes of
 Integrated Lake Basin Manage ment (ILBM) : Udaipur lakes, Rajasthan, India
7

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