Future Of Artificial Intelligence

Date of Submission: Nov 10, 2019

Prepared for: Muneeba Rahman

Prepared by:

Badar Masood (SP19-BCS-051)

Ahmed Bin Shafiq (SP19-BCS-075)

Ali Abdul Hadi (FA18-BCS-008)

Basit Ali (SP19-BCS-105)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Executive Summary 3

Introduction 4-6

1.1 Background Information 4

1.2 Statement of Problem 5

1.3 Significance of Study 5

1.4 Scope of Study 6

1.5 Limitations of Study 6

Discussion 7-9

Conclusion 9

Recommendations 10

References 10

Appendix 11

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Executive Summary:

We’re already seeing the beginnings of self-driving cars, although the vehicles are presently

needed to possess a driver gift at the wheel for safety. Despite these exciting developments, the

technology isn’t excellent however, and it'll take a long time for public acceptance to bring

machine-controlled cars into widespread use. Google began testing a self-driving automobile in

2012, and since then, the U.S. Department of Transportation has free definitions of various levels

of automation, with Google’s automobile classified because the initial level down from full

automation. Alternative transportation ways are nearer to full automation, like buses and trains

- To higher perceive the problems at stake, this paper presents a framework explaining this state

of the art for AI, the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, and what the long run possible

holds. The framework demonstrates that whereas computers and AI will be superior to humans in

some skill- and rule-based tasks, underneath things that need judgment and information, within

the presence of serious uncertainty, humans are superior to computers.

- Within the advanced discussion of it and the way the event of autonomous weapons ought to be

controlled, the chop-chop increasing business marketplace for each air and ground autonomous

systems should run full thought. Forbidding associate autonomous technology for military use

might not be sensible on condition that by-product or superior technologies might otherwise be

obtainable within the business sector

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1. Introduction

1.1 Background Information

The term artificial intelligence was coined in the mid 1950's. Today it is defined as the

"subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference by

computer." The first project utilizing A.I. is traced back to 1955 when Carnegie Mellon University

researchers developed a computer program to work through proofs resulting in theorems. In the

late 50's, McCarthy developed a computer language known as LISt Processing (LISP) this is the

language used for most artificial intelligence projects. Decades later artificial intelligence is still

only a small progression from its birth. Perhaps in the surge of A.I. optimism was at its best and

humanity was oversimplified and underestimated.

Human intelligence typically follows a sequence referred to as the perception–cognition–action

scientific discipline loop, in this people understand one thing within the world around them,

consider what to try to and then, once they need weighed up the choices, create a call to act. AI is

programmed to try to to one thing similar, in this a laptop senses the planet around it, so processes

the incoming data through optimization and verification algorithms, with a selection of action

created in an exceedingly fashion just like that of humans

Five years later, the proof of idea was initialized through Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert

Simon’s, Logic intellect. The Logic intellect was a program designed to mimic the matter

resolution skills of somebody's and was funded by analysis and Development (RAND)

Corporation. It’s thought-about by several to be the primary computer science program and was

given at the Dartmouth Summer research on computer science (DSRPAI) hosted by John

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McCarthy and Marvin Minsky in 1956. during this historic conference, McCarthy, imagining a

good cooperative effort, brought along high researchers from numerous fields for associate open

complete discussion on computer science, the term that he coined at the terribly event. Sadly, the

conference fell in need of McCarthy’s expectations; individuals came and went as they happy, and

there was failure to agree on commonplace strategies for the sphere. Despite this, everybody

whole-heartedly aligned with the sentiment that AI was realizable. the importance of this event

can't be undermined because it catalyzed the subsequent twenty years of AI analysis.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The rise within the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) – usually called drones – in each

military and industrial settings has been among a heated dialogue on whether or not there ought to

be an outright ban on what some label ‘killer robots’ (e.g. way forward for Life Institute, 2015;

Human Rights Watch, 2013; Human Rights Watch and International Human Rights Clinic, 2016).

Such robots, that might be within the air, on the bottom, or in and underneath water, in theory

incorporate ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) that will create them capable of execution missions on

their own. The debate that has several dimensions and stakeholders, issues whether or not by

artificial means intelligent machines ought to be allow to execute such military missions,

particularly if there is an opening that any human life might be at stake.

1.3 Significance of Study

Given this understanding of the fundamentals of autonomous automaton reasoning, however ought

to we expect regarding the planning of autonomous systems, significantly in terms of the extent to

that humans ought to be involved? It necessary initial to grasp once systems will and will be

supervised by humans. Involving clear technical queries (such as whether or not a pc vision system

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can generate a picture of ample resolution to create associate degree correct decision) moreover as

moral and policy concerns (such as whether or not an automaton ought to be allowed to require

the lifetime of somebody's being).

1.4 Scope of Study

In the future, intelligent machines can replace or enhance human capabilities in several areas. AI

is that the intelligence exhibited by machines or computer code. it's the subfield of engineering.

AI is turning into a well-liked field in engineering because it has increased the human life in several

areas. AI within the last twenty years has greatly improved performance of the producing and

repair systems. Study within the space of AI has given rise to the chop-chop growing technology

called professional system. Application areas of AI has an enormous impact on numerous fields

of life as professional system is wide used nowadays to resolve the advanced issues in numerous

areas as science, engineering, business, medicine, forecasting. The areas using the technology of

AI have seen a rise within the quality and potency.

1.5 Limitations of Study

This paper presents 1st a framework explaining this state of the art for AI, the strengths and

weaknesses of AI, and what the longer term seemingly holds. as long as the advancement of AI is

inextricably coupled to the experience of the engineers developing these systems, the case is then

created that the shift in experience from the military to the business sector can any complicate

policy discussions on autonomous weapon, and can build it tough for governments to deploy and

manage these systems. The out control development of AI Technology may lead to the of this

world.

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Discussion (Time heals all Wounds)

We haven’t gotten any smarter concerning however we have a tendency to are writing computing,

therefore what changed? It seems, the basic limit of computer memory that was holding US back

thirty years agone was now not a controversy. , that estimates that the memory and speed of

computers doubles each year, had finally fixed and in several cases, surpassed our wants. this is

often exactly however Deep Blue was able to defeat Kasparov in 1997, and the way Google’s

Alpha Go was able to defeat Chinese Go champion, Kie Je, solely some months agone. It offers a

touch of an evidence to the roller coaster of AI research; we have a tendency to saturate the

capabilities of AI to the extent of our current procedure power (computer storage and process

speed), then stay up for Moore’s Law to catch up once more.

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We currently board the age of “big information,” associate degree age within which we've the

capability to gather large sums of data too cumbersome for an individual to method. the appliance

of computer science during this regard has already been quite fruitful in many industries like

technology, banking, marketing, and diversion. We’ve seen that whether or not algorithms don’t

improve a lot of, massive information and large computing merely permit computer science to

find out through brute force. There is also proof that Moore’s law is speed down a small indefinite

amount, however the rise in information actually hasn’t lost any momentum. Breakthroughs in

technology, arithmetic, or neurobiology all function potential outs through the ceiling of Moore’s

Law.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, artificial intelligence has substantially improved on people’s lives in different ways,

and the people are not the same as before the introduction of AI. As it is discussed above,

implementation of the AI has led to time-saving which in turn has led to increased output from

the businesses and day to day human activities. Moreover, the development of the AI has directed

to reduce human effort, computerized methods, automated transport system and the involvement

in dangerous jobs. Evidently, AI has the dramatically influenced the people’s lives and done

wonders to help in the automation process of almost all their activities. Much of these methods

take a lot of the time and manual labor to complete. With the AI automation of these processes

will contribute a lot to the actual activities of the people and industries and enable moving forward.

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Recommendations

To help address these concerns about the individual and societal implications of rapidly evolving

AI technologies, the Study Panel offers three general policy recommendations:

Define a path toward accruing technical experience in AI in the slightest degree levels of

presidency. Effective governance needs a lot of consultants WHO perceive and may analyze the

interactions between AI technologies, programmatic objectives, and overall social group values.

Absent spare technical experience to assess safety or different metrics, national or native officers

could refuse to allow a probably promising application. Or insufficiently trained officers could

merely take the word of trade technologists and inexperienced light-weight a sensitive application

that has not been adequately vetted. While not associate degree understanding of however AI

systems move with human behavior and social group values, officers are poorly positioned to

guage the impact of AI on programmatic objectives.

Remove the perceived and actual impediments to research on the fairness, security, privacy, and

social impacts of AI systems. Some interpretations of federal laws such as the Computer Fraud

and Abuse Act and the anti-circumvention provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act are

ambiguous regarding whether and how proprietary AI systems may be reverse engineered and

evaluated by academics, journalists, and other researchers. Such research is critical if AI systems

with physical and other material consequences are to be properly vetted and held accountable

References

http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/

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Brian, M. (2016), ‘Toyota is the top bidder for robotics pioneer Boston Dynamics’, Engadget, 1

June 2016, https://www.engadget.com/2016/06/01/toyota-alphabet-boston-dynamics.

Cummings, M. L. (2014), ‘Man vs. Machine or Man + Machine?’ IEEE Intelligent Systems,

29(5), pp. 62–69.

Deedrick, T. (2011), ‘It’s Technical, Dear Watson’, IBM Systems Magazine,

http://www.ibmsystemsmag.com/ibmi/trends/whatsnew/It%E2%80%99s-Technical,-

DearWatson.

Forum (2016), ‘Future of urban mobility: My kind of flyover’, Airbus Forum,

http://www.airbusgroup.com/int/en/news-media/corporate-magazine/Forum-88/My-Kind-

OfFlyover.html.

Appendices

This Appendix is based primarily on Nilsson’s book140 and written from the prevalent current

perspective, which focuses on data intensive methods and big data. However important, this focus

has not yet shown itself to be the solution to all problems. A complete and fully balanced history

of the field is beyond the scope of this document. The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was

officially born and christened at a 1956 workshop organized by John McCarthy at the Dartmouth

Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. The goal was to investigate ways in which

machines could be made to simulate aspects of intelligence—the essential idea that has continued

to drive the field forward. McCarthy is credited with the first use of the term “artificial

intelligence” in the proposal he co-authored for the workshop with Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel

Rochester, and Claude Shannon.141 Many of the people who attended soon led significant projects

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under the banner of AI, including Arthur Samuel, Oliver Selfridge, Ray Solomonoff, Allen Newell,

and Herbert Simon.

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