Booklet, Vol. 9, No.11, November, 2019

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Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2019

J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., Vol. 9 No. 11: pp. 1-22, Year 2019
Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences (JAEBS)

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Table of Contents, November 2019
Froumsia Moksia, Souare Konsala, Todou Gilbert, Hamawa Yougouda, Nnanga Jeanne Flore, Tchobsala
Evaluation of Wild Edible Plant Species in the Logone Valley, Cameroon
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. 2019 9(11): 1-12. [Abstract] [Full-Text PDF]
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Yetrie Ludang, Wahyu Supriyati, Alpian
Absorption of Carbon dioxide by Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) Saplings
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John Yoro Parlindungan
Powder Eggs Shell Encapsulated in Calcium Alginate as Adsorbent for Adsorption Neutral Red
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J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 9(11)1-12, 2019 ISSN: 2090-4274
© 2019, TextRoad Publication
and Biological Sciences
www.textroad.com
Evaluation of Wild Edible Plant Species in the Logone Valley, Cameroon

Froumsia Moksia1*, Souare Konsala1, Todou Gilbert1, Hamawa Yougouda2,
Nnanga Jeanne Flore1, Tchobsala1
1
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua; P.O Box 814 Maroua,
Cameroon
2
Department of Agriculture, Breeding and Derived Products, National Advanced School of
Engineering, University of Maroua, P. O Box 46 Maroua
Received: July 26, 2019

Accepted: October 19, 2019
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of edible plant products in the Logone flood plain. Interviews
were conducted with households in 35 villages and in rural and urban markets; a sample of 815 persons was
interviewed to evaluate and quantify the various edible plant products and to determine the flows of the exploited
products. The results showed that the edible plant products used in the area were: fruits, leaves, flowers, seeds,
hypocotyls, tubers, roots, barks and stems. These edible products were harvested from 48 plant species belonging
to 24 families, in which 36 species were fruit trees, 9 species produced leaves and / or flowers, 2 species
produced seeds and once specie produced hypocotyls. The total annual quantity of products harvested was
important as fruit (377.9 t); leaves (85.93 t); flowers (1.66 t); seeds (31.86 t) and hypocotyls (47.37 t). These
products were of significant socio-economic value for the rural populations. The sale of the products generated a
total income of 31 478 990 francs CFA. The rest was distributed between consumption and offers. These
products were part of the human diet and their marketing brought back a substantial income that contributed to
the household economy. Local people were developing interest in exploiting different bush products. The
exploitation activities of the various products were intensifying; the requested species must be domesticated to
ensure future generation of the availability of these resources.
KEYWORDS: Plant products, socio-economy, food, Flood Plain, Logone, Cameroon
INTRODUCTION
In sub-Saharan Africa, demography is important, the majority of the population is poor, and its
agricultural land is degraded with low production which does not ensure the daily food needs of the population. To
fill the food gap and boost the income of very poor households, people use various forest products for their food,
health, housing and financial income [1]. Important natural resources exploited in forests and on which rural people
depend are non-timber forest products [2, 3, 4]. Non-timber forest products refer to biological resources other than
timber and industry that are harvested from natural or man-made forests [5, 6]. In plants, they include various
organs including: leaves, stems, bark, roots, bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, fruits and seeds, edible fungi [7]. They provide
rural populations with the products they need to survive with [8, 9]. These resources contribute in supplementing
the food consumption of the rural populations [10, 11]. Non-timber forest products, given that their diversity and
variability in quantity and quality, are of great ecological and socio-economic importance [12, 13, 14, 3]. Various
plant organs are consumed and marketed in local, national, regional and international markets [15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
1]. The collection, process and sale of these non-timber forest products thus enable rural populations to earn income
enabling them to buy manufactured products and produce tools [20, 3, 21].
In the Sudano Sahelian zone of Cameroon, vegetation is poorly diversified and severely degraded due
to significant anthropogenic activities and climatic hazards. The level of logging has exceeded the increase in
woody biomass [22, 23]. Deforestation leads to an impoverishment of the original flora and a decrease in soil
fertility. The exploitation of non-timber forest products in the woodland is heavily practiced by the local
populations for family consumption and marketing. As a result it becomes an imperative to record the various
edible plant products used in the area and their socio-economic importance, in order to develop appropriate
strategies for a sustainable management.
The present work generally aims to determine the diversity of edible plant species and their socio-
economic importance for sustainable management. More specifically to:
- acknowledge the edible plant species exploited and their consumed parts;
- evaluate the quality and the quantity of the edible products exploited;
- determine their socio-economic value of the edible plant products.
Corresponding Author: Froumsia Moksia, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua;
P.O Box 814 Maroua, Cameroon. Email :froumsiamoksia@yahoo.fr, tél : (237) 77359130
1
Citation: Froumsia Moksia, Souare Konsala, Todou Gilbert, Hamawa Yougouda, Nnanga Jeanne Flore, Tchobsala; 2019, Evaluation of Wild
Edible Plant Species in the Logone Valley, Cameroon; Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 9(11)1-12, 2019
MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area
The investigations were carried out in the Logone Valley covering part of the Mayo Danay and
Logone and Chari divisions in the Sudano Sahelian zone of Cameroon (Figure 1). It was located between 10 °
North latitude, 16 ° East longitude and the average altitude is between 250 and 300 m. The study area was
characterized by a Sudano-Sahelian climate with two seasons: a long dried season that lasts for 8 months
(October to May) and a short rainy season of 4 months (June to September). The average annual rainfall was 800
mm. The average annual temperature was 28 ° C with a minimum of 18 ° C and a maximum of 45 ° C. The zone
belongs to the Sahelo-Sudanian sector in the great complex of steppes with thorny species. The woody and
herbaceous vegetation presents elements of the Sudano-Sahelian savannahs, dry savannahs and Sahelian steppes
consisting of wooded savannas and shrubby savannas with a remarkable irregular grassy carpet that has been
severely degraded under the pressure of human activity [24, 23, 25].
Localization of the study site.
Data collection
The interviews were conducted on 815 people belonging to a various ethnolinguistic groups
distributed in 25 different villages located in the Logone flood plain. In each household at least one person was
interviewed. Villages were selected based on the accessibility criteria, present ethnic groups and their
exploitation activities. The investigations were also conducted in 25 rural markets and 8 urban markets. The
stratified probability sampling method (sex, age) was adopted [26]. A sample of 815 people was considered
ageing between 15 and 60 years, in which 414 men and 401 women were interviewed. This interview targeted:
women were the main people concerned in the use of plant products and recovery; children, concerned in
collecting and picking fruits and old, holders of information relating to the evolution and history of the soils. The
interviews were conducted individually or in groups based on a questionnaire that focused on the following:
knowledge of plant species, edible species, consumed parts, their availability, the qualities and quantities of the
products collected the mode of exploitation, collection periods, their socio-economic importance, and their use
by the population, the income generated. The evaluation and quantification of products with high socio-
economic value was made with stakeholders at various levels (collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers).
To quantify and follow the exchanges of the products, a register was given to the collectors having accepted the
2
J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 9(11)1-12, 2019
collaboration. The investigating officers visit the operators once a month to update the register on all the
information concerning the transactions of the exploited products. In this register, these were noted: the products
exploited, the quantities harvested, those consumed, sold and offered, the quantities processed and the final
product, the units of sale and the prices on the markets, the income generated, the constraints related to the
exercise of the activity. Quantification was done using a Roberval type weighing scale, capacity 50 kg and the
unit of measurement for all products was in kg. For each non-timber forest product collected, the contents of the
units of measurement used for sale weighed 10 times to determine the average weight.
RESULTS
Edible Vegetable products exploited in the Logone flood plain

The various edible wild plant products exploited were fruits, leaves, flowers, seeds, tubers, barks,
roots, hypocolytes. These products were eaten fresh or dried, raw or processed. (Table I). A total of 47 edible
plant species belonging to 24 families were identified. Among these species, 36 were spontaneous fruits whose
fruits were variously appreciated for consumption and some marketed by the populations. The most popular fruit
species were: Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana, Tamarindus indica, Hyphaene thebaica, Borassus
aethiopum, Diospyros mespiliformis, Detarium microcarpum, Ziziphus spina-christi and, Ximenia americana.
Exploited fruit was an important source of food for the people. Their consumption contributed to reduce the
number of daily meals and the left over products was commercialized to provide a substantial income to the local
populations. Some were conserved and were used as food supplement during food scarcity period.
Seeds and stones were exploited for consumption, oil extraction and production of hypocotyls (Table
1). The seeds of Sclerocarya birrea were directly consumed after extraction of the lignified stone. Those of
Balanites aegyptiaca, locally called "Pouyadi", undergo a treatment to make them edible. The stone of Borassus
aethiopum were sown to the populations for the production of hypocotyls locally called "mbachi" which were
heavily consumed and marketed. The sale of these products provided a substantial income for farmers.
Populations exploited and consumed the leaves and / or flowers of 9 species. These were: Adansonia
digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca, Crateva adansonii, Tamarindus indica, Bombax costatum, Leptadenia hastata,
Celtis integrifolia, Hymenocardia acida, Piliostigma reticulatum. These leaves and flowers were consumed as
vegetables and additives because of their mucilaginous quality. In this zone, characterized by the long dried
season, the populations seek the leaves and flowers of the perennial species as vegetables to make sauces.
The species exploited for tubers and roots were: Dioscorea dumetorum, Tacca leontopetaloides,
Cissus populnea, Cochlospermum tinctorium and Asparagus officinalis. These tubers and / or roots had some
toxic or irritating effets and could not be directly consumed by the populations; they must undergo a particular
treatment. The treatment eliminated irritation and toxic effets. The tubers of Dioscorea dumetorum and Tacca
leontopetaloides were treated to give the "Djiba" and the consumable flour "Chii". The roots of Cissus populnea
were dried and used in the kitchen for the sauce. The bark of Grewia venusta was dried and used as an additive
in the sauce for its mucilaginous quality and the stems of fresh or dry Cadaba farinosa were used to sweeten the
porridge.
Edible bush products were distributed regularly and periodically throughout the year, which allowed
farmers to have at least one additional product for their consumption. As these products were considered
secondary, their marketing contributed significantly to the economy of the poor rural family.
Table I. Edible Vegetable products exploited in the flood plain.

Specie Family Frequency of quotations of the edible parts (%)
Fruit leaf Flower Seed Hypoco Ro/tub/
t ste/bar
Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae 21.11 32.25
Ampelocissus africana Vitaceae 15.41
Annona senegalensis Annonaceae 34.11
Asparagus officinalis Asparagaceae 7.23
Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae 95.75 97.28 2.74 94.67
Bombax costatum Bombacaceae 6.12 11.17 73.25
Borassus aethiopum Arecaceae 79.53 89.87
Cadaba farinosa Capparaceae 27.81 36.61
Capparis fascicularis Capparaceae 5.14
Capparis sepiaria Capparaceae 3.22
Celtis integrifolia Ulmaceae 10.31 42.12
Cissus populnea Vitaceae 7.11 31.24
Cochlospermum tinctorium Cochlospermaceae 2.71
Crateva adansonii Capparaceae 46.52
Detarium microcarpum caesalpiniaceae 66.71
Dioscorea dumetorum. Dioscoreaceae 48.57
Diospyros mespiliformis Ebénaceae 67.21
Ficus gnaphalocarpa Moraceae 4.81
3
Ficus ingens Moraceae 5.32

Ficus platyphylla Moraceae 3.45
Ficus polita Moraceae 5.67
Ficus sur Moraceae 6.42
Ficus sycomorus Moraceae 6.53
Ficus thonningi Moraceae 5.21
Gardenia ternifolia Rubiaceae 3.47
Grevia villosa Tiliaceae 3.22
Grewia flavescens Tiliaceae 3.21
Grewia venusta Tiliaceae 37.28
Hexalobus monopetalus Annonaceae 33.47
Hymenocardia acida Hyménocardiaceae 6.71 12.23
Hyphaine thebaica Arecaceae 82.71
Lannea schemperi Anacardiaceae 7.49
Leptadenia hastata Asclépiadaceae 6.87 67.57 67.52
Parkia biglobosa Mimosaceae 43.14 12.4
Piliostigma reticulatum caesalpiniaceae 13.51 13.37
Sarcocephalus latifolius Rubiaceae 27.34
Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae 39.46 42.16
Strychnos innocua Loganiaceae 8.24
Strychnos spinosa Loganiaceae 8.11
Tacca leontopetaloides Taccaceae 35.36
Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae 86.57 83.35 73.58
Vitellaria paradoxa Sapotaceae 34.21
Vitex doniana Verbénaceae 27.76
Vitex madiensis Verbénaceae 24.28
Ximenia americana Olacaceae 56.37
Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae 87.83
Ziziphus spina-christi Rhamnaceae 57.64
Harvesting mode of the various products

The mode of exploitation of the products varied with the type of organ to be sampled and the species.
Fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, tubers, bark and roots. The various collection methods were: the gathering
(72.24%), pruning, trimming, felling down trees (20%), direct picking on the tree (5.46%) and debarking and
digging (2.30%). The main people were women (61.17%), children (35.43%) and men (3.40%). The harvesting
of leaves and flowers was mainly the activities of women who were assisted by children. The method of
harvesting leaves and flowers by felling down trees was an unsustainable practice; it did not take into account
the renewal of the resource.
Quantities and distribution of edible products exploited

The total annual quantity of fruits collected was 382.9 t. These great quantities came from fruit
collection from the 10 most popular fruit species (Figure 2). The most exploited fruits in order of importance of
fruits collected were: Balanites aegyptiaca (87.45 t), Borassus aethiopum (81.20 t), Hyphaene thebaica (78.8 t)
and Ziziphus mauritiana: (73. 75 t). On the other hand, Hexalobus monopetalus (1.2 t) and Detarium
microcarpum (3.5 t) recorded the smaller quantities. Ximenia americana (23.3 t); Sclerocarya birrea (12.3 t) and
Tamarindus indica (16.4 t) produced significant amounts. Local people, concerned with the diversifying sources
of food products to cope with the lack of agricultural production, had developed an interest in the collection of
non-timber forest products.
The total annual quantity of leaves collected from Balanites aegyptiaca and Adansonia digitata was
85.93 t. The collected Bombax costatum flowers were quantified at 1.66 t (Figure 2). The high increasing
population, the low agricultural production and poverty favored overexploitation of the edible species.
The total annual quantity of Balanites aegyptiaca seed collected was 31.86 t. The annual amount of hypocotyls
exploited was 47.37 t (Figure 1). Only two species were exploited for at least two types of edible and
commercial valuable: Balanites aegyptiaca for fruits, leaves and seeds and Borassus aethiopum for fruits and
hypocotyls. They might deserve special attention for sustainable management.
4
Type and quatity of harvested products (t) 250
200 31.86
150
85.12
100 47.37 78.8
50 87.45 81.2 12.3 16.4 23.3 73.75

3.5 1.2 1.66 0.81
0 5
plant species
Flower Hypocotyl Seed Leave Fruit
Figure 2. Annual quantities of products collected in the floodplain.
The various products collected were used for consumption, sale and supply with varying proportions.
The annual quantity of non-timber forest products (fruits, leaves, flowers and seeds) consumed represents 20%;
the quantity offered resulted to 5.02% of the total production and 74.98% represented the sold quantity. This
variability was showed by a significant difference between the quantities of products collected in the different
transactions (p <0.001). These bush products were offered to relatives, guests and relationships that lived in the
city and do not had access to these wild edible products. The offer was a symbol, an important action of
solidarity in the African society which allowed maintaining the family and friendly relationship. Most of the
production was marketed to generate substantial income to boost the household economy. Although, in general,
the purpose of the exploitation of non-timber forest products was a priority for commercial purpose. It was also
one of the factors of degradation of the resources which compromised their sustainable management.
Transformation and valorization of the collected products

The traditional treatment of volatilization of seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca gave a final product called
"Pouyadi" (Fig. 4 a). The stages of treatment were:
- The collection and storage of fruits: ripe fruits and stones were recovered under bush trees or barns and were
stored by farmers;
- The extraction of the seeds: the stones were crushed using stones or hammers to collect the seeds. It was often
done in family, during the day or in the moonlight;
- The elimination of the integuments: this stage was done by a brief scalding to separate the seeds from its
integuments;
- the baking: once the integuments were released, the seeds are brought to boil for a long period of 5 to 6 hours
during which the cooking water was thrown away and replaced regularly 4 to 5 times, about every hour, this to
eliminate the bitterness contained in the seeds;
- The soaking: the cooking was followed by soaking with water for 12 hours of which the soaking water is also
changed 4 to 5 times. At the end of this operation, the seeds were well washed. This operation helped to further
eliminate the very bitter taste of the seeds;
- The coloring: part of the seeds was removed to acquire a color for decoration. The most frequent encountered
colors were bright red and indigo. This coloration was obtained by mixing the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca
with red millet or calyces of red Hibiscus sabdariffa and to acquire the color red or indigo;
The drying: the seeds thus obtained, considered less bitter and consumable, were dried in the sun and then
packaged.
At the end of these steps, the seeds were made consumable and marketed. The seeds were also used for oil
extraction which had nutritional and / or medicinal properties. The hulls were burned and the ash was recovered
to extract the traditional salt used in cooking.
5
Preparing cakes of Ziziphus mauritiana "Yabande"

The production of "Yabande" based on the fruits of Ziziphys mauritiana was done through a
traditional method (Figure 4 b). The process follows the steps opposite:
- collection of fruits: farmers collect a good amount of ripe fruits;
- sorting and drying: the fruits were carefully sorted to eliminate the undesirable ones and then dried in the sun;
- pounding and sieving: the women pound the dried fruit in a mortar to extract the dry pulp, a fine mesh sieve
was used to obtain the pulp flour;
- formulation of the dough: the mixture was consisted essentially of water (200 cl) and flour from pounding fruit
(1 kg), giving a viscous paste;
molding: the paste was introduced into a mold to give the desired shape. To prevent adhesion of the paste on the
walls of the mold, a layer of millet flour was previously applied in the mold;
- Baking: a pot was heated to dry for 5 to 10 minutes; the molded cake was introduced into the pot for 5 to 10
minutes of cooking;
- conditioning: after cooking, the cakes were exposed for cooling and then introduced into a bowl and were ready
for consumption and marketing.
The yield of flour after pounding and in relation to the initial weight of the fruits was about 35%, the weight of
the cores represented 55% and the losses were estimated at 20%. The loose were enormous, they were recorded
at two levels: during the pounding and the different phases of sieving.
Treatment of tubers
The traditional treatment of Dioscorea dumetorum tubers by evaporation and fermentation gave a
final edible product called "Djiba" (Figure 4c). The process began with the collection of tubers; peeling and
cutting into thin strips; flushing the product in a container. Then a quantity of leaves and / or calyces of Hibiscus
sabdariffa or Tamarindus indica fruits were added. The mixture was boiled for 1 to 2 hours where the cooking
water was discarded and replaced at least 4 times. After cooking, the product was soaked and washed with plenty
of water, at least 3 times. The treatment process took about 24 hours to eliminate bitterness and precipitate
toxicity. The final product "djiba" thus obtained was consumed by the family especially in times of scarcity and
was sold on the markets.
In the case of Tacca leontopetaloides "Chii" tubers, the treatment process of obtaining flour was also traditional
(Figure 4d). The process was conducted as follows:
- the tubers were collected, peeled and grated with a trunk of Senna singueana that had a very rough bark;
the grated product was introduced into a polyethylene bag;
- Then follows a long wash in a bowl, the cleaning water was removed gradually and the floury dough (starch)
settled;
- the floury dough was recovered, spread and dried in the sun;
the flour thus obtained was ready to be used.
The flour of Tacca leontopetaloides was widely used by people in times of scarcity and was used to produce
cakes highly appreciated and sold in the market and in the administrative offices of the place.
a)
b)
6
c) d)
Figure 4. Seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca "Pouyadi" untreated and processed consumables a); Fruits and
cakes "Yabande" of Ziziphus mauritiana b); finished products "Djiba" Dioscorea dumetorum c) cakes of
Tacca leontopetaloides "chii" d).
Marketing of the exploited products and income generated

The total quantity of edible products marketed was 302.07 t. It varied according to the different
products exploited and needed by the consumers. Fruit accounted for 35.94 %, hypocotyls (30.30 %), leaves
represented 20.60 %, and seeds had a share of 12.59 % and flowers 0.56% (Figure 5). The variability of the
quantity quantities of the products sold was shown by the variance calculation (p≤ 0.0231). The quantities of
leaves and seeds sold were solely from Balanites aegyptiaca and those of the flowers were from Bombax
costatum. The leaves, flowers and seeds of other species were solicited but the quantities sold were less
important and had not been evaluated.
Leaf Flower
20,60% 0,56%
seed
12,59% Hypocotyl
30,30%
Fruit
35,94%
Figure 5. Quantities of the various marketed edible products.
The products collected were sold primarily in the markets of the different villages in rural and urban
markets (Figure 5). In urban areas, these products were sold in detail along the streets and traveling agencies.
Wholesalers buy products in rural markets for resale in urban markets to obtain a large profit margin. Trade in
products crossed the borders of the country. The products were sold on the markets using tools (cups, bowls and
bags) of various measurements and capacities, which were the best way of fixing prices in the market. These
prices varied according to the periods and place of sale; as any commercial product, prices obeyed the law of
demand and supply. Most often, prices in urban markets double those in rural areas.
7
Figure 5. Sale of edible vegetable products in rural and urban markets.
The marketing of large quantities of collected products made it possible to report an increase in the
economy of rural households or a substantial total income of 31 478 990 francs CFA. The fruits were sold for 8
550 715 F CFA, the seeds and hypocotyls yielded 14 497 775 F CFA, the contribution of the leaves was 809 500
F CFA and that of the flowers was 246 000 F CFA. "Yabande" brought a modest sum of 175 000 CFA francs.
The economic value and contribution of these products to the people's economy was very important. For some
households, the annual aggregate income from the sale of the harvest products was an important farm income.
The combination of these revenues thus enabled farmers to cope with the food deficit.
DISCUSSIONS
Variability of non-timber forest products

In the floodplain of Logone, the edible plant products used were fruits, leaves, flowers, seeds,
hypocotyls, tubers, roots, bark, and stems. They entered the human diet and contributed to the household
economy. These products were harvested from 48 plant species, 36 were fruit species, 9 species produce leaves
and / or flowers, 2 species were exploited for their seeds and one species could produce hypocotyls. In
Cameroon, [27] listed 74 fruit species nationally, of which 18 were similar to this study. Similarly, [28] had
inventoried in the Sudano-Guinean and Sudano-Sahelian savannas of Cameroon, 55 edible fruit species among
which 27 were similar to the present study. Similar species were characteristic of Sahelian and Sudanian
vegetation [23]. The various edible products exploited constituted an important source of food to the population
which, made it possible to supplement their daily food need and a source of good and service. [29, 30, 31, 28]
had shown that the diversity of food products of plant origin exploited in the savannas contributed to supplement
the food ration and represented a substantial source of income to ensure the well-being of the rural populations.
In addition, they provided rural populations with the essential elements for their survival [32, 33]. In this zone,
the fruits, leaves, flowers and seeds exploited were mostly eaten dry. For the populations, drying was one of the
methods of preserving food, with the long dry season. The same observation was made by [31, 28] on the
products of the feeding trees in the Sahelian countries and some wild edible fruits exploited in the Sudano-
Sahelian zone of Cameroon.
The edible organs of the exploited plants could undergo transformations by traditional methods to
give derived products (paste, flour and oil) used for food. The study of [34, 35, 28] showed that certain exploited
non-timber forest products undergo transformations to extract various derived products: oil, pulp, and butter in
the Sudano-Sahelian zones of Cameroon. In addition, [36] showed that in Central Africa, the seeds of Balanites
aegyptiaca, Vitellaria paradoxa, Borassus aethiopum allowed produce various products.
The main methods of exploitation practiced by the populations were: gathering and gathering on the
tree, felling down trees and partial felling of trees. Exploitation activities were unsustainable practices; they were
more intensive on the resource and represented an important ecological constraint. Similar methods of
exploitation of non-timber forest products were described by [37, 38, 39]. These authors indicated that the
intensity of exploitation depended on the domestic and / or commercial demand of the product. Indeed, the
degree of commercialization of the product and access to the market or proximity to the market had an
8
ecological consequence to the resource. The increasing demand of the edible plants products was consequently
high on the resource. In addition, the method of harvesting fruit was extremely harmful and typically
unsustainable [37] (Tchatat et al., 1999).
Socio-economic importance of exploited products

The quantities of edible products used by the populations were becoming increasingly important;
they varied according to the type of product. The population was interested in exploiting non-timber edible forest
products, which were chronologically well distributed and cover the whole year. The diversity of products, the
amount harvested and their availability throughout the year allowed rural farmers to fill the gap in agricultural
production and ensure the daily food security of families. These results corroborated those of [33, 28] who
identified various types of products and estimated respectively 105.70 t and 83 t for the amount of non-timber
forest products used in home gardens in the Sudano-Guinean zone of Cameroon and 18.694 t, for the quantities
of fruit harvested from 11 wild species in the high Guinean savanna and Sudano-Sahelian savannah areas. At the
national level, [40] quantified at 488.57 t for the production of Gnetum spp leaves in the Cameroon's forest zone.
But these authors noted that there was still no formal structure to determine the socio-economic value of NWFPs
in Cameroon. However, the distribution and availability of different non-timber forest products in the periods of
the year allowed farmers to have at least one product during the year [33]. This availability of products made it
possible to ensure family food security and the sale of the surplus. This made possible to contribute to the
family's monetary income [37, 41].
To convene and satisfy the needs of local populations, the various products collected were part of
different social and economic circuits. The amount of product exploited was distributed by farmers for family
consumption, offers to friends and relatives and marketing for a substantial income in the economy. For the
different products, the quantities marketed, consumed and offered depended on: the quantity collected. These
results were different from those of [42] who studied the socio-economic value of hut gardens and showed that
60 % of the products were consumed, the quantities offered and distributed as gifts to relatives, third and
neighbors to strengthen the bonds of friendship and solidarity, represented 10 %. In addition, the results of [43]
showed that the total quantity produced in the South-West region amounts to 3 991.1 kg, that consumed to
1197.4 kg and sales to 2793.7 kg. The difference between these results was due to the methodology adopted for
data collection. The edible wild products were played an important role in the relationship. An important
quantity was covered the offers to relation, it contributed to keep up the relationship in the family and friendly.
The donation of non-timber forest products to other members of the community was a very important aspect of
economic life in rural Africa [44, 45].
A great quantity of edible products used (fruits, hypocotyl seeds, leaves and flowers) was marketed.
In the markets of southern Cameroon, large quantities of non-timber forest products were sold [46, 21]. The
marketing of products (fruits, leaves, flowers, seeds and derived products) exploited in the floodplain, gave a
substantial income estimated at 31 478 990 CFA francs. The social value and the contribution of these products
to the economy of the population were very important. These results were similar to those of [43] study which
estimated the annual income from the marketing of Gnetum at 2 245 928 000 CFA francs, wild mangoes at 1 152
000 CFA francs, and [21] estimated that the income generated by CFAF 4 102 124 940 was the sale of non-
timber forest products in the Takamanda Forest Reserve, [47, 48] had estimated that the income from the
exploitation of dungeons and the exploitation activities of forest was greater. These edible products were
presented throughout the year and contributed effectively to an increase on the farmers' incomes. However, the
exploitation and marketing of NWFPs as they occured in Central Africa remained to some people as a strategy to
increase their income and not a guarantee of sustainable management of non timber forest products or the
promotion of agroforestry practices [49].
These products, which were used in rural areas, were sold in urban markets in the three northern
regions of Cameroon and their marketing crossed the country's borders. Similarly to the leaves of Gnetum
africanum and G. bucholzianum (okok or eru) harvested in the Congo Basin, the products were subject to
regional and international trade. A large quantity of non-timber forest products was exported and allowed the
development of a large market to the neighboring countries and even to Europe [40, 23, 9, 50]
CONCLUSION
Investigations had shown that floodplain populations exploit a wide variety of non-timber forest
products that were: fruits, leaves, flowers, roots and / or tubers, bark, stems. These exploited products made it
possible to fulfill important socio-economic functions. The quantities exploited were large and used for family
consumption, sale to provide cash income and make offers. The offer helped to maintain family and friendships.
However, the quantities sold were larger. The quantity, diversified, the year-round availability of the various
products exploited and the income generated by the sale enable poor rural people to improve their well-being. As
a result, the populations showed an interest in the exploitation of non-timber forest products. Farmers' concern
9
was to diversify the sources of food and generate income to cope with inadequate agricultural production and
environmental poverty. However, harvesting practices that were intensive and selective posed a significant threat
to the species involved and were not sustainable. It is to be feared that these resources will disappear in future.
Acknowledgments
The authors thanks at the operating peasants of the various localities, anonymous readers whose
criticisms and suggestions contributed to improve the quality of this document.
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Absorption of Carbon dioxide by Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) Saplings

Yetrie Ludang*, Wahyu Supriyati, Alpian
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Indonesia

*Corresponding author, email: yetrie@pplh.upr.ac.id
Accepted: September 22, 2019
ABSTRACT
Humans need plants that produce oxygen. On the other hand plants need carbon dioxide. Each type of plant has a
different ability to produce oxygen in balance with its ability to absorb carbon dioxide. Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus)
has never been investigated for its ability to absorb carbon dioxide. This study aims to (a) measure the CO2 absorption
capacity of Angsana plant saplings and (b) measure the fluctuation in CO2 uptake of Angsana plants in the
measurement period at 06.00-06.30, 12.00-12.30 and 15.00-15.30 WIT. Angsana saplings used in this study were ±
3-5 months old. Measurement of CO2 absorption using a 50 cm x 50 cm x 30 cm containment method and CO2 gas
analysis using Gas Cromatography. The time period for measuring CO2 absorption is at 06.00-06.30 West Indonesia
Time, 12.00-12.30 West Indonesia Time and 15.00-15.30 West Indonesia Time with the time interval for taking 5,
10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes for 4 (four) weeks. The results showed the rate of CO2 uptake of Angsana plant tillers
fluctuated in the morning, afternoon and evening. The results showed the average CO2 absorption rate of Angsana
saplings was 0.354 mg / m2 / minute. The CO2 uptake rate of Angsana plant species fluctuated, where the highest
CO2 uptake occurred in the time period of 15.00-15.30 WIT at 0.439 mg / m2 / minute followed by 12.00-12.30 WIT
at 0.435 mg / m2 / minute and CO2 absorption the lowest occurred at 06.00-06.30 WIT at 0.187 mg / m2 / minute.
KEYWORDS: Angsana, uptake, carbon dioxide, saplings
INTRODUCTION
Many researchers predicted an increase in the average temperature in the earth's atmosphere around 0.5oC
compared to 100 years ago. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere which are increasing compared to other
GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2) gases. The impact caused, among others, is the higher air temperature on the surface
of the earth which is not good for living creatures above it. In 2005, GHG emissions around ± 15% of Indonesia's total
GHG emissions were generated from the province of Central Kalimantan. Green open space (RTH) is one of the land
uses that is considered as a guardian of environmental equilibrium in urban areas. One of the environmental conditions
that is strongly influenced by green space is the direct and indirect atmosphere of the atmosphere. Although all trees
or plants that have leaf green substances naturally absorb CO2 from the atmosphere in producing food and oxygen
through the process of photosynthesis, but it is not the same in terms of its ability to absorb CO2 so a study of the
ability of each type of plant to absorb CO2 is needed.
Researchers [1-4] have done a lot of research on carbon dioxide uptake by several plants in Central
Kalimantan. Also research on the use of plants as aesthetics of the city. Angsana is a type of plant that is planted in
the Green Open Space area in the City of Palangka Raya. Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) Name of the region:
Angsana (Indonesia); Asan, Athan, Hasona, Sena, Lansano, Sana (Sumatra); Angsana, Asana, Sana, Sana Kapur, Sono
Kembang (Central Java, West Java, Nusa Tenggara); Sana Kembang (Madura); Sana, Ai Kenawa, Angsanan,
Angsane, Kayu Merah, Matani, Aina (Nusa Tenggara); Naakir, Acha, Patena, Candana (Sulawesi); Nara, Lala, Lalau,
Ligna, Lingguo (Maluku). Angsana is distributed in almost all regions of Indonesia, including eastern Indonesia such
as Papua and Sulawesi. All types of Pterocarpus produce high-value wood. The wood is rather hard, used for fine
furniture, floors, cabinets and musical instruments. Propagation of Angsana plants can be done vegetatively, namely
grafting and stem cuttings. Propagation can also be done with seeds that are old (generative).
The research aims (a) to measure the ability of CO2 absorption of Angsana plants and (b) to measure
fluctuations in CO2 uptake of plant saplings during the measurement period at 06.00-06.30 WIT, 12.00-12.30 WIT
and 15.00-15.30 WIT.
Corresponding Author: Yetrie Ludang, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Indonesia.
Email: yetrie@pplh.upr.ac.id
13
Citation: Yetrie Ludang, Wahyu Supriyati, Alpian; 2019, Absorption of Carbon dioxide by Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) Saplings; Journal of
Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 9(11)13-16, 2019
METHODS
Place and time of research

The study was conducted in Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province, Laboratory of the Indonesian
Agricultural Research Institute for Jakenan Pati, Central Java for the calculation of CO2 absorption. Palangka Raya
University Forest Product Technology Laboratory for calculation of biomass and organic carbon. Implementation of
research July - August 2019.
Materials and Research Tools

Material consists of plant saplings ± 3-5 months old Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.), Printer ink, A4 80
g HVS paper, markers, label paper, paper folders, plastic folders, large envelopes, old newspaper and large ice boxes.
Tools include a chamber (size) 50 cm x 50 cm x 30 cm, Gas Cromatography, syringe, rubber band, camera, cork box
and writing stationery. Angsana plant saplings are kept in beds for ± 2 weeks to adjust to the conditions of the
surrounding environment so as not to stress.
Gas Sampling in a Cap

Sampling of plant saplings of CO2 gas is Angsana by the chamber method. Tiller plants are placed on a cement
floor and then covered with a lid that is equipped with a thermometer, dry batteries and a small fan, as well as control
hoods (without plant saplings). Cover each side of the lid with sand to prevent air from entering the lid. A small fan
is turned on in the lid and the rubber cover / septum above the lid is opened for 2-3 minutes and closed again. Sampling
of gas in the hood through the septum using a syringe and recording temperature data on the thermometer in the hood
and the temperature around the study site on the thermometer outside the hood in each period of gas sampling. Gas
samples were taken at 06.00-06.30 WIT, 12.00-12.30 WIT and 15.00-15.30 WIT with time interval of gas sampling
every 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes so that the number of gas samples taken 144 samples.
Measuring CO2 Uptake of Plant Saplings

The gas sample in the syringe was sent to the Jakenan Pati Agricultural Environment Research Laboratory
laboratory in Central Java to analyze CO2 gas using Gas Cromatography. The results of the analysis of CO2 gas are
then calculated the rate of absorption of CO2 gas in the hood by using the formula Khalil [5]:
where:
F = CO2 absorption rate in the lid (mg / m2 / minute)
dc / s = Difference in CO2 concentration per unit time (ppm / minute)
Vch = Box volume (m3)
Ach = Box area (m2)
mW = CO2 molecular weight (gr)
mV = CO2 molecular volume (22.41 L)
T = average temperature during gas sampling (o C)
CO2 uptake by plant tillers (Fb) is the difference between the rate of uptake of CO2 in a hood containing plant
tillers with the rate of uptake of CO2 in a hood without plants / control (K), with the following formula:
Fb = F - K
Where:
Fb = CO2 absorption by plant saplings (mg / m2 / minute)
F = CO2 uptake rate in the hood (mg / m2 / min)
K = CO2 Absorption Rate in the control hood / without plants (mg / m2 / minute)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Carbon dioxide uptake for Angsana plants

Research data show that the average absorption rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) seedlings of Angsana plants is
0.354 mg / m2 / minute or 21.240 mg / m2 / hour. Each type of plant has a different ability to absorb CO2 and this is
influenced by several factors, namely temperature, intensity of sunlight, availability of water, overall leaf area, leaf
14
age and growth phase [6,7]. There were differences in the ability of plants to absorb CO2 are influenced by leaf area,
relative thickness of leaves, number of stomata, plant age and environmental factors (Table 1).
Table 1. Carbon dioxide sequestration for several plants

No Sapplings Average CO2 Absorption References
(mg / m2 / minute)
1 Papaya (Carica papaya L.) 0,640 [2]
2 Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) 0,150 [2]
3 Jelutong (Dyera lowii Hook. F.) 0,349 [3]
4 Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) 0,119 [4]
5 Hairy fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) 0,165 [1]
Data Table 1 when compared with the average CO2 absorption of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) plant species is
higher than the average CO2 absorption of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Saplings, Mangosteen (Garcinia
mangostana L) and Hairy fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) .). The average CO2 absorption of Angsana saplings
is almost the same as Jelutong (Dyera lowii Hook. F.), but it is smaller when compared to Papaya seedlings (Carica
papaya L.).
Carbon dioxide uptake fluctuation

The graph of fluctuation in CO2 uptake of Angsana plants based on measurement of time periods as in Figure
1 below.
Average absorption of CO2 (mg/m2/minute)
Angsana
0.500 0,439
0.450
0.400 0,435
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150 0,187
0.100
0.050
0.000
06.00-06.30 12.00-12.30 15.00-15.30
Measurement time (WIT)
Figure 1. Average Fluctuation of Angsana Carbon Absorption by Time Period
The average fluctuation pattern of CO2 uptake that occurs in Angsana puppies the highest CO2 uptake occurs
at 15.00-15.30 then followed at 12.00-12.30 WIT and the lowest at 06.00-06.30 WIT. The optimum temperature for
photosynthesis is equivalent to the temperature during the day. In addition these conditions also affect the efficiency
of the photosynthesis process. Maulana [8] explains that the high intensity of sunlight is able to carry out the process
of photosynthesis to the maximum. Gratimah [9] found that the maximum photosynthetic efficiency will be achieved
if the full intensity of sunlight and long days so that the increase in sunlight will gradually increase photosynthesis to
the level of light compensation that is the level of light when taking CO2 is equal to CO2 expenditure. The fluctuation
in CO2 absorption of Angsana seedlings is influenced by fluctuations in the average temperature inside the hood and
the average temperature outside around the study site.
During the experiment fluctuations in the average temperature of the inside and outside of the lid on the graph
can be seen Figure 2. The average temperature of the inside of the lid at 06.00-06.30 WIT of 25.50 0C; 12.00-12.30
WIT at 42.10 0C; at 15:00-15.30 WIT at 39.00 0C. The average temperature on the outside of the lid at 06.00-06.30
15
Citation: Yetrie Ludang, Wahyu Supriyati, Alpian; 2019, Absorption of Carbon dioxide by Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) Saplings; Journal of
Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 9(11)13-16, 2019
WIT is 23.20 0C; 12.00-12.30 Eastern Indonesian Time at 32.80 0C; at 15:00-15.30 WIT at 33.80 0C. Sunlight at the
research location shines quite blazing which influences the increase in temperature and CO2 absorption. Ludang and
Junaedi [2], the amount of temperature in the hood plays an important role in the ability of plant chicks to fix CO2 in
photosynthesis, the higher the temperature in the hood causes the amount of CO2 to be fixed will be higher. Maulana
[8] explains that the high intensity of sunlight is able to carry out the process of photosynthesis to the maximum. Xu
[10] found that is when the temperature increases, plant activity will increase until it reaches the optimal temperature
and then decreases.
The average concentration of CO2 in the hood containing Angsana saplings was 633.17 ppm. Ginting [11]
found the process of increasing the concentration of CO2 in the air coupled with high sunlight intensity can increase
the rate of CO2 absorption in some plant species.
CONCLUSION
The average absorption ability of Angsana tillers is 0.354 mg / m2 / minute or 21.240 mg / m2 / hour. The
average fluctuation pattern of CO2 uptake of puppies Angsana uptake of CO2 was highest at 15.00-15.30 at 0.439 mg
/ m2 / minute then followed at 12.00-12.30 WIT at 0.435 mg / m2 / minute and the lowest at 06.00-06.30 WIT at 0.187
mg / minute m2 / minute. The average temperature of the inside of the lid at 06.00-06.30 WIT is 25.50 0C; 12.00-
12.30 WIT at 42.10 0C; at 15:00-15.30 WIT at 39.00 0C. The average temperature on the outside of the lid at 06.00-
06.30 WIT is 23.20 0C; 12.00-12.30 Eastern Indonesian Time at 32.80 0C; at 15:00-15.30 WIT at 33.80 0C.
Suggestion
Research on the process of carbon dioxide sequestration needs to be carried out on an ongoing basis considering there
are still many types of saplings in Central Kalimantan both in natural forests and plantations that have not been studied
completely.
Acknowledgement
The Research Team would like to thank: 1) Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate General of
Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, 2) Rector of
Palangka Raya University, 3) Research and Community Service Institute of Palangka Raya University.
REFERENCES
[1]. Alpian, Y. Ludang, W. Supriyati. 2018. Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide by Saplings of Rambutan
Forest (Nephelium ramboutan-ake). International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
(IJCIET). Volume 9 (11): 425-431.
[2]. Ludang, Y. and A. Junaedi. 2015. The Role of Plant Tillers toward Carbon Dioxide Sequestration.
Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology, Volume 5 (2): 15-20.
[3]. Ludang, Y., Alpian, A. Juanaedi. 2017. The Sequestration Rate of Carbon dioxide on Jelutong (Dyera
lowii Hook. F.) Tillers in Central Kalimantan. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological
Sciences. Volume 7 (11): 38-42.
[4]. Ludang, Y., W. Supriyati, Alpian. 2018. Assessment of Saplings of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana
L) in Absorbing Carbon Dioxide. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET).
Volume 9 (11) : 408-414.
[5]. Khalil, M. A. K., R. A. Rasmussen and M. X. Wang ang L. Ren, 1991. Methane Emission from Rice
Field in China. Enviromental Sciense Technology. 25: 979-981.
[6]. Dwijoseputro, D. 1980. Pengantar fisiologi tumbuhan. PT. Gramedia Jakarta.
[7]. Salisbury, F.B. and C.W. Ross, 1995. Fisiologi tumbuhan. Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
[8]. Maulana, A.C., 2011. Aplikasi Kurva Respon Cahaya Sinusoidal untuk Pengukuran Daya Serap Karbon
Dioksida pada Bambu. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
[9]. Gratimah, G. 2009. Analisis kebutuhan hutan kota sebagai penyerap gas CO2 antropogenik di pusat
Kota Medan. Tesis Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Medan.
[10]. Xu, H. 2000. Modelling photosynthetic CO2 fixation in Radiata pine clones with contrasting crown
characteristics at age five at Dalethorpe, Canterbury, New Zealand [Thesis]. Canterbury [NZ]:
University of Canterbury.
[11]. Ginting, C. 2009. Interaksi antara peningkatan konsentrasi karbondioksida dan suhu terhadap
pertumbuhan tanaman. Buletin Ilmiah INSTIPER, 16 (I),pp. 23-31.
16
© 2019, TextRoad Publication
www.textroad.com
Powder Eggs Shell Encapsulated in Calcium Alginate as Adsorbent for

Adsorption Neutral Red
John Yoro Parlindungan
Department Of chemichal Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,

Universitas Musamus, Merauke, Indonesia

Accepted: September 22, 2019
ABSTRACT
The industrial waste can be many kinds of substances, one type of industrial waste is waste waste materials used
dye textile industry. Waste dyes used by the industry are often not treated properly, this resulted from industrial
waste does not meet standards for environmentally safe and no one waters. With the existence of water pollution,
especially from industrial waste, environmental support will be reduced and the natural ability to reforming itself
would be significantly reduced. This problem will pose a problem for the entire human receptors, namely water,
plants, animals, and materials. With the onset of problems due to the inability of water quality naturally restored
quickly. Neutral Red (NR) is a cationic dye that is toxic and can harm aquatic environment. In this research studied
the adsorption NR using Calcium alginate (CA), and the shell powder encapsulated eggshell calcium alginate (CA-
SKT)). The maximum adsorption condition of NR by CAdan CA-SKT is determined by studying the effects of pH,
initial concentration of NR, the initial mass of adsorbent, and the contact time. Percent adsorption increases with
increasing pH and reached a pH optimum at pH 6. The initial concentration optimum CA and CA-SKT row is 1000
ppm and 500 ppm. Adsorption capacity CA and CA-SKT row was 152.77 mg / g, and 94.58 mg / g. The optimum
adsorbent mass to CA and CA-SKT is 0.1 grams. The optimum contact time CA and CA-SKT are 2 hours.
Adsorbent CA and CA-SKT can be reused for the adsorption of NR after didesorpsi HCl 0.5 M.
KEYWORDS: Adsorption, eggshell, Neutral Red, Calcium Alginate, Dyes
1. INTRODUCTION
Advances in technology led to the development of the industry fairly quickly, with the development of the
industry is beneficial from an economic standpoint in the form of land where the jobs and source of foreign
exchange and the ease of getting a lot of specific products, but the progress of the industry can lead to various
problems. Problems arise because the industry one of them is going to waste production and waste generated quite
a lot so purification naturally can not compensate for the time terolahnya waste naturally slow and or the amount
of waste generated is too much[1]
The industrial waste can be many kinds of substances, one type of industrial waste is waste waste materials
used dye textile industry. Waste dyes used by the industry are often not treated properly, this resulted from
industrial waste does not meet the standards and is not safe for the environment. The dye used by the industry is
very varied, one of which is a dye Neutral Red (NR) which is quite dangerous, especially for aquatic organisms
because it can reduce the oxygen content in water and toxic, it can damage the environment if the results of the
waste after use dye NR is not processed properly[2].
Water is a compound that is needed by humans and is vital for life. The water used by humans, among others,
to drink, to wash and to bathe. Ideal clean water has the physical characteristics clear, colorless, tasteless and
odorless. With the existence of water pollution, especially from industrial waste, environmental support will be
reduced and the natural ability to self purification will decrease drastically. This problem will pose a problem for
the entire human receptors, namely water, plants, animals, and materials [3-5]. With the onset of problems due to
the inability restored natural water quality rapidly, it is necessary to process waste water treatment with the
additional process of humans such as the processing of physical, chemical, and biological conditioned[6,7]
In this study, has been studied NR dye adsorption using adsorbents to the batch method. The adsorbent used
is calcium alginate (CA) and eggshell shell powder encapsulated in calcium alginate (CA-SKT). Adsorption
performance of each adsorbent was analyzed on four-parameter optimum conditions of adsorption among others
the effects of conditions of pH, contact time, initial concentration of NR, and the initial mass of adsorbent.
Corresponding Author: John Yoro Parlindungan, Department Of chemichal Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and
Education, Universitas Musamus, Merauke, Indonesia. E-mail: parlindungan_fkip@unmus.ac.id
17
Citation: John Yoro Parlindungan; 2019, Powder Eggs Shell Encapsulated in Calcium Alginate as Adsorbent for Adsorption Neutral Red;
Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 9(11)17-22, 2019
2. METHODOLOGY
Study of adsorption performance in the third adsorbent ion binding NR studied on various parameters such
as the effect of pH, contact time, and the initial mass of adsorbent. In addition, do also adsorption-desorption cycles
of NR in the second adsorbent. NR desorption of adsorbed adsorbent done using 0.5M HCL.
Preparation of Powdered Egg Shells (SKT) into calcium alginate

A total of 0.2 g of Na-Alginate is mixed with 2 g of eggshell powder and then 100 mL of water is added at a
temperature of ± 80 ° C little by a little while stirring with the stirrer. The mixture is then stirred until homogeneous.
Next, the mixture is dropped into a 2% solution using a burette CaCl2.2H2O. CA-SKT roomates granules are
formed later, are allowed to stand for 24 hours in solution. Then removed, washed using aqua dm, drained and
dried at room temperature for ± 24 hours.
Adsorption of Neutral Red Using Eggshell Encapsulated (Ca-SKT)

Preliminary Determination of Optimum Concentration
A total of 0.05 grams of each adsorbent put in a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Then added 20 ml of NR 50, 100,
250, 500, 1000, and 1250 ppm throughout the NR solution has a pH of 6.5. The mixture is agitated using a shaker
at 200 rpm at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was then decanted and the filtrate obtained absorbance
was measured using a spectrophotometer.
Determination of the optimum pH,

A total of 0.05 grams of adsorbent (CA and CA-SKT) put in a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Then add 20 ml of
NR 100 ppm at various pH 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 to CA while the pH variation for CA-SKT is 4, 6, 8, 10. Then the
solution is agitated using a shaker at 200 rpm on room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was decanted and the
filtrate obtained was measured using a visible spectrophotometer absorbance at 530 nm.
Determination of Optimum Time,

A total of 0.05 grams of each adsorbent (CA and CA-SKT) put in a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Then add 20 ml
of NR in the concentration and pH optimum of each adsorbent. The mixture is agitated using a shaker at 200 rpm
at room temperature for 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 480 minutes. The mixture was then decanted and the filtrate obtained
was measured using a visible spectrophotometer absorbance at 530 nm.
Determination of Optimum Massa Adsorbent,

Weighed each adsorbent (CA and CA-SKT) with 0,025 mass variations; 0.05; 0.1; 0.15 and 0.2 grams. Then
put in a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Then add 20 ml of NR in the concentration and pH optimum. The mixture is
agitated using a shaker at 200 rpm at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was then decanted and the filtrate
obtained was measured using a visible spectrophotometer absorbance at 530 nm.
Adsorption-desorption cycles NR
Do adsorption as much as 20 ml of NR in certain circumstances of each adsorbent then the solution is agitated
using a shaker at 200 rpm for 2 hours. Do decantation and the filtrate is the result of adsorption measured using
visible spectrophotometer absorbance at 530 nm.
Adsorbents to adsorb NR, didesorpsi through the addition of HCl solution with a concentration of 0.5 M and
agitated using a shaker at 200 rpm for 2 hours. Do decantation and the filtrate desorption results were measured
using visible spectrophotometer absorbance at 530 nm. The cycle has done 3 times to CA and CA-SKT.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Determination of Optimum pH Adsorption NR

Determining the influence of NR solution pH on adsorption performance of the adsorbent is shown in Figure
4.9 where NR solution pH varied from pH 2 to pH 8 to CA and variation of pH 4 to pH 10 for CA-SKT. On the
use of adsorbent CA pH of below pH 3 NR NR cause low adsorption. The surface of the negatively charged alginate
result would be -COOH -COO- group due to the amount of H + in solution, so that the positively charged NR will
be more difficult to be adsorbed on alginate.[8]
18
Figure 1 Percent adsorption CAdan CA-SKT to variations in pH
100
80
% Adsorpsi
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
CA CA-SKT
The curve above shows that the optimum pH for the adsorbent CA achieved at a pH of about 6 and 7, the
adsorption capacity of CA showed the highest value. By knowing the optimum conditions of CA then determining
the optimum pH of CA-SKT performed at various pH 4 to 10 wherein the adsorption capacity CA is fairly flat in the
area. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent CA-SKT quite stable from pH 4 to pH 10.
Determination of Optimum initial concentration Adsorption NR

Determination of the influence of the initial concentration of NR in the third adsorption performance of the
adsorbent is shown in figure 2. In the determination of the optimum concentration for the adsorbent CA NR
performed the initial concentration variation NR from 300 to 1250 ppm. It is seen that the adsorption capacity of
the CA will continue to increase from 300 ppm to 1000 ppm and obtain maximum capacity of CA was 152.77 mg
/ g. Capacity then decreases at 1250 ppm. The increase in capacity is due to an increase in the initial concentration
because the amount of NR that can be absorbed by the CA more. Capacity continues to increase until eventually
the active side of the CA will be saturated and the maximum capacity has been reached.[2]
Figure 2 adsorption capacity CA and CA-SKT at the initial concentration variation
250
200
qe (mg/g)
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Concentration
CA CA-SKT
In the determination of the optimum concentration for adsorbent CA NR-SKT done NR variations initial
concentration of 20 ppm to 500 ppm. Figure 2 shows that the adsorption capacity of CA-SKT will continue to
19
increase from 20 ppm to 300 ppm and 24 ppm to 500 ppm tends to be flat because the active CA-SKT is already
saturated. The maximum capacity of CA-SKT obtained amounted to 94.58 mg / g.
In the determination of the optimum concentration for the adsorbent NR on the initial concentration is too
high and the active side of the adsorbent is saturated, the adsorption capacity of the CA be decreased. This is
expected because of NR in high concentrations can agglomerate in solution and can not be absorbed by the
adsorbent in the form of gumpalannya. So that the adsorption capacity is lowered because there is competition
between adsorption with the NR clotting process.[9]
Determination of Optimum Contact Time Adsorption NR

Characterization of adsorption remainder of that is the effect of contact time between adsorbent with
adsorbate as shown by Figure 3 In determining the optimum contact time NR adsorbents CA shows that the percent
of adsorption CA will continue to increase from 5 minutes to 120 minutes but it's unlikely to change in minute 120,
this indicates that the active site is already quite saturated CA by NR after 2 hours of contact time.[10]
Figure 3 Percent adsorption of CA and CA-SKT to variations in time

100
80
% Adsorpsi
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (minute)
CA CA-SKT
In determining the optimum contact time NR adsorbents CA-SKT saw that the percent adsorption of CA-
SKT will continue to increase from 5 minutes to 240 minutes and flat at 480 minutes, the contact time of 120
minutes active side CA-SKT is already quite saturated by NR so that the curve percent adsorbansinya already
unlikely to change.
Determination of Optimum Adsorption Adsorbent Mass NR

Adsorbent mass influence on the performance of two adsorptions of the adsorbent can be seen in Figure 4 On
the curve seen with increasing mass percent adsorption is also growing.
Figure 4 Percent adsorption of CA and CA-SKT against the mass variation
100
80
% Adsorption
60
40
20
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Mass (gram)
CA CA-SKT
20
In the adsorbent mass, greater than 0,025 grams increased percent adsorption. Percent adsorption tends to be
flat after a 0.1 gram to CA and CA-SKT. Percent adsorption will increase along with the increase in the mass of
adsorbent used. This is because with the same concentration in the solution NR adsorbent number continues to
grow so that absorption is divided on the amount of adsorbent is increasing. Based on the results obtained by the
NR optimum adsorption on the adsorbent mass of 0.1 grams for CA and CA-SKT.[11]
Adsorption-Desorption Cycle Neutral Red

In this research, the cycle with certain conditions. The solution used for the release of the adsorbent is NR
HCl 0.5 M. Under the adsorption-desorption cycles eusability of CA is excellent, but continued to decline from
each cycle is done, this happens because the desorption process is done can not eliminate all NR adsorbed on the
adsorbent so that the adsorbent will gradually become saturated and its ability to decrease.[12]
While the reusability of CA-SKT has not been too good, with a declining ability of each cycle is done, this
happens because the desorption process is done in less optimal and can not deliver NR adsorbed on the adsorbent
well. CA-SKT by desorption using 0.5 M HCL less good results because of the adsorbent becomes saturated
quickly.
Based on the third cycle of adsorption desorption from the adsorbent, it appears that the globules CA have
the most excellent reusability capabilities. Pellets CA-SKT has the potential to be reusable, desorption capability
of granules CA-SKT has the potential to be improved is by replacing the type of acid or by increasing the
concentration of the acid.
4. CONCLUSION
Synthesis adsorbent CA-SKT has been successfully carried out, but the ability of CA-SKT has not been too
good. The maximum capacity of the CA and CA-SKT in consecutive is, 152.77 mg / g and 94.58 mg / g. Adsorption
using an adsorbent third optimum at pH around 6.5. The optimum adsorbent mass to CA and CA-SKT is 0.1 grams.
The optimum contact time for CA and CA-SKT is 2 hours.
5. SUGGESTION
As for some suggestions regarding this study as follows:

1. Need to relearn desorption uses other than the acid HCl.
2. Provision of treatment CA-SKT modifications needs to be done, such as giving an acid or base in the CA-
SKT.
3. The use of the adsorbent column system for CA and CA-SKT needs to be done.
REFERENCES
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[2]. Runping H A N, Pan H A N, Zhaohui C A I, Zhenhui Z H A O and Mingsheng T A N G 2008 Kinetics
and isotherms of neutral red adsorption on peanut husk J. Environ. Sci. 20 1035–41
[3]. Hariani Fitrianti, Yenni Pintauli Pasaribu, Philipus Betaubun. 2019. Modeling factor as the cause of
traffic accident losses using multiple linear regression approach and generalized linear models. IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 235.1. 012030.
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and diffraction strength. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering,
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[6]. Rettob A L and Pasaribu Y P 2018 Adsorption of [ AuCl 4 ] - on Iron Sand Magnetic Material Coated
with Aminobezimidazol Modified Silica Proceedings of The International Conference on Science and
Technology (ICST 2018) vol 1 (Nusa Dua, Bali: Atlantis Press) pp 277–80
[7]. Amran M B and Zulfikar M A 2010 International Journal of Environmental Removal of Congo Red
dye by adsorption onto phyrophyllite Removal of Congo Red dye by adsorption onto phyrophyllite
Int. J. Enviromental Stud. 67 37–41
[8]. Parlindungan J Y 2019 Encapsulation powder skin duck eggshells on alginate as adsorbent methylene
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blue Encapsulation powder skin duck eggshells on alginate as adsorbent methylene blue IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
[9]. Mahamadi C and Mawere E 2013 Kinetic Modeling of Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet Dyes
Adsorption on Alginate-Fixed Water Hyacinth in Single and Binary Systems 2013 17–24
[10]. Ngadi N, Ee C C and Yuszff N A 2013 Removal of Methylene Blue Dye by Using Eggshell Powder
J. Teknol. (Sciences Eng. 65 63–71
[11]. Hassan A A and Hassan Z A S 2013 Methylene Blue Removal From Aqueous Solution By Adsorption
on Eggshell Bed 5 11–23
[12]. Shu C, Chiew C, Koon H, Pasbakhsh P, Eong P, Tey T and Seng E 2016 Stability and reusability of
alginate-based adsorbents for repetitive lead ( II ) removal Polym. Degrad. Stab. 123 146–54
22
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Lake Michigan, 1983-1992. U.S. EPA Great Lakes National Program, Chicago, IL. EPA 905-R-95-009.
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Copyright © 2019, TEXTROAD Publishing Corporation

Journal of Applied Environmental

An International Peer-reviewed journal

Number of issues per year: 12

Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2019

Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences (JAEBS)

Number of issues per year: 12

Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences (JAEBS) is a peer

Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences (JAEBS) is devoted

Saeid Chekani Azar

Prof. Dr. Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo

Dr. Chandrasekar Raman

Dr. YUBAO CUI

Dr. Muhammad Altaf Khan

Dr. Fahrettin Tilki

Dr. Ibtisam abd el ghany hammad

Dr. Charalambos Tsekeris

Dr. Elsayed E. Hafez

Dr. Naushad Mamode Khan

Dr. Hala Ahmed Hafez Kandil

Dr. Yule Yue Wang

Dr. Aziza Sharaby

Dr. Josphert N. Kimatu

Dr. Mukesh Kumar Meena

Syed Muhammad Nurulain

Dr. Ayman Batisha

Dr. Hakeem Ullah

DR. DATTA ASARAM DHALE

Dr. Muhammad Ismail Mohmand

Prof. Dr. Valdenir José Belinelo

Evaluation of Wild Edible Plant Species in the Logone Valley, Cameroon

Received: July 26, 2019

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Localization of the study site.

Edible Vegetable products exploited in the Logone flood plain

Table I. Edible Vegetable products exploited in the flood plain.

Ficus ingens Moraceae 5.32

Harvesting mode of the various products

Quantities and distribution of edible products exploited

Type and quatity of harvested products (t) 250

50 87.45 81.2 12.3 16.4 23.3 73.75

Figure 2. Annual quantities of products collected in the floodplain.

Transformation and valorization of the collected products

Preparing cakes of Ziziphus mauritiana "Yabande"

Marketing of the exploited products and income generated

Figure 5. Quantities of the various marketed edible products.

Figure 5. Sale of edible vegetable products in rural and urban markets.

Variability of non-timber forest products

Socio-economic importance of exploited products

Absorption of Carbon dioxide by Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) Saplings

Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Indonesia

Place and time of research

Materials and Research Tools

Gas Sampling in a Cap

Measuring CO2 Uptake of Plant Saplings

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Carbon dioxide uptake for Angsana plants

Table 1. Carbon dioxide sequestration for several plants

Carbon dioxide uptake fluctuation

Measurement time (WIT)

Figure 1. Average Fluctuation of Angsana Carbon Absorption by Time Period

Powder Eggs Shell Encapsulated in Calcium Alginate as Adsorbent for

Department Of chemichal Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,