Appendix A

British Standards

PARTICLES
Extractive sampling:
BS 3405, 1983. Measurement of particulate emission including grit and dust (sim-
plified method)
BS 893, 1978. Measurement of the concentration of particulate matter in ducts car-
rying gases.
BS 6069, The characterization of air quality;
Part 4, Stationary source emissions
Section 4.2, 1991. Method for the determination of asbestos plant emissions by
fibre count measurement.
Section 4.3,1992. Method for the gravimetric determination of concentration and
mass flow rate of particulate material in gas-carrying ducts.

Smoke:
BS 2811,1969. Specification for smoke density indicators and recorders.
BS 2742, 1969. Notes on the use of the Ringelmann and miniature smoke charts.
BS 2742, Addendum No 1., 1972. The calibration of instruments in Ringelmann
Number.

Particle size:
BS 3406 Methods for the determination of particle size distribution.
Various parts describing different methods including microscopy (Pt.4, 1993)and
light scattering (Pt.7, 1988) but none specifically for flue gases.
BS 6069 The characterization of air quality, Section 3.5, 1993 Workplace atmos-
pheres - size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles (also
known as BS EN 481,1993)

GASES
Manual methods:
BS 1756 Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Flue Gases,
Part 1, 1971. Methods of sampling
286 Appendix A
Part 2,1971. Analysis by the Orsat apparatus.
Part 3,1971 Analysis by the Haldane apparatus.
Part 4, Miscellaneous Analyses (1977).
1. Scope
2. References
3. Determination of moisture
4. Determination of oxides of sulphur: propan-2-ol method
5. Determination of oxides of sulphur: direct method
6. Determination of sulphuric acid dewpoint
7. and 8. Determination of carbon monoxide: iodine pentoxide method
9. Determination of oxides of nitrogen: modified Saltzman method.
10. Determination of oxides of nitrogen: phenol disulphonic
acid method.
BS 6069, The characterization of air quality;
Part 3, Workplace Atmospheres.
Section 3.1, 1989. Method for the determination of vinyl chloride using a char-
coal tube and a gas chromatograph.
Section 3.2, 1991. Method for the determination of particulate lead and lead
compounds by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
Section 3.3, 1991. Method for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons
by charcoal tube/solvent desorption/gas chromatography.
Section 3.4, 1991. Method for the determination of various aromatic hydrocar-
bons by charcoal tube/solvent desorption/gas chromatography.
Section 3.5 - see under Particles above.
Section 3.6, 1994. General requirements for the performance of procedures for
the measurement of chemical agents (also known as BS EN 482,1994).
Part 4 Stationary source emissions
Section 4.1 Method for the determination of the mass concentration of sulphur
dioxide: hydrogen peroxidelbarium perchlorate/Thorin method.
(=ISO 7934, 1989)
Sections 4.2 and 4.3 - see under Particles above.
Section 4.4, 1993. Determination of the mass concentration of sulphur dioxide -
performance characteristics of automated measuring methods.(=ISO 7935,
1992)
Part 5 Characterization of air quality. General.
Section 5.1, 1994 Handling of temperature, pressure and humidity data.
(=ISO 8756,1994)

Continuous methods:
BS 3048, 1958. Code for continuous sampling and automatic analysis of flue gases:
indicators and recorders.
BS 4314 Specifications for apparatus for physical methods of gas analysis.
Part 1,1968. Infra-red analysers for industrial use.

Calibration gases:
BS 4559 Methods for preparation of calibration gas mixtures.
Appendix B
German VDI Guidelines
(Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)

These can be ordered from: Beuth Verlag, Postfach 1145, Burggrafenstrasse 6, D -

1000, Berlin 30, Germany. Tel: (49) 30 2601 2260, Fax: (49) 3026011231. For recently
published methods English versions are available as indicated.

Compound Guideline/ Method Year English

Sheet Number
Planning of spot sampling measurements of stationary source emissions
2448/1 92 to!
Calibration of Automatic Emissions Monitoring Systems
3950/1 94 to!
Calibration Gases
3490 sheets 1-17 cover methods of preparation of
calibration gas mixtures.
Gases
NO + N0 2 2456/1 phenol disulfonic acid reaction 73
NO + N0 2 2456/2 titration after oxidation with H 20 2 73
N0 2 2456/4 UV absorption (Limas G) 76
NO 2456/5 Chemiluminescence (Thermo
Electron Model 10) 78
NO + N0 2 2456/6 analysis of NO with converter,
NDIRor
chemiluminescence analyser 78
NO 2456/7 chemiluminescence (atmospheric
pressure instrument) 81
NO + NO z 2456/8 sodium salicylate method 86 to!
NO 2456/9 NDUV resonance (RADAS 1) 89 to!
NO+NO z 2456/10 dimethylphenol method 90 to!
Organic
compounds 2457/1 GC principles 91
1,1,1 trichloro-
ethane 2457/2 GC 74
Trichloro-
ethylene 2457/3 GC 76
Tetrachloro-
ethylene 2457/4 GC 75
Benzene,
toluene, xylene 2457/5 GC 81
Butyl acetate
(n-, iso-tert,-) 2457/6 GC 81
288 Appendix B
Acetic acid
esters 2457/7 GC 81
CO 2459/6 Non-Dispersive IR 80
CO 2459/7 iodine pentoxide method 94 II
Organic
compounds 2460/1 IR, principles 92
Dimethyl-
formamide 2460/2 IR 74
Cresols 2460/3 IR 81
S02 2462/1 iodine/ thiosulphate method 74
S02 2462/2 H 20 2 method, titration with NaOH 74
S02 2462/3 H 20 2 method, grav. analysis
as BaS0 4 74
S02 2462/4 IR UNOR 6 + URAS 2 75
S02 2462/5 conductivity method (Mikrogas-
MSK-S0 2E1) 79
S02 calibration 2462/6 Calibration of automatic S02
systems on combustion plant 74
S02 2462/7 2-propanol method 85 V
S02 2462/8 H 20z method, titration with BaCl2
against Thorin 85 II
Hydrocarbons 2466/1 IR absorption (URAS 1 and 2) 73
Fluorine
compounds 2470/1 absorption in caustic soda 75
HCl 3480/1 absorption (low Cl particulates) 84 II
HCl 3480/2 continuous detection. -
SPECTRAN 677IR 92 II
Gaseous
inorganic
chlorine
compounds 3480/3 continuous detn. - ECOMETER 92 V
Hydrocarbons 3481/1 Flame Ionization Detector 75
Hydrocarbons 3481/2 absorption on silica gel 80
Organic
solvents 3481/3 Flame Ionization Detector 92
Total organic
carbon 3481/6 Choice and application of methods 94 V
H 2S 3486/1 potentiometric titration 79
H 2S 3486/2 iodometric titration 79
H 2S 3486/3 colorimetric method 80
CS 2 3487/1 iodometric titration 78
Cl2 3488/1 methyl orange method 79
Cl2 3488/2 bromide-iodide method 80
Vinyl chloride 3493/1 GC 82
Basic nitrogen
compounds 3496/1 absorption in sulphuric acid 82
Polychlorinated
dibenzo
dioxins and
furans 3499/1E dilution method 90
 German VDI Standards 289
Polychlorinated
dibenzo
dioxins and
furans 3499/2E filter/cooler method 90
Aliphatic
aldehydes
C1-C3 3862/1 MBTHmethod 90 V
Acrylonitrile 3863/1 gas chromatography, grab sampling 87 V
Acrylonitrile 3863/2 gas chromatography, absorption in
low-temperature solvents 91 V
Acrylonitrile 3863/3E absorption on activated carbon,
desorption by dimethyl formamide 88
Polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAH) 3872/1 engine emissions by GC 89 V
hydrocarbons
(PAH) 3782/2E diluted Otto + diesel exhausts GC 89
hydrocarbons
(PAH) 3783/1 stationary industrial plant - dilution
method
(RWTOV) with GC 92 V
1,3 butadiene 3953/lE absorption onto activated carbon,
GC 91
Calibration of Automatic Emissions Monitoring Systems
3950/1E 91
Particles
2066/1 gravimetric detection of dust loading.
Survey 75
2066/2 manual dust measurement, tubular
filter devices 4-12 m 3/h 93 V
2066/3 manual dust measurement, tubular
filter devices, 40 m 3/h 94 V
2066/4 continuous optical transmissometry 89 V
2066/5 fractionated dust measurement
cascade impactor 94 v'
2066/6 continuous, scattered light photometer
KTN 89 V
2066/7 gravimetric -low dust content
plane filter method 93 V
2268/1 chemical analysis of particulate emissions
Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Sr,V,Zn by
atomic spectrometry 87 V'
2268/2 As,Sb,Se atomic abs. spectrometry after
separation of volatile hydrides 90 vi
2268/3 TI by atomic abs. spectrometry 88 V
2268/4 As,Sb,Se by graphite furnace A.A. 90 V
3868/1 total emissions of metals, metalloids
and their compounds, manual
method 92 v'
Appendix C
US EPA Standard Methods

Details in the Code of Federal Regulations - Protection of the Environment, 40,

Part 60 Appendix A. (The following list is taken from the July 1992 revision)
(Available in UK from: Microinfo Ltd., PO Box 3, Omega Park, Alton, Hants,
GU34 2PG. Tel: 0142086848; Fax: 0142089889)

Method 1 - Sample and velocity traverses for stationary sources.

Method 1A - Sample and velocity traverses for stationary sources with small
stacks or ducts.
Method 2 - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate (Type S
pitot tube).
Method 2A - Direct measurement of gas volume through pipes and small ducts.
Method 2B - Determination of exhaust gas volume flow rate from gasoline vapor
incinerators.
Method 2C - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate in
small stacks or ducts (standard pitot tube).
Method 2D - Measurement of gas volumetric flow rates in small pipes and ducts.
Method 3 - Gas analysis for carbon dioxide oxygen, excess air, and dry molecular
weight.
Method 3A - Determination of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in
Emissions From Stationary Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure).
Method 4 - Determination of moisture content in stack gases.
Method 5 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources.
Method 5A - Determination of particulate emissions from the asphalt processing
and asphalt roofing industry.
Method 5B - Determination of non-sulfuric acid particulate matter from station-
ary sources.
Method 5D - Determination of particulate emissions from positive pressure fabric
filters.
Method 5E - Determination of particulate emissions from the wool fiber-glass
insulation manufacturing industry.
Method 5F - Determination of non-sulfate particulate matter from stationary
sources.
Method 5G - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a
dilution tunnel sampling location.
Method 5H - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a
stack location.
Method 6 - Determination of sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources.
 US EPA Standard Methods 291
Method 6A - Determination of sulfur dioxide, moisture, and carbon dioxide emis-
sions from fossil fuel combustion sources.
Method 6B - Determination of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide daily average
emissions from fossil fuel combustion sources.
Method 6C - Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions From Stationary Sources
(Instrumental Analyzer Procedure).
Method 7 - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources.
Method 7A - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources -
Ion chromatographic method.
Method 7B - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources
(Ultraviolet spectrophotometry).
Method 7C - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources -
AIkaline-permanganate/colorimetric method.
Method 7D - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources -
Alkaline-permanganate/ion chromatographic method.
Method 7E - Determination of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From Stationary
Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure).
Method 8 - Determination of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur dioxide emissions from
stationary sources.
Method 9 - Visual determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary
sources.
Alternate method 1 - Determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary
sources remotely by lidar.
Method 10 - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary
sources.
Method lOA - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions in certifying continu-
ous emission monitoring systems at petroleum refineries.
Method lOB - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary
sources.
Method 11 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide content of fuel gas streams in
petroleum refineries.
Method 12 - Determination of inorganic lead emissions from stationary sources.
Method 13A - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources -
SPADNS zirconium lake method.
Method 13B - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources -
Specific ion electrode method.
Method 14 - Determination of fluoride emissions from potroom roof monitors for
primary aluminium plants.
Method 15 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon
disulfide emissions from stationary sources.
Method 15A - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from sulfur recov-
ery plants in petroleum refineries.
Method 16 - Semicontinuous determination of sulfur emissions from stationary
sources.
Method 16A - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from stationary
sources (impinger technique).
Method 16B - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from stationary
sources.
Method 17 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources
(instack filtration method).
292 Appendix C
Method 18 - Measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chro-
matography.
Method 19 - Determination of sulfur dioxide removal efficiency and particulate,
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emission rates.
Method 20 - Determination of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and diluent emis-
sions from stationary gas turbines.
Method 21 - Determination of volatile organic compound leaks.
Method 22 - Visual determination of fugitive emissions from material sources and
smoke emissions from flares.
Method 23 - Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans From Stationary Sources.
Method 24 - Determination of volatile matter content, water content, density, vol-
ume solids, and weight solids of surface coatings.
Method 24A - Determination of volatile matter content and density of printing
inks and related coatings.
Method 25 - Determination of total gaseous non-methane organic emissions as
carbon.
Method 25A - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a flame
ionization analyzer.
Method 25B - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a non-
dispersive infrared analyzer.
Method 26 - Determination of Hydrogen Chloride Emissions From Stationary
Sources.
Method 27 - Determination of vapor tightness of gasoline delivery tank using
pressure-vacuum test.
Method 28 - Certification and auditing of wood heaters.
Method 28A - Measurement of air to fuel ratio and minimum achievable burn
rates for wood-fired appliances.
Hazardous Air Pollutants (CFR40, Part 61, Appendix B)
Method 101 - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from
Chlor-alkali plants - air streams.
Method lOlA - Determination of gaseous and particulate mercury emissions from
sewage sludge incinerators.
Method 102 - Determination of gaseous and particulate mercury from chlor-alkali
plants - hydrogen streams.
Method 103 - Beryllium screening method.
Method 104 - Determination of beryllium emissions from stationary sources.
Method 106 - Determination of vinyl chloride emissions from stationary sources.
Method 108 - Determination of gaseous and particulate arsenic emissions.
Method 110 - Determination of benzene from stationary sources.
Method 111- Determination of polonium-210 emissions from stationary sources.
Method 114 - Test method for determining radionuclide emissions from station-
ary sources.
Method 115 - Monitoring for radon-222 emissions.

Performance Specifications (CFR40, Part 60, Appendix A)

1. Specifications and test procedures for opacity continuous emission monitoring
systems in stationary sources.
 US EPA Standard Methods 293
2. Specifications and test procedures for S02 and NO x continuous emissions mon-
itoring systems in stationary sources.
3. Specifications and test procedures for 02 and CO 2 continuous emissions mon-
itoring systems in stationary sources.
4. Specifications and test procedures for carbon monoxide continuous emission
monitoring systems in stationary sources.
4A. Specifications and test procedures for carbon monoxide continuous emission
monitoring systems in stationary sources.
5. Specifications and test procedures for total reduced sulphur continuous
emission monitoring systems in stationary sources.
6. Specifications and test procedures for continuous emission rate monitoring
systems in stationary sources.
7. Specifications and test procedures for hydrogen sulfide continuous emission
monitoring systems in stationary sources.

Quality Assurance Procedures

Procedure 1. Quality assurance requirements for gas continuous emission moni-
toring systems used for compliance determination.
Appendix D
Main provisions for testing to
British Standard 3405:1983

If the main provisions for testing to BS 3405:1983, listed below, are not fully com-
plied with, then the accuracy of the results, from such a sampling exercise, are
questionable (i.e. worse than the 25% accuracy claimed for the standard).
Sample plane
• The sampling plane is not less than one flue diameter (or hydraulic equivalent)
from the nearest bend or obstruction, always providing that the pitot-static
tube measurements satisfy the criteria detailed below. (A distance of four diam-
eters minimum is preferable.)
• Duct dimensions at the sample plane are measured within 10 mm/metre.
• All sample points to be in the same sample plane, across the duct.
Pitot-static tube measurements
• No pitot-static tube pressure readings, measured at the sample plane, are zero
or negative.
• The sum of the square roots of the pitot-static tube pressure readings, mea-
sured at the sample points, does not differ by more than 5% before and after
isokinetic sampling.
• The direction of gas flow at any sample point shall be not more than 2° from the
axis of the flue. (The' angle of swirl' shall not be more than 20°)
• The pitot-static tube head must not be obstructed. ( i.e. a pitot-static tube
heater or other device must not be used).
• If the ratio of the highest to lowest pitot-static tube readings, recorded during
the preliminary 2 x 10-point pitot-static tube pressure measurement traverse,
differs by more than 4 : 1, then four-point sampling will be replaced by eight-
point sampling.
• The ratio of the highest to lowest pitot-static tube readings, recorded during
the preliminary 2 x 10-point pitot-static tube pressure measurement traverse,
does not differ by more than 9 : 1 or more. (Where the ratio of 9 : 1 is equalled
or exceeded then the sample plane is unsuitable for isokinetic sampling).
• A standard NPL or calibrated pitot-static tube should normally be used to
obtain all velocity pressure measurements. (However, in ducts where the gas
flow contains free moisture, or the duct gases are at or near the dew-point, the
use of a calibrated S-type pitot-static tube may be necessary, to overcome the
problems of measurement associated with the presence of such moisture.
Under these circumstances the declared results must be qualified.)
 British Standard 3405: 1983 295
Duct and duct gas conditions
• Temperatures measured at adjacent traverse points do not differ by more than
10%.
• Duct gas temperatures can be measured within 5K.
• All temperatures measured at the temperature traverse sample points are with-
in 10% of the mean value.
• Velocity of the duct gases at the sample plane is not below 3 m/s average, at
200°C, or is such that the pitot-static tube velocity pressure is not less than 5
Pa.
• Static pressure in the duct not to be less than 0.5 kPa below atmospheric (50
mbar vacuum).
• Duct gas must be free from water droplets, such as to permit pitot-static tube
readings to be obtained. (see also comments under Pitot Static Tube measure-
ments above.)
Sampling conditions
• Sampling is carried out at the centroid of equal areas (i.e. four-point or eight-
point, measured within 20 mm/m of duct dimension.)
• Sampling is carried out isokinetically.
• The duration of sampling at any sampling point shall be not less than 3 min-
utes.
• Where cumulative sampling is undertaken, the product' a X l' must be kept
constant for each of the sample points. ['a' is the cross-sectional area of the sam-
pling nozzle used and 't' is the duration of sampling, at that sample point.]
• If the duct cross-sectional area is greater than 2.5 m 2, then eight-point sampling
shall replace four-point sampling.
• The temperature and pressure of all volume flow settings/measurements,
required as part of the operational procedure for the sampling equipment, are
so maintained throughout the sampling period, as to ensure that the actual iso-
kinetic sample extraction rate is consistent, with the gaseous flow conditions
within the duct, chimney or flue being sampled. .
• Where the sampling is carried out at a single average velocity point, or at less
than the minimum number of sample points required, for whatever reason, the
results must be clearly qualified.
• Sampling equipment is tested leak-free, before any sampling is undertaken.
• The sampling equipment has not been subject to unqualified modifications and
is operated in the approved manner, as described, in the literature associated
with that equipment.
Collected particulates
• Weighing can be performed satisfactorily.
• The effect of the presence of interference materials, organics, hydrated miner-
als, tars, etc., in the collected particulates, are fully compensated, post sampling
handling, during the conditioning and weighing procedures, so as not to mate-
rially alter the result.
• The balance used is capable of weighing to ± 0.1 mg.
• Weights of particulate sample collected, in the primary sample collector, to be
not less than 0.3% of that particulate collector weight (this applies to the prima-
ry collector only). A lower particulate sample weight may be acceptable, under
the circumstances of :
296 Appendix A
(a) short-duration process emission tests, as long as the isokinetic sampling
period has been of at least 10 minutes duration at each point
(b) where three complete isokinetic sampling runs are undertaken, which are
within the 1)12 times factor* and all other provisions listed are met. (*1)12
times factor. The ratio of the results for the mass emission, calculated for
each separate isokinetic sampling run, shall not be more than 1.5 : 1
[Section 3. Clause 11])
• The dust collector must be capable of collecting grit and dust with an efficiency
of retention, for the stated Stokes diameters of :
(a) not less than 98% of particles larger than 20 fLm;
(b) not less than 96% of particles in the range 10 - 20 fLm;
(c) not less than 90% of particles in the range 5 -10 fLm;
(d) not less than 60% of particles in the range 1 - 5 fLm.
NB. This is satisfied by the BCURA cyclone, where grit and dust are concerned
(Le. for particles down to Stokes diameters of 1 fLm)
• The sample collector for total particulates must be capable of collecting 98% of
all solid particles. (NB. The back-up filter must be used with the BCURA
cyclone where the particulates in the range 1- 5fLm are known to exceed 5%.)
Results
• The concentration of particulates in the emission shall be calculated from the
measurements made during the sampling exercise (and the subsequent weights
obtained for the particulate collection). In particular, using the values obtained
for the pitot-static tube velocity pressures, measured at each of the sample
points, immediately before each isokinetic sampling traverse.
• The gaseous volumes, used in the calculation of the results, will normally be
corrected to the reference conditions, laid down in the appropriate Chief
Inspector's Guidance Notes, for the process being tested.
Index

Page numbers appearing in bold refer to figures and page numbers

appearing in italics refer to tables.

Accuracy combustion gases 101-4

continuous emission measuring systems 77-8, moisture measurement 101
213-4,223,261 wet chemical gas analysis 100-19
definition 235 see also Sampling
isokinetic sampling 44 BATNEEC (Best Available Technology Not
quality management sources of error 265-8 Entailing Excessive Cost) 4, 7, 9
relative 223 BCURA (British Coal Utilization Research
Adsorption, volatile organic compounds 164 Association) probe 47-9
AFNOR standards 224 Beer-Lambert Law 75, 76, 124
Air quality I-IS, 285-6 definition 141-2
Ammonia Benzene 287
ion mobility spectrometry 209 Benzopyrenes 177, 181
ion-selective electrodes 108 Beryllium
Luft analysers 130 EPA Standard Methods 292
rotating filter analysers 130 VOl Guidelines 289
semi-conductor sensors 207 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
ultra-violet spectrum 147,148 Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive
wet chemical gas analysis 113-4 Cost (BATNEEC) 4, 7, 9
Analysis Best Practicable Means (BPM) 6, 7
extraction 180-3 Beta gauge samplers 71-2, 78, 79, 80
interfering compound elimination 180, 183-7, Boyle's law 152
189-90 BPM (Best Practicable Means) 6, 7
PAH, dioxins and furans 171-91 British Standards 285-6
see also Gas analysis BS 893:1978 34
Anthracene, phase distribution 177 BS 1042:Part 2:1983 44
Antimony, VOl Guidelines 289 BS 1756101
Aqueous solutions BS 1756:Part 4:1977109-13,224
calibration 107 BS 2742:Addendum 1:1972 74
wet chemical gas analysis 105-9 BS 2846 270
Aromatic hydrocarbons 286, 287-9 BS 3405:1983 34,37,39-40,47,54,294-6
Arsenic BS 4559 233
EPA Standard Methods 292 BS 5233 212, 223
VDI Guidelines 289 BS 5750 258
wet chemical gas analysis 117-18 BS 6069:1991 34, 39, 214, 215, 220, 224
Ash samples, PAH, dioxins and furans 176, 180-2 monitoring requirements 15-18
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, aqueous Bromides, ion-selective electrodes 108
solutions 109 Butane, gas chromatography 102
Atomic emission spectroscopy, metals 109, 118, 289 Butenes, mass spectrometry 208
Atomic energy levels 140-1
Cadmium
Bacharach system 61-2 VOl Guidelines 289
Back scatter devices, continuous particulate wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
emission monitoring 67-8, 78, 79 Calibration
Barium, VDI Guidelines 289 analyser linearity 217
Batch sampling 100-19 aqueous solutions 107
Batch sampling combustible gas detectors 207
298 Index
Calibration contd gas chromatography 104--5
continuous emission measuring systems 76-7, Carcinogenicity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
86,212-28,261,287,289 171, 174--5
cross-duct analysers 134 Catalytic converters, chemiluminescent analysers
cross-sensitivity 217 155-6
curve validity 237, 261 CEMS see Continuous Emission measuring systems
definition 212 CEN see European standards
dilution probes 90 Central Electricity Research Laboratory (CERL),
electrochemical cells 202, 205 dust monitor 69
gas sampling 86, 98 Charge transfer probes 69-71
graphs 216 Chart recorders 244--6
quality control 260-1 Chemical agents 286
standard reference gas mixtures 212, 215-21 Chemical analysis, volatile organic compounds
standard reference solutions 222 168-9
standard reference test methods 222-4 Chemical reactions, representative sampling 82-3
statistics 214, 216 Chemiluminescence
VDI Guidelines 287 analysers 150-6
verified method 224--6 applications 139
zero and span drift 218-19 capillaries 156
Calibration gases catalytic converters 155-6
British Standards 286 dilution probes 91
chillers 93--4 exhaust emissions 156
mixture preparation 229-35 flow control 153
selection 229 nitric oxide 151, 153
'Spectra Seal' process 240-1 nitrogen oxides 152, 153, 156
stability 229, 239--40 ozonizers 153-5
traceability 229,235-9 pressure sensitivity 152
VOl Guidelines 187 quenching 152
see also Standard reference gas mixtures (SRGM) Chillers
Canadian standards 215 calibration gases 93--4
Capillaries 156 sample conditioning 93-5
electrochemical oxygen sensors 195-6 Chlorides
gas chromatography 187-9, 190 ion-selective electrodes 108
Carbon, low-temperature catalytic converters 155 VOl Guidelines 288
Carbon dioxide see also Hydrogen chloride
EPA Standard Methods 290-1, 293 Chlorinated hydrocarbons 286, 287
gas chromatography 102-3 Chlorine
infra-red spectrum 121, 124 ion mobility spectrometry 209
low-temperature electrochemical analysis low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,
199-200 199
Luft analysers 126, 130 titration 107
mass spectrometry 208 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148
Orsat apparatus 101-2 VOl Guidelines 117, 288
rotating filter analysers 130 wet chemical gas analysis 114-17
single-beam analysers 133 Chlorine dioxide, ion mobility spectrometry 209
Carbon disulphide Chromatography see Gas chromatography; Liquid
EPA Standard Methods 291 chromatography
VDI Guidelines 288 Chromium
wet chemical gas analysis 111-12 VDI Guidelines 289
Carbon monoxide wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
British Standards 286 Chrysene, phase distribution 177
calibration 224, 237 CiTiceL cells 200
combustible gas detectors 207 Clean Air Acts
EPA Standard Methods 291, 293 UK 6-7
gas chromatography 102-3 US 11-12
infra-red spectrum 122, 124 Coal mills, flue gas analysis 202
low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197, Cobalt, VOl Guidelines 289
199-200,202 Code of Federal Regulations (US) 11-12
Luft analyser range 126 Colorimetry
mass spectrometry 208 applications 139
Orsat apparatus 101-2 aqueous solutions 107
rotating filter analysers 129-30 formaldehyde 168-9
semi-conductor sensors, 205, 207 volatile organic compounds 168
single-beam analysers 133-5 Combustion
ultra-violet spectrum 148 efficiency 200, 207
VOl Guidelines 288 fuels 23-32
Carbonyl sulphide heat of combustion 168
EPA Standard Methods 291 PAH, dioxins and furans 171-2, 175-80
 Index 299
reactions 23, 26 flue gas analysis 199, 200
stoichiometric air requirements 23-7, 30 see also Interference
volatile organic compounds 168 Cyanides, ion-selective electrodes 108
wastes 23-9
see also Incineration Dalton's law 152
Combustion gases Data logging
batch sampling 101-4 chart recorders 244-6
composition calculations 22-32 digital data loggers 246-8
detectors 207 emissions inventory compilation 2
gas chromatography 102-4 environmental impact assessment 2
volumetric methods 101-2 extractive sampling 52, 55-6
see also Flue gas analysis low-temperature electrochemical cells 202
Composition, see Gas composition calculations personal computer-based systems 200, 202, 247,
Compression refrigeration, sample conditioning 93 248-56
Concentration measurement real-time data 251, 254
British Standards 286 storage periods 244
calculation 58 see also Statistics
legislation 2-3 Deuterium lamps 143-5
units 20-2 Dew-point probes, sulphuric acid vapour 111-12
see also Emission limits Differential pressure measurement 42, 44-7
Condensation Dilution probes
chillers 93-5 continuous emission measuring systems 220
continuous particulate emission monitoring 78 sample conditioning 89-91
low-temperature electrochemical cells 199, 200 Dimethyl disulphide 105
transfer lines 86-7, 160-1 Dimethyl sulphide, gas chromatography 104
water extraction 182 Diode array spectrophotometers 147-9
see also Moisture Dioxins
Conditioning, see Sample conditioning analysis 180-90
Continuous emission measuring systems (CEMS) capillary column gas chromatography 187-9, 190
accuracy 77-8, 213-14, 223, 261 combustion 171-2, 175-80
calibration 212-28, 261, 287, 289 EPA Standard Methods 178, 189, 292
cross-sensitivity 217-18
high performance liquid chromatography 185-6
dilution probes 220
molecular structure 172
EPA Standard Methods 292-3
open-column liquid chromatography 183-4
lower detection limit 220
sampling 176-80, 189-90
NOU2u/NO converters 220-1
selective ion monitoring 190
response time 219
separation 180, 183-7, 189-90
sampling 213, 214, 217
VDI Guidelines 287, 289 toxicology 173-4
Continuous measurement VDI Guidelines 288-9
beta gauge samplers 71-2, 78, 79, 80 Driers, permeation 91-3
calibration 76-7, 86, 212-28 Drugs, ion mobility spectrometry 209
condensates 78 Dry gas analysis
emissions criteria 269, 273 gas composition calculations 22, 27, 30
errors 77-8, 213-4 Orsat apparatus 102
gas sampling 81-99 sample conditioning 93-5
infra-red gas analysis 120-37 Ducts, turbulent flow velocity profiles 35-7
optical devices 63-9 Dust 34, 67
particle size effects 77 British Standards 285, 296
particulate emissions 61-80 CERL dust monitor 69
from a point source 61-80 dust factor 76
sample conditioning 87-95, 217 VDI Guidelines 289
triboelectric probes 69-71, 77, 79
Control of Pollution Act 1974 7 EEC Directives 4-5, 117-18, 215, 225
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air EHOs see Environmental health officers
Pollution 5 EIA see Environmental impact assessment
Copper Electrochemical techniques
VDI Guidelines 289 ambient temperature 202
wet chemical gas analysis 117-18 CiTiceL cells 200
Corona discharge ozonizers 154-5 cross-sensitivity 199, 200
Corrosion, sulphuric acid vapour 111 high-temperature 202-5
Coulometry, volatile organic compounds 168 low-temperature 195-6, 197, 199-202
Cross-duct systems 81, 136 oxygen analysis 192-6
multi gas measurements 135 Electronic measurement and control, extractive
single gas measurements 132-5 sampling 50
Cross-sensitivity Emission data logging 242-56
continuous emission measuring systems 217-18 averaging 243
electrochemical techniques 199,200 inventories 2
300 Index
Emission data logging 242--56
normalization 242--3
Emissions limits
criteria 269, 273
European Union 4-5
gas composition calculations 20-32
Germany 9-11,17
legislation 3-15
monitoring requirements 15-18
municipal waste incineration 13
normalization 30-2
personal computer-based monitoring 251-6
reference conditions 30-2
tables 243
UK 6-9, 15-17
UNECE protocols 5-6
units 20-2
US 11-12, 17
Environment Act 1995 6, 9
Environment Agency (UK) 2, 3, 6-9
document wording 14-15
emissions monitoring uncertainty 258
instrument performance specifications 18
process authorization 8
sample storage and transport 262
Environmental audits 3
Environmental health officers (EHOs) 17
Environmental impact assessment, emissions data 2
Environmental Protection Act 1990 6, 7, 9, 15
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (US) 11-12
continuous emission measuring system
calibration 218-19, 227
gas manufacturer's primary standards 236
instrument performance specifications 18
volatile organic compound sources 158-9
EPA Standard Methods 290-3
aqueous solutions 105-6
calibration 215, 216
continuous elnission measuring system
calibration 224, 227, 292--3
extractive sampling 37, 47, 49, 290
gas chromatography 164,291
infra-red detectors 167,292
nitrogen oxides 113
PAH, dioxins and furans sampling 178, 189
stability of calibration gases 240
sulphuric acid vapour 110, 291
volatile organic compound sampling 159, 162
Ethane
Luft analysers 130
rotating filter analysers 130
Ethylene
low-temperature electrochemical analysis 199
mass spectrometry 208
EU Directives 4-5, 117-18,215,225
European standards 17, 115-16,224,225,227
European Union, emissions limits 4-5, 13
Exhaust emissions
chemiluminescence 156
EPA Standard Methods 290
solvent extraction 181
Explosives, ion mobility spectrometry 209
Extinction 74, 76
Extraction
condensed water 182
filter paper and ash 180-2
PAH, dioxins and furans 180-3, 189
polymeric organic resins 182--3
solvents 180-3
Extractive sampling
automated systems 50
British Standards 285, 294-6
calculation of results 56-9
continuous emission measuring systems 214, 217
equipment 42--50, 52
filters 47-9, 50, 52, 160
isokinetic sampling 40-2, 43, 44, 54-5
laboratory analysis 55-6
losses 217
number of sampling positions 39--40, 41
particulate emissions 33-60
pitot tubes 42, 44-7, 52, 294-5
pre-sampling preparation 51-2
probes 47-50, 82--3, 159-60
procedure 535
reporting 59
sampling position 37--40, 159-60,267
site preparation 53
trains 47-50, 52, 163--4
volatile organic compounds 159-60
Federal Environmental Agency (France) 227
Federal lmmision Control Act 1974 (Germany) 10
FlO see Flame ionization detectors (FlDs)
Filters
batch sampling 106
chillers 94
continuous particulate emission monitoring 77
dilution probes 90
extractive sampling 47-9,50,52, 160
low-temperature electrochemical cells 199, 200
VOl Guidelines 289
Flame ionization detectors (FIDs)
EPA Standard Methods 292
hydrocarbons 89, 91
VOl Guidelines 288
volatile organic compounds 167
Flame spectrometry, metals 118
Flames, oil 114
Flammable gases, combustible gas detectors 207
Flicker effect 67-8
Flow
control in gas sampling 98
volume flow 57-8, 106, 290
Flue gas analysis
British Standards 285-6
cross-sensitivity 199, 200
electrochemical techniques 197, 199-205
gas composition calculations 29-32
ion mobility spectrometry 209-10
ion-selective electrodes 107-8
mass spectrometry 207-8
semi-conductor sensors 205-7
see also Combustion gases
Fluoranthene, phase distribution 177
Fluorescence, see Ultra-violet fluorescence
Fluorides
EPA Standard Methods 291
ion-selective electrodes 108
VOl Guidelines 288
see also Hydrogen fluoride
Fly ash 176, 181
Formaldehyde, colorimetry 168-9
Fourier transform analysers 131
French standards 227
Fuels
 Index 301
combustion 23-32 representative sampling 81-3, 267
flue gas analysis 29-32 .response time 95-7
liquid 27-8, 31 sample conditioning 87-95, 161, 217
volatile organic compound sources 158 transfer lines 86-7, 96-7, 160-1
Fumes 34 see also Sampling
Furans Gases, see Calibration gases; Waste gases
analysis 180-90 Germany
capillary column gas chromatography 187-9, 190 emissions limits 9-11, 13
combustion 171-2, 175-80 monitoring requirements 17, 18
EPA Standard Methods 178, 189, 292 see also Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI)
high performance liquid chromatography 185-6 Guidelines
molecular structure 172 Global warming, volatile organic compounds 157
open-column liquid chromatography 183-4 GMPS, see Gas manufacturer's primary standards
sampling 176-80, 189-90 Gravimetric methods, calibration gas mixture
separation 180, 183-7, 189-90 preparation 230-1, 234
toxicology 173-4 Grit 34, 285
VDI Guidelines 288-9
Halogen compounds, wet chemical gas analysis
Gas analysis 114-17
British Standards 286 Hazardous areas, gas sampling 98-9
combustible gas detectors 207 Health hazards, see Toxicology
electrochemical techniques 192-205 Heat of combustion, volatile organic compounds
in situ analysers 81 168
infra-red methods 89, 91, 120-37 Heavy metals
ion mobility spectrometry 209-10 atomic absorption spectrophotometry 109
mass spectrometry 207-8 see also Metals
semi-conductor sensors 205-7 Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) 6,
visible and ultra-violet methods 138-56 15-16,227
wet chemical methods 100-19 see also Environment Agency (UK)
see also Analysis High performance liquid chromatography 166,
Gas chromatography 185-6
capillary column 187-9, 190 High temperatures, electrochemical gas sensors
combustion gases 102-4 202-5
nitrous oxide 105 HMIP, see Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution
sulphur compounds 104-5 Humidity, see Moisture
volatile organic compounds 164-5, 291 Hydrazines, ion mobility spectrometry 209
Gas composition calculations Hydrocarbons
combustion fundamentals 22-32 aromatic 286, 287-9
examples 26-7, 28-9,31-2 chlorinated 286, 287
flue gas analysis 29-32 gas chromatography 102-3
fuels 23-8 heated flame ionization detector (FID) systems
'moY method 25-7 89,91,288,292
normalization 30-2 semi-conductor sensors 205
tabular calculations 26, 28 see also Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
units 20-2 Hydrogen
waste gases 23-9 combustible gas detectors 207
wet and dry gas analysis 22, 27, 30 gas chromatography 102-3
Gas filter correlation 128-30 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 199
Gas-fired installations, flue gas analysis 202 Hydrogen chloride
Gas manufacturer's primary standards (GMPS) calibration 224
236-7 EPA Standard Methods 292
Gas mixture preparation high-temperature electrochemical analysis 204
dynamic volumetric methods 232-5 ion mobility spectrometry 209
gravimetric methods 230-1, 234 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,
stability 229, 239-40 199-200
static volumetric methods 231-2 VDI Guidelines 288
syringe injection methods 232 wet chemical gas analysis 114-17
Gas sampling Hydrogen cyanide
aqueous absorption 105-17 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,
British Standards 285 199
calibration 86, 98 wet chemical gas analysis 113-4
continuous emissions monitoring 81-99 Hydrogen fluoride
effluent gas disposal 98 calibration 224
flow and pressure control 98 ion mobility spectrometry 209
hazardous areas 98-9 wet chemical gas analysis 116
probes 83-6, 106 Hydrogen sulphide
Gas sampling contd EPA Standard Methods 291, 293
pumps 97, 161 gas chromatography 104-5
 302 Index
Hydrogen sulphide contd particulate emissions 62-3
low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197, procedure 54-5
199
semi-conductor sensors 207 Job descriptions, quality management 259-60
ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148
VDI Guidelines 288 Kraft pulp mill, sulphur compounds 104-5
wet chemical gas analysis 111-12
Lamps, ultra-violet and visible gas analysis 143-6
Incandescent lamps 144, 146 Lead
Incineration British Standards 286
metal analysis 117-18 EPA Standard Methods 291
see also Combustion; Waste incineration VOl Guidelines 289
Industrial processes wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
emissions limits 12-15 Legislation
pollutant concentrations measurement 1-3 background 1-3
volatile organic compound sources 158-9 emissions limits 3-15
Infra-red absorption 139 European Union 4-5
Infra-red gas analysis 120-37 Germany 9-11
British Standards 286 Local Authorities 6-7, 9
carbon dioxide 121, 124 low-temperature electrochemical cells 202
carbon monoxide 122, 124 monitoring requirements 15-18
cross-duct systems 132-6 pollutant concentrations measurement 2-3
detectors 166-7 Scotland 6-7
dilution probes 91 UK 6-9, 61
EPA Standard Methods 292 UNECE protocols 5-6
extractive systems 124-32, 135 US 11-12, 17
Fourier transform analysers 131 Light, see Optical measurement
gas filter correlation 128-30 Light choppers 146
heated systems 89 Liquid chromatography
Luft analysers 124-6 high performance 185-6
methane 122, 124 open-column 183-4
microflow sensors 126-8 volatile organic compounds 165-6
multi-wavelength analysers 130-1 Liquid fuels, gas composition calculations 27-8, 31
nitric oxide 123, 124 Liquid-liquid partition, polycyclic aromatic
nitrogen dioxide 123, 124 hydrocarbons 186-7
nitrous oxide 123, 124 Local Authorities, legislation 6-7, 9
Rotork analysers 126-7 Long path monitors, volatile organic compounds
Siemens analysers 127-8 169
single-beam analysers 131-2 Low temperatures
sulphur dioxide 122, 124 carbon catalytic converters 156
volatile organic compounds 166-7,292 electrochemical gas sensors 195-6, 197, 199-202
Infra-red spectroscopy, applications 139 Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) 207
Injection methods, calibration gas mixture Luft analyser 124-6
preparation 231-2, 233 Manganese, wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
Inspection, personal-computer based systems 254 Mass basis emissions 20-2, 58
Integrated pollution control, prescribed processes Mass spectrometry
7-8 multiple gas analysis 207-8
Interference 180, 183-7, 189-90 PAH, dioxins and furans 187-9, 190
see also Cross-sensitivity Mercury
Iodides, ion-selective electrodes 108 EPA Standard Methods 292
Ion mobility spectrometry, hazardous vapour wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
analysis 209-10 Mercury plasma lamps 144-5
Ion-selective electrodes, aqueous solutions 107-8 Metalloids, VOl Guidelines 289
IR, see Infra-red Metals
ISO Standards 17,225,227 atomic absorption spectrophotometry 109, 118,
ISO 6142210 289
ISO 6144211 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
ISO 6145 234 see also Heavy metals
ISO 6147234 Methane
ISO 6349 233 combustible gas detectors 207
ISO 7934:1989224 gas chromatography 102-3
ISO 7935:1992227 infra-red spectrum 122, 124
ISO 8158:1985 215 Luft analysers 126, 130
ISO 9096:1992 34, 39 rotating filter analysers 130
ISO 14111 238 semi-conductor sensors 205
Isokinetic sampling 40-2,43 single-beam analysers 133
continuous emission measuring systems 213 Methods for the Determination of Hazardous
errors 44 Substances in Air 17, 169
 Index 303
Methyl mercaptan, gas chromatography 104-5 wet chemical gas analysis 112-14
Methyl sulphide, gas chromatography 104-5 Nitrogen dioxide
Microflow sensors 126-8 chemiluminescence 151, 153
Moisture infra-red spectrum 123, 124
batch sampling 101 low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197,
British Standards 286 199-200
chillers 93-5 mass spectrometry 208
EPA Standard Methods 290-1 NOU2u/NO converters 95, 220-1
gas composition calculations 22, 30-1 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148
Nafion copolymer 91-2 VDI Guidelines 287
sample conditioning 87-95 wet chemical gas analysis 112-13
see also Condensation Nitrogen oxides
Molecular structure British Standards 286
dioxins 172 calibration 215, 224
furans 172 chemiluminescence 152, 153, 156
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 172-3 emission limit tables 243
Molybdenum, catalytic converters 155 EPA Standard Methods 113,291,292
Monitoring Certification Scheme (UK) 18 high-temperature electrochemical analysis 203-5
Monitoring equipment, performance manual sampling 113
specifications 18 NOU2u/NO converters 95, 220-1
Monitoring requirements UNECE protocol (1988) 5
Germany 17, 18 Nitrous oxide
instrument performance specifications 18 gas chromatography 105
sampling protocols 15, 16 infra-red spectrum 123, 124
UK 15-17 Luft analyser range 126
US 17 single-beam analysers 133
Municipal waste incineration Nordic countries, PAH, dioxins and furans
emission limits 13, 14 sampling 179
PAH, dioxins and furans 175 NSPS (New Source Performance Standards) 11
Oil flames, wet chemical gas analysis 114
NMQS, see National Ambient Air Quality Opacity
Standards EPA Standard Methods 291, 292
N afion, permeation driers 91-2 particulate emissions 67-8, 73, 74-5
NAMAS, see National Accreditation for Open-column liquid chromatography 183--4
Measurement and Sampling Optical measurement
Naphthalene, phase distribution 177 calibration 76-7
National Accreditation for Measurement and cross-duct systems 81, 132-6
Sampling (NAMAS) 236, 259, 260 gases 120-56
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NMQS) light interaction with particles 72-7
11 particulate emissions 63-9, 73, 74-5
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air see also Infra-red gas analysis; Ultra-violet
Pollutants (NESHAPS) 11, 118 techniques; Visible techniques
National Rivers Authority 6, 280 Optical transmission, particulate emissions 63-7,
NESHAPS, see National Emission Standards for 72,74,77-8,79,289
Hazardous Air Pollutants Organic compounds, see Volatile organic
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 11 compounds
Nickel Orsat apparatus 101-2, 286
VDI Guidelines 289 Oxygen
wet chemical gas analysis 117-18 electrochemical techniques 192-6, 202
Nitrates, ion-selective electrodes 108 emission data normalization 242
Nitric oxide EPA Standard Methods 290, 293
calibration 226 gas chromatography 102-3
chemiluminescence 151 Orsat apparatus 101-2
high-temperature electrochemical analysis 203-5 paramagnetic analysers 197, 198
infra-red spectrum 123, 124 semi-conductor sensors 205
low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197, ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148
199-200,202 zirconia sensors 193-5
Luft analysers 126, 130 Ozone
NOU2u/NO converters 95, 220-1 chemiluminescence 151, 152
rotating filter analysers 130 titration 107
ultra-violet spectrum 148 ultra-violet spectrum 147
VDI Guidelines 287 Ozonizers, chemiluminescent analysers 153-5
wet chemical gas analysis 112-13
Nitrogen PAH, see Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
gas chromatography 102-3 Paramagnetic susceptibility, oxygen analysis 197,
mass spectrometry 208 198
Nitrogen compounds Particle impingement probes 69-71
VDI Guidelines 288 Particle separation devices 47-9
304 Index
Particle size
British Standards 285
continuous measurement errors 77
Particulate emissions
Bacharach system 61-2
British Standards 285, 295-6
continuous monitoring from a point source
61-80
definition 61-3
EPA Standard Methods 290-2
extractive sampling 33--{i0
isokinetic sampling 62--3
optical measurement 63-9, 73, 74-5
particle properties 34
statistics 278-9
tables 243
terminal velocities 35-8
VDI Guidelines 289
visual observation 61, 291, 292
PCDD, see Dioxins
PCDF, see Furans
Peltier cooling systems 93
Permeation driers, sample conditioning 91-3
Personal computer-based systems
analogue to digital data conversion 248-9
data logging 247, 248-56
digital data transmission 250
sample storage and transport 262--3
software 200, 202, 251-4
Phosphorescence 141
Photo-ionization
applications 139
volatile organic compounds 168
Photoluminescence, applications 139
Pitot tubes 42, 44-7, 294-5
Plumes 61-3
Pollution control devices, efficiency 2
Polonium-210, EPA Standard Methods 292
Polychloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), see Dioxins
Polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDF), see Furans
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
analysis 180-90
capillary column gas chromatography 187-9, 190
carcinogenic activity 171, 174-5
combustion 171-2, 175-80
EPA Standard Methods 178, 189
high performance liquid chromatography 185-6
liquid-liquid partition 186-7
molecular structure 172--3
open-column liquid chromatography 183-4
phase distribution 176-7
sampling 176-80, 189-90
separation 180, 183-7, 189-90
toxicology 174-5
VOl Guidelines 289
Polymeric organic resins, solvent extraction 182--3
Precision, definition 235
Prescribed processes, integrated pollution control
7-9
Pressure
control in gas sampling 98
differential measurement 42, 44-7, 294-6
Prevention of Significant Deterioration 11
Probes
design 84--0
dew-point 111-12
dilution 89-91
extractive sampling 47-50, 52, 82--3, 159-60
gas sampling 83-6, 106
heated and cooled 86
PAH, dioxins and furans sampling 177-8
representative sampling 82--3
triboelectric 69- 71, 77-8, 79
Process Guidance Notes 7, 18
Processes, see Industrial processes
Propane, combustible gas detectors 207
Pumps
calibration gas mixture preparation 232--3
gas sampling 97,161
Pyrene, phase distribution 177
Quality assurance
definition 257- 8
EPA Standard Methods 293
sample storage and transport 262--3
Quality control 257--{i8
continuous emission measuring systems 212
Quality management 258-60
a udi ts 3, 263-5
sources of error 265-8
Radionuclides, EPA Standard Methods 292
Radon-222, EPA Standard Methods 292
Real-time monitoring 251, 254
Record keeping, see Data logging
Refrigeration, sample conditioning 93
Response time, gas sampling 95-7
Ringelmann number 61, 62, 74,285
Rotating filter analysers 128-30
Rotork analysers 126-7
Safety, personnel and materials 3
Sample conditioning
analyser configurations 95
chillers 93-5
continuous emission measuring systems 217
dilution probes 89-91
heated systems 88-9
moisture 87-95
NOU2u/NO converters 95
permeation driers 91-3
volatile organic compounds 161
wet chemical gas analysis 89-91
Sampling
into bags 162--3, 164
continuous 159-61,213
data logging 262
extractive 33-60
Nordic countries recommendations 179
PAH, dioxins and furans 171-91
periodic 161-4
protocols 15, 16
quality management sources of error 266, 267-8
representative 81-3, 267
storage and transport 262-3
VOl Guidelines 287
volatile organic compounds 159-64
see also Batch sampling; Gas sampling
Scintillation 67-8
Sedimentation 34, 37
Selective ion monitoring, PAH, dioxins and furans
188,190
Selenium, VOl Guidelines 289
Semi-conductor gas sensors 205-7
Siemens analysers 127-8
Smoke, see Particulate emissions
Software packages
 Index 305
flue gas analysis 200, 202 titration 107, 109
personal computer-based systems 251-4 ultra-violet fluorescence 149-50
Soxhlet extraction, PAH, dioxins and furans 180-2 ultra-violet spectrum 147, 148
Specifications, emissions monitoring equipment 18 VDI Guidelines 109-10,288
'Spectra Seal' process 240-1 wet chemical gas analysis 109-2
Spectrophotometers Sulphur trioxide, VDI Guidelines 288
diode array 147-9 Sulphuric acid vapour
dispersive 147-50 calibration 224
non-dispersive 142-7 dew-point probes 111-12,286
VDI Guidelines 289 EPA Standard Methods 110, 291
Stability, calibration gases 229, 239-40 wet chemical gas analysis 110-2
Stainless steel, catalytic converters 155
Standard reference gas mixtures (SRGM) 212, Technical Guidance Notes 15-16
215-21,227 Technical Inspection Offices (Germany) 18
see also Calibration gases Terminal velocity
Standard reference solutions (SRS) 222 ducts 36, 38
Standard reference test methods 222-4 spheres 35
Standards Testing
AFNOR224 extractive sampling equipment 52
Canadian 215 standard reference test methods 222-4
European 17, 115-16,224,225,227 Thallium
French 227 VDI Guidelines 289
International 17, 34,39,215,224 wet chemical gas analysis 117-18
US 11, 17, 290-3 Thermal basis emissions 22
see also British Standards; ISO Standards; Verein Thermal conductivity detectors 102
Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) Guidelines Tin dioxide, semi-conductor gas sensors 205
Statistics Titration
arithmetic mean 270, 277-9 sulphur compounds 107, 109-10, 112
calibration 214, 216 volatile organic compounds 168
confidence limits 274-6, 279, 282 Toluene di-isocyanate, ion mobility spectrometry
degrees of freedom 275-6, 278-9 209-10
emissions limits 14 Total organic carbon, VDI Guidelines 288
frequency distribution 272-4, 280-3 Total reduced sulphur
hypothesis testing 276-9 definition 105
log-normal distribution 272-3 EPA Standard Methods 291, 293
normal distribution 272, 274-6
see also Hydrogen sulphide
percentile points 280-3
Toxicology
probability 280-3
standard deviations 271-2, 278-9, 282 dioxins 173-4
standard errors 271-2 furans 173-4
t-distribution 274-6 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 174-5
variability 270-2, 278-9 Toxics Release Inventory (USA) 2
Stoichiometric air requirements, combustion 23-7, Traceability
30 calibration curve validity 237, 261
Stokes diameters 35, 296 calibration gas mixtures 229, 235-9
Stratospheric ozone depletion, volatile organic certification 238-9
compounds 157 correlation 236-7
Strontium, VDI Guidelines 289 definition 235
Sulphides, ion-selective electrodes 108 gas naming 238
Sulphur gas purity 235
EPA Standard Methods 291 primary standards 236
UNECE protocol (1985) 5 quality control 260-1
Sulphur compounds traceable standards 238
gas chromatography 104-5 Transfer lines, gas sampling 86-7, 96-7, 160-1
Kraft pulp mill 104-5 Transmissometers, continuous particulate emission
wet chemical gas analysis 109-12 monitoring 63-7, 72, 74, 77-8, 79, 289
Sulphur dioxide Transmittance 73, 75
British Standards 286 Triboelectric probes 69-71, 77-8, 79
calibration 215, 224 Trueness, definition 235, 237
emission limit tables 243
EPA Standard Methods 290-2 UK
gas chromatography 104-5 emissions limits 6-9, 13
high-temperature electrochemical analysis 203-5 monitoring requirements 15-18
infra-red spectrum 122, 124 see also British Standards
low-temperature electrochemical analysis 197, Ultra-violet absorption 139-41, 149
199-200 Ultra-violet fluorescence 140
Luft analyser range 126 analysers 149-50
single-beam analysers 133 applications 139
 306 Index
Ultra-violet fluorescence 140 adsorbent materials 164
dilution probes 91 chemical analysis 168-9
Ultra-violet gas analysis 138-56 combustible gas detectors 207
ammonia 147, 148 contact materials 159
chlorine 147, 148 definition 157-8
detectors 146 emission sources 158-9
differential optical absorption 149 EPA Standard Methods 292
dispersive 147-50 flame ionization detection 167, 288, 292
filters 146-7 gas chromatography 164-5, 292
hydrogen sulphide 147, 148 heat of combustion 168
lamps 143-6 infra-red analysis 166-7,292
light choppers 146 liquid chromatography 165-6
nitrogen dioxide 147, 148 long path monitors 169
non-dispersive 142--7 photo-ionization detection 168
oxygen 147, 148
pre-concentration 163
ozone 147
sampling 159-64, 163-5
spectrophotometers 142--9
sulphur dioxide 89, 147, 148 separation 164-6
Ultra-violet spectroscopy, applications 139 UNECE protocol (1991) 5-6
Uncertainty 235, 258-9, 274, 280-3 Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST) 163-5
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Volume basis emissions 20-2
(UNECE) Volume flow
emissions limits 5-6 calculation 57-8
Nitrogen Oxides Protocol (1988) 5 EPA Standard Methods 290
Sulphur Protocol (1985) 5 Volumetric methods
Volatile Organic Compound Protocol (1991) 5-6 calibration gas mixture preparation 231-5
Units combustion gas analysis 101-2
conversion factors 21, 22 gas blenders 233
gas composition calculations 20-2 injection 233
US mass flow controllers 233
emissions limits 11-12, 13 mixing pumps 232--3
monitoring requirements 17, 18 permeation tubes 233-4
see also EPA Standard Methods saturation methods 234
Uv, see Ultra-violet
Waste gases, combustion 23-9
Vanadium, VOl Guidelines 289 Waste incineration
Velocity emission limits 13, 14
BS 3405:1983295 PAH, dioxins and furans 175
calculation 57 Waste Regulatory Authorities 6
EPA Standard Methods 290 Water vapour
measuring devices 42, 44-50 condensed water extraction 182
see also Terminal velocity emission data normalization 242
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VOl) Guidelines EPA Standard Methods 292
287-9 Luft analysers 130
calibration gases 287 rotating filter analysers 130
chlorine 117,288 zirconia oxygen sensors 195
continuous emission measuring system
see also Moisture
calibration 215-16, 224, 227, 287
Wet chemical gas analysis
cross-sensitivity 218
aqueous solutions 105-17
emissions limits 11
metals 117-18 batch sampling 100-19
particulate emissions 34 gas composition calculations 22, 27, 30
spot sampling 287 halogen compounds 114-17
sulphur dioxide 109-10,288 metals 117-18
Vinyl chloride nitrogen compounds 112--14
British Standards 286 sample conditioning 89-91
EPA Standard Methods 292 sulphur compounds 109-12
VOl Guidelines 288 zirconia oxygen sensors 195
Visible gas analysis 138-56
detectors 146 Xenon lamps 144, 146
lamps 143-6
light choppers 146 Yaw angle 46
Visible light 61, 72--3
Visible spectroscopy, applications 139 Zinc, VOl Guidelines 289
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) Zirconia sensors, oxygen analysis 193-5