Chapter 27 Lecture In this lecture you’ll learn

• To explain the phenomenon of

electromagnetic induction
• To calculate induced emfs and
currents andd to d
determine
i theh
direction
• To describe important
technological applications of
Electromagnetic Induction induction
• To describe the effect of
inductance in simple circuits
• That magnetic fields store energy
• To recognize Faraday’s law as
one of the four fundamental laws
of electromagnetism

Slide 27-1 Slide 27-2

Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law

• Faraday’s
y law: The emf induced in a • The minus signg in Faraday’sy law ggives the direction of the
loop is given by the rate of change of induced emf and current and is often stated as Lenz’s Law
magnetic flux through the loop: • Lenz’s Law: The direction of the induced current must be such
d
d B as to oppose the change that gives rise to itit.
E
dt – If the magnetic field is increasing, the magnetic field created
where the magnetic
g flux ((SI unit: byy the induced current will be in the opposite
pp direction;; if
Weber) is decreasing, it will be in the same direction.
– This is a statement of the conservation of energy.
– With a flat area and uniform field,
field
this becomes  B  BAcos
– For N loops,  B  NBA cos 
– The flux can change by changing
the field B,, the area A,, or the
orientation .
Slide 27-3 Slide 27-4
Clicker Question Clicker Question

The loop has an area 1 m2. The magnetic field increases from
B1 = 1 T at t1 = 0 sec to B2 = 2 T at t2 = 2 sec
sec. Find the induced What is the direction of the induced current in the resistor R?
emf and the direction of induced current.
1. The current flows from “a”
1 a through R to “b”
b.
1. |E| = 1 V and clockwise
2. The current flows from “b” through R to “a”.
2. |E| = 0.5 V and clockwise
3. |E| = 1 V and counterclockwise
4. |E| = 0.5 V and counterclockwise
Slide 27-5 Slide 27-6

Clicker Question Clicker Question

A magnet is falling inside a conducting metallic tube
tube. Determine
A rectangular conducting loop is pushed toward a long the direction of the induced currents Iabove and Ibelow in an
straight wire carrying a steady current. What is the direction imaginary loop shown in the figure, as viewed from above,
of induced current in the loop? when
h th the lloop iis above
b th
the falling
f lli magnett and
d when
h th the lloop iis
below the falling magnet.

1. Iabove is cw and Ibelow is ccw

2. Iabove is ccw and Ibelow is cw

3. Iabove is ccw and Ibelow is ccw

1. There is a clockwise current around the loop
2. There is a counterclockwise current around the loop 4. Iabove is cw and Ibelow is cw
3 There is no current around the loop
3.

Slide 27-7 Slide 27-8

 Motional EMF Energy Conversion
• Due to the magnetic force on electrons, the • The current in the circuit is:
ends of the conductor become oppositely I  E R  Blv R
charged, which establishes an electric field.
• The conductor experiences a magnetic
• In steady
y state,, the electric and magnetic
g
forces on an electron are balanced:
f
force: FB  IlB  B 2l 2v R
qvB  qE  E  Bv • An equal but opposite external force must
• The induced emf is thus: be applied in order to keep the conductor
E  El  Blv moving at constant speed: Fapp = FB
• Now consider the conductor connected to a
resistor through conducting rails.
rails • The electric power dissipated in the
resistor is:
− As the conductor moves to the right, the PR  E 2 R  I 2 R  B 2l 2v 2 R
flux in the circuit increases due to
increasing area • The mechanical power input delivered
− By Lenz’s Law, the induced current must by the external force is:
2 2 2
flow in the counterclockwise direction. Pmech  Fapp
pp v  B l v R  PR
− By Faraday’s Law, the induced emf is:
• Therefore, mechanical power has been
E  d  B dt  B dA dt  Bl dx dt  Blv converted directly into electric power
Slide 27-9 Slide 27-10

Clicker Question Clicker Question

A square conductor moves through a uniform magnetic

field. Which of the figures shows the correct charge
di t ib ti on th
distribution the conductor?
d t ?

A metal rod is slidingg alongg two parallel rails, with constant

velocity v. A resistor is placed across the parallel tracks on
the left. The direction of the induced current I is shown.
Determine the direction of the velocity v of the metal rodrod.

1. v = 0
2. To
2 T the
th left.
l ft
3. To the right.
Slide 27-11 Slide 27-12
 Electric Generator Eddy Currents
• Electric g
generators use a rotating g coil in a magnetic
g field to • When a solid conductor is subject
j to
convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. changing magnetic field, the induced
• Assume a coil of N turns and area A is rotated at angular speed currents, called eddy currents, circulate
, and  is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal throughout the volume of the conductor.
conductor
to the loop, the flux is:  B  NBA cos   NBA cos  t  • Eddy currents can produce a significant
• The induced emf in the coil is drag on a conductor moving into or out of
E   d  B dt  NBA sin   NBA sin  t  a magnetic field.
− The maximum emf occurs when the plane of the loop is • Applications: electromagnetic braking,
parallel
ll l tto th
the magnetic
ti fifield
ld induction stove
stove, metal detector

Slide 27-13 Slide 27-14

Inductance Self-inductance
• Mutual inductance occurs when a • An induced emf is always proportional to the
changing current in one circuit results rate of change of the current
in an induced emf and thus a current EL   d  B dt   L dI dt
in an adjacent circuit
circuit. • L is called the inductance of the coil
– Mutual inductance occurs because – It is a geometric property like capacitance
some of the magnetic
g flux p
produced – It opposes
pp the change
g in current
by one circuit passes through the – SI unit: 1 H (Henry) = 1 V∙s/A = 1 T∙m2/A
other circuit. – A circuit element that produces self-
• S
Self-inductance
lf i d t occurs whenh a inductance is called an inductor
inductor.
changing current in a circuit results in
an induced emf that opposes the – L is given by the ratio of the magnetic flux to
change in the circuit itself. the current: L   B I
– Self-inductance occurs because • For a long solenoid of cross-sectional area
some of the magnetic flux produced A length l,
A, l with n turns per unit length
length,
in a circuit passes through that  nlBA nl ( 0 nI ) A
L B    0 n 2  Al 
same circuit. Slide 27-15 I I I Slide 27-16
 Clicker Question
If you double the number of turns and double the length of a
solenoid by what factor will the inductance increase?
Clicker Question
The switch in the circuit is closed and the lightbulb glows steadily.
The inductor is a simple air-core solenoid. An iron rod is inserted
into the interior of the solenoid, increasing the magnitude of the
magnetic field in the solenoid. As the rod is inserted, the
brightness of the lightbulb

1. Remains the same

2. Factor of 2
3. Factor of 4 1. increases
4. Factor of 8 2. decreases
4. remains the same

Slide 27-17 Slide 27-18

Inductors in DC Circuits RL Circuit

• The equation EL   L d
dI dt shows that the current through an • Applying
pp y g the loop p rule to the circuit:
inductor can’t change instantaneously. dI
E0  IR  EL  0  E0  IR  L  0
– Otherwise an infinite emf would develop which is impossible. dt
• So
Solving g the
e equa
equation
o g gives
es the
e cu
current
e
– The buildup of current in an RL circuit occurs gradually. in the circuit:
– Rapid changes in current result in large, possibly dangerous
E
R
  E

I  0 1  e Rt L  0 1  et 
R

emfs.
emfs
• The time constant,  = L/R, represents
the time required for the current to
increase from zero to 63 63.2%
2% of its
maximum.
• The induced emf in the inductor is
Switch open: Switch just closed: After a long time: given by: EL  E0et 
• I=0 • I=0 • dI/dt = 0 – As the current increases, its rate of change decreases.
• dI/dt  0 • EL = 0
– The inductor emf therefore decays exponentially to zero.
• |EL| = E0 • I = E/R
• L ~ open circuit • L ~ short circuit
Slide 27-19 Slide 27-20
 RL Circuit Clicker Question
• After the switch is set to p position A for a long
g
time, a stable current I0 is established in the If you double the inductance of the inductor in the LR circuit
circuit. what will be the increase or decrease in the final current in the
• Now switch is thrown to position B, B circuit after the switch is closed?
dI
 IR  EL  0   I R  L 0
dt
• Solving
S l i th the equationti gives
i th
the currentt 1. Remains the same
in the circuit: 2. Doubles
I  I 0e Rt L  I 0et  3
3. Increase by a factor of 4
• The inductor emf is the same as the 4. Halves
potential difference across the resistor:
EL  VR  I 0 Ret 
• Where is the energy coming from?
– Energy must have been stored in the
inductor and eventually dissipated in
the resistor Slide 27-21 Slide 27-22

Clicker Question Magnetic Energy

• In RL circuit:
dI dI
Consider the circuit below. Switch S is closed at t = 0. What is  0  I E0  I 2 R  LI
E0  IR  L
dt dt
the voltage across the inductor L just after the switch is • The rate at which energy is delivered to the inductor is:
closed?
l d? dU dI
 LI
dt dt
• The total energy
gy stored in the inductor is:
1. zero 1
U   dU  0I LIdI  LI 2
2. 2V 2
• Consider a solenoid: 2
3. 4V 1 2 1  B  B2
U  LI  0 n  Al  
2
   Al 
4. 6V 2 2  0 n  2 0
5
5. N
None off the
th above
b • The energy per unit volume or energy density is
B2
uB 
2 0
– This is a universal result that holds true for any magnetic
Slide 27-23
field Slide 27-24
 Clicker Question Induced Electric Fields
• Faraday’s
y Law can be expressed
p in terms of
Initially the switch has been left in position a for a long time. At an induced electric field:
some point, the switch is thrown from a to b. What is the total
di i t d energy iin th
dissipated the resistor?
i t ? where
h the
h iintegrall iis taken
k around d any
closed loop and the flux is through any
area bounded byy the loop. p
2
L E  – This is one of the four fundamental laws of
1.
2  R  electromagnetism
2.
E2 • Not only charges but also changing magnetic
R fields are sources of electric field.
3 0
3. – Unlike the electric field of static charges
charges,
the induced electric field forms closed
loops.
– The induced electric field is not
conservative.
Slide 27-25 Slide 27-26

Summary
• Faraday’s
Faraday s law describes electromagnetic induction
induction, where a
changing magnetic field produces an electric field:

– This induced electric field is nonconservative and its field

g
lines have no beginnings g or endings.
g
– In a circuit, the induced electric field gives rise to an
induced emf and an induced current.
• Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced
current is such that the magnetic field it produces acts
to oppose the change that gives rise to it.
• Self-inductance is a circuit property whereby changing
current in a circuit results in an induced emf that opposes the
change.
h
• All magnetic fields store energy, with energy density B2/20.
Slide 27-27